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Property of Lear Siegler Avn Weather Exam – June 4 7 out of 10 7 out of 10 7 out of 10 7 out of 10 7 out of 10 Atmosphere & Airmasses, Pressure & Winds, Stability and Clouds Frontal Weather Weather Hazards Weather Reports & Forecasts Weather Charts Why is weather important? Weather affects everything we do! What is weather? The state of the atmosphere with respect to temperature, moisture content, turbulence, and cloudiness. • Air temperature • Humidity • Clouds • Precipitation • Atmospheric Pressure • Wind Terminal Learning Objective ACTION: Plan a flight for weather considerations CONDITION: Acting as an aviator and given an IFR or VFR flight mission and available weather information. STANDARD: In accordance with (IAW) Army Regulation (AR) 95-1, and Field Manual (FM) 1230 ELO # 1 ACTION: Identify the composition of the atmosphere and its effects on weather. CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere. STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 2-2 OTHER GASES 1% Dry Air NITROGEN 78% Property of Lear Siegler OXYGEN 21% Natural Air = Dry air + Condensation Nuclei and Water Vapor ELO # 2 ACTION: The student will identify the layers of the atmosphere, height, and in which layer weather occurs. CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere. STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 2-3 Layers of Atmosphere - Troposphere - Tropopause - Stratosphere Property of Lear Siegler Property of Lear Siegler Property of Lear Siegler Stratosphere Property of Lear Siegler ELO # 3 ACTION: The student will identify the atmospheric circulation, Coriolis force, and the three-cell theory. CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the atmosphere. STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 6-2, 3, 4 Atmospheric circulation begins with uneven heating. Property of Lear Siegler H L L H Property of Lear Siegler L Atmospheric circulation is modified by… Uneven heating from the sun Atmospheric circulation is modified by… Uneven heating from the sun Coriolis Force – The apparent force caused by the unequal speed of rotation of the earth’s surface. This force deflects non-steerable bodies to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. Atmospheric circulation is modified by… Uneven heating from the sun Coriolis Force – The apparent force caused by the unequal speed of rotation of the earth’s surface. This force deflects non-steerable bodies to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. • Tilt of the earth H L L H H H H L L L H H H H L HL Property of Lear Siegler H L H L H L L H H H H L H L H L L L H Property of Lear Siegler L H L H L H L L H H H L L Property of Lear Siegler H H H L L L L H Global Circulation Local circulation discussed in future classes ELO # 4 ACTION: The student will identify the four types of heat transfer. CONDITION: Given pertinent information about heat energy. STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-5 METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER • RADIATION Property of Lear Siegler METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER • RADIATION • CONDUCTION • CONVECTION Strongest thermal currents created over landmass during daylight hours Property of Lear Siegler METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER • • • • RADIATION CONDUCTION CONVECTION ADVECTION Property of Lear Siegler Insolation Terrestrial Radiation Conduction Conduction Convection Advection Advection Sea Breeze Effect Land Breeze Effect Be back prior to arrival at OZR. (ETA 00+10) ELO # 5 ACTION: The student will identify the relationship of temperature with altitude change, to include temperature inversions. CONDITION: Given pertinent information about the temperature. STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-7b Temperature A MEASUREMENT OF THE LEVEL OF INTENSITY OF HEAT ENERGY MEASURED IN DEGREES CELSIUS Property of Lear Siegler • Warmest temperatures near ground • Decreases with altitude • Standard Lapse Rate • OLR – Observed Lapse Rate TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS WARMER AIR ABOVE COLDER AIR • NOCTURNAL • FRONTAL Property of Lear Siegler Best conditions for nocturnal inversion clear and cool night Property of Lear Siegler Overcast Sky / Greenhouse Effect prevents a temperature inversion Property of Lear Siegler o 0 C o 03 C o 05 C Property of Lear Siegler Property of Lear Siegler Property of Lear Siegler Property of Lear Siegler Property of Lear Siegler ELO # 6 ACTION: The student will identify the characteristics, classification, stability and movement of an air mass. CONDITION: Given pertinent information about air masses. STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9 AIR MASS - A LARGE BODY OF AIR WHOSE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARE HORIZONTALLY UNIFORM TEMP 2° C DP -10° C TEMP 30° C DP 25° C Property of Lear Siegler Property of Lear Siegler Icelandic High Siberian High North American High Pineapple High Bermuda High AIR MASS CLASSIFICATION c = CONTINENTAL AIR MASS (DRY AIR) m = MARITIME AIR MASS (MOIST AIR) Property of Lear Siegler AIR MASS CLASSIFICATION A = ARTIC AIR MASS (70° TO 90°) P = POLAR AIR MASS (40° T0 60°) T = TROPICAL AIR MASS (10° TO 30°) E = EQUATORIAL AIR MASS (O° TO 10°) Property of Lear Siegler AIR MASS CLASSIFICATION cA Continental Artic coldest, dry cP Continental Polar cold, dry mP Maritime Polar cold, moist mT Maritime Tropical warm, moist cT Continental Tropical warm, dry E Equatorial warmest, moist Property of Lear Siegler AIR MASS STABILITY w = Stable k = Unstable Property of Lear Siegler Stable air mass: air is warmer than the ground indicated by the symbol - w 35°c 15°c 20°c 0°c Property of Lear Siegler AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICS W TYPE AIR MASS • STRATUS CLOUDS • FOG • LOW CEILINGS • POOR VISIBILITY • SMOOTH FLYING CONDITIONS • LIGHT OR CALM WINDS • CONTINOUS LIGHT RAIN • USUALLY IFR CONDITIONS Property of Lear Siegler Unstable air mass: air is colder than the ground indicated by the symbol - K 20°c 35°c 0°c 15°c Property of Lear Siegler AIR MASS CHARACTERISTICS K TYPE AIR MASS • CUMULUS CLOUDS • HIGH CEILINGS • GOOD VISIBILITY • TURBULENCE • GUSTY SURFACE WINDS • THUNDERSTORMS, HEAVY RAIN SHOWERS, HAIL, LIGHTNING Property of Lear Siegler Measurement Updraft Speed Hailstone size in. cm. mph m/s bb < 1/4 < 0.64 < 24 < 11 pea 1/4 0.64 24 11 marble 1/2 1.3 35 16 dime 7/10 1.8 38 17 penny 3/4 1.9 40 18 nickel 7/8 2.2 46 21 quarter 1 2.5 49 22 half dollar 1 1/4 3.2 54 24 walnut 1 1/2 3.8 60 27 golf ball 1 3/4 4.4 64 29 hen egg 2 5.1 69 31 tennis ball 2 1/2 6.4 77 34 baseball 2 3/4 7.0 81 36 tea cup 3 7.6 84 38 grapefruit 4 10.1 98 44 4 1/2 11.4 103 46 softball AIR MASS CLASSIFICATION cPk Continental Polar unstable mPk Maritime Polar unstable mTw Maritime Tropical stable cTk Continental Tropical unstable Property of Lear Siegler ELO # 7 ACTION: The student will identify the typical weather associated with air masses. CONDITION: Given pertinent information about a type of air mass. STANDARD: IAW FM 1-230 Chapter 9 FM 1-230 References for today • Atmosphere 2-1 thru 2-3 • Temperature 3-1 thru 3-5 • Atmospheric Circulation 6-1 thru 6-5 • Air Masses 9-1 thru 9-11 FM 1-230 References for tomorrow… • Pressure 5-1 thru 5-7 • Atmospheric Circulation 6-6 thru 6-8 Safety First… “Nothing we do is worth an accident.” STOP Abandon hope all ye who enter here You are entering the hidden slide Zone QUESTIONS Property of Lear Siegler