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;r I Section ¡ffi:lãlifliF Words to Know Reconstruction the time period after the Civil War when the United States began to rebuild the South black codes a series of southern laws to limit the freedom of African Americans civil rights rights belonging to all citizens An., the Civil Waç the United States had many problems. President Lincoln was dead. The South was in ruins. In 1865, Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, outlawing slavery. President Lincoln had approved it. However, now that the war was over, many people wondered if freed African Americans would gain all their rights. Lincoln's Plan Before Lincoln died, he had a plan for Reconstruction. Reconstruction is the time period after the Civil War when the United States began to rebuild the South. Lincoln wanted to make it easy for southern states to rejoin the Union. Here is his plan. 4 L. Southerners had to promise to end slavery. 2. Southerners had to take a loyalty oath before they could be forgiven. 3. Southern states could set up a new government after 10 percent of the voters took the loyalty oath. il ir 198 Unit 3 o A Nation Divided 4. Property (but not slaves) would be returned to former Confederates who took the loyalty oath. .a:l Under his plan, Lincoln had also suggested that the southern states would give freed African Americans the right to vote. Under Lincoln's plan, when could southern states set up a new government? Johnsonns Plan After Abraham Lincoln's death, Vice President Andrew Johnson became the new President. Rebuilding the South became his job. Johnson was a Democrat from the state of Tennessee. He had remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War. However, he had also owned slaves at one time. Johnson's plan for the South was much like Lincoln's, but it did not make southern states give African Americans the right to vote. The states were allowed to decide that for themselves. Johnson's plan also required each southern state to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery. What did Johnson's plan require of southern states? President Andrew Johnson Radical Republicans D¡sagree t A large group of U.S. congressmen did not like Johnson's plan. This group was called the Radical Republicans. The Radical Republicans wanted stronger action to punish former Confederate leaders in the South. The Radical Republicans also wanted more rights for African Americans. They wanted to make the South give African Americans the right to vote. While Congress was away from Washington, D.C., Johnson's plan went into effect. Soon, former Confederate leaders formed new state governments in the South. What did the Radical Republicans want? I ä ç Chapter 11 r¡l! . Rebuilding a Divided Nation. 1865-1872 199 :;; The South Under Johnson's Plan While Johnson's plan was in effect, white southern lawmakers wrote laws called black codes. These laws took away many rights of freed African Americans. They could not vote or serve on juries. The black codes made it difficult for African Americans to 89 to school. They were a lot like the old slave laws. In some states, black codes kept freed slaves out of good jobs. In South Carolina, the black codes said African Americans had to pay between $10 and $100 for a license to hold any job other than servant or farmer. Most African Americans could not afford to pay for the licenses. Members of the Ku KIux KIan openly threatened and harmed African Americans. ¡ African Americans did not feel safe in the South. Some white Southerners formed secret groups to frighten African Americans. One group was called the Ku Klux Klan, or KKK. Members of this group wore hoods to hide their faces. They beat or hanged African Americans and burned their homes and churches. What happened to African Americans under Johnson's plan to rebuild the South? The Civil Rights Act The Radical Republicans blamed President Johnson for the passage of black codes and other strict laws. In March 7866, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act. Civil rights are rights that all citizens should have. The Civil Rights Act said that African Americans should have the same legal rights as white Americans. å President Andrew Johnson refused to sign the act into law. Instead he chose to veto it. However, Congress was able to pass the Civil Rights Act over the President's veto. What rights did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 give African Americans? 2O0 Unit {¡ù: 3.ANation Divided t ;.',i ,t? The Fourteenth Amendment I Next, Congress wrote the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. This is what the Fourteenth ' Amendment said. L. All people born in the United States are citizens. 2. State governments cannot take away the rights of any citizens. 3. States that prevent any male citizens, inòluding African Americans, from voting will lose representatives in Congress. {. ,_ 4. Former Confederate leaders cannot hold office. PreSident Johnson was against the Fourteenth Amendment. However, it was signed by most states. i-, did the Fourteenth Amendment protect the $ìiffiow ''' rights of citizens? Section I Review lr'How did President Lincoln feel about allowing the South to rejoin the Union after the war? 2.What did the Fourteenth Amendment say about state representatives in the U.S. Congress? tI 't :l 3. GriticalThinking Why do you think President Andrew Johnson refused to sign the Civil Rights Act into law? 4. Write About Gitizenship Write a letter to the editor of a northern newspaper about conditions in the South under the Johnson plan. Explain what you think should be done about it. i f? Chapter 11 L rl rl' i !F, . Rebuilding a Divided Nation . 1865-1877 2O1