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NUTRITION
RNSG 2572
Health Care Concepts 2
Concept – NUTRITION
Concept Definition
The process, by which the body ingests, absorbs, transports, uses, and eliminates nutrients and
foods.
Exemplars
Cardiovascular Disease
Type 2Diabetes
Mal-absorption Syndromes Infant and Elderly (gastronomy and enteral feedings)
Objectives
1. Explain the correlation between Cardiovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, and Malabsorption Syndromes to the concept of Nutrition (including compromised
antecedents, deficit measurements in attributes, negative consequences and
interrelated concepts which may be involved).
2. Identify conditions that place an individual at risk for imbalance leading to
compromised Nutrition that may result in Cardiovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes,
and Mal-absorption Syndromes.
3. Apply the nursing process with collaborative interventions for individuals
experiencing Cardiovascular Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, and Mal-absorption
Syndromes.
Sub objectives
Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes
1. Explain the nutrition assessment process including: the physical and psychological
assessment, family history, medications, and appropriate diagnostics of individuals
that are experiencing inadequate nutritional findings.
2. Discuss the relationship of the nutritionally compromised patient with Type 2
Diabetes and risk of and development of Cardiovascular Disease.
Mal-absorptive Syndrome
1. Explain the correlation between Mal-absorptive Syndrome of the Infant and the
Elderly to the concept of Nutrition including compromised antecedents (inadequate
ingestion of nutrients), deficit measurements in attributes (BMI and diagnostics),
negative consequences (malnutrition with altered metabolic process, delayed
growth and healing, muscle wasting, failure to thrive), and interrelated concepts
which may be involved.
Enteral Nutrition
1. Discuss factors requiring Enteral Nutrition and its relationship to the negative
consequence of malnourished individual.
2. Identify safety factors and possible complications related to the safe administration
of Enteral Nutrition.
NUTRITION
3. Discuss the factors of ethics related to Enteral Nutrition administration.
Concept Analysis Diagram
Note Diagram is on separate page.
Explanation of Nutrition Diagram:
Nursing - Directed toward what contribution nursing would make to the concept and a
positive consequence. Related to all factors involved in or with the concept. Not always needed
to have a normal outcome. For example an individual may work with an outpatient dietician to
learn what diet would have the most positive influence on their cardiovascular disease. This
may result in a positive outcome without the involvement of nursing. The same individual in an
acute care setting may have the same education from the dietician but they would also have
nursing to reinforce and expand the education that takes place.
Before interventional measures can be organized and put into action, the negative
consequences must be traced back to the contributing inefficient antecedent. Nursing
interventions focus on enhancing antecedents to allow for optimal measurement of attributes
resulting in positive consequences.
Definition of Nutrition – the process by which the body ingests, absorbs, transports, uses
and eliminates nutrients and foods.
Attributes are characteristics of the concept. An individual who has adequate nutrition
will have attributes that characterize adequate nutrition and therefore consequences that are
positive. If attributes are not present the individual has an increased risk of experiencing
negative consequences and further assessment may be needed.
Antecedents are those circumstances that lead to the concept as defined. These
circumstances must be present for nutrition to occur. If the antecedents are not present the
individual’s nutrition could be suboptimal or inadequate. For example individuals who have
limited access to nutritious foods may have inadequate ingestion of nutrients leading to
malnutrition. Or the individual could have a disease of the colon such as Crohn’s Disease which
could also lead to malnutrition.
Nutrition is a concept that is related to most health and illness concepts. Interrelated
concepts are those affected by adequate or inadequate nutrition and those that influence
nutrition. For example if an individual cannot ingest the nutrients needed for specific processes
such as clotting, development, and/or maintaining their fluid and electrolyte balance than
negative consequences can occur and illness can ensue. Cognition can be affected by nutrition
and also can affect nutritional intake as in the case of Alzheimer’s disease. An individual’s
culture, religion and lifestyle can affect their nutrition and influence the consequences.
Consequences are outcomes. They can be positive or negative based on an individual’s
nutritional status. Suboptimal or inadequate nutrition can result in developmental delays,
depression, loss of energy, fatigue, obesity, failure to thrive, delayed wound healing, muscle
atrophy and even death. Malnutrition is on both sides of a nutritional continuum, less than
body requirements on one end and more than body requirements on the other end. Health is
somewhere in the middle and requires the antecedents to be present. Positive consequences
or outcomes are those which indicate an individual is adequately nourished. These include;
growth, tissue repair, homeostasis, ability to engage in physical activity, physiological and
psychological wellness.
NUTRITION
Sub-concepts are more specific than the general concept of nutrition. Sub-concepts are
components/factors of nutrition such as age, genetics, ethnicity, allergies, and medications.
Nutrition affects an individual’s health, and health/illness can affect an individual’s nutritional
status.
Assignments
Prior to class:
1. Review definitions of inter-rated concepts on concept analysis diagram.
2. Review concept analysis diagram.
3. Review anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal-hepatic-endocrine systems.
4. Assigned reading:
 Berman, A. & Snyder, S. (2012). Kozier & Erb’s Fundamentals of Nursing.
Boston: Pearson.
 Chapter 47: Nutrition
 Giddens, J.F. (2013) Concepts for Nursing Practice. St. Louis: Elsevier.
 Chapter 13: Nutrition
 Lewis, S.L., Heitkemper, M.M., Dirksen, S.R., O’Brien, P.G., & Bucher, L.
(2011). Medical surgical nursing (8th ed). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier.
 Chapter 40: Nursing Management Nutritional Problems
 Chapter 49: Nursing Management Diabetes Mellitus
5. Internet resources:
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TA6CguNukw
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXAe3eOjqCk
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldFYfNrIVRI
6. Review the following Nursing Diagnoses:
Cardiovacular Disease:
 Fatigue (patients with fatigue may not be able to resume pre-illness activity
 Cardiac output decreased
 Activity intolerance (patients with activity intolerance will increase
endurance with exercise activities)
Type 2 Diabetes:
 Tissue perfusion ineffective
 Sedentary lifestyle
 Health Maintenance ineffective
Mal-absorption syndrome
 Imbalanced Nutrition less than body requirements
 Risk for aspiration
NUTRITION
Concept content outline:
Concept:
Nutrition
Sub Concepts: Physiological & Psychological development-function
Age-Gender-Genetics- Ethnicity Socioeconomics
Lifestyle behaviors
Medical conditions
Medications
Food allergies
Diets
Nutrients
Risk factors
Antecedents: Normal alimentary tract and associated organs
Adequate ingestion of nutrients and water
Normal Temperature
Normal ph
Risk Factors: Applies to each Exemplar
Assessment: Comprehensive history
Physical assessment
Physical and psychological clinical manifestations
Diagnostic tests
Positive Outcomes:
Growth and tissue repair
Physiological and psychological wellness
Hemostats/adequate nutrition hydration,
Engage in physical activity
Negative Outcomes:
Physiological
Psychological
Clinical Management:
Nursing interventions
Collaborative interventions
Pharmacological therapy
Procedural therapies
Diagnostic studies
Exemplars:
Cardiovascular Disease
Type 2Diabetes
Mal-absorption Syndromes Infant and Elderly (gastronomy and enteral feedings)