Download Introduction to Matter

Section 1.1: Matter has mass and volume
Section 1.1: Matter has mass and volume
Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
Mass – the measure of the
amount of matter an
object contains
measured
with a
balance
measured
in grams
(g)
not the same as
weight
Volume – the amount of
space that an object
occupies
solids:
cm3
liquids:
mL
Measuring Mass, Weight, and Volume
Mass
Weight
Volume
Definition:
The amount
of matter an
object contains.
Definition:
The downward
pull on an object
due to gravity
Definition:
The amount of
space an object
occupies.
Instrument:
balance
Instrument:
scale
Instrument:
graduated
cylinder,
L x W x H,
water
displacement
Metric unit:
gram (g)
Metric unit:
newton (N)
Metric unit:
solids – cm3
liquids – mL
Mass
Other
information:
•will not
change with
location
Weight
Other
information:
Volume
Other
information:
•solids, liquids,
•weight of an object
and gases all
will change with
have volume
location if the
gravity changes
Your weight on different planets
Section 1.2: Matter is made of atoms
Section 1.3: Matter combines to form different substances
An atom is the smallest particle of matter.
Democritus’s Model
Democritus suggested:
Atoms were the smallest particles of any
substance.
Atoms cannot be divided.
Atoms differed in size, shape, and, weight.
Solid Sphere Model
John Dalton
1803
Dalton explained:
Atoms are the smallest particle and cannot be divided.
Atoms that make up the same elements are the same.
Atoms that make up different elements are different.
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
Plum Pudding Model
J. J. Thomson
1897
Thomson proposed:
Atoms are made up of positively and negatively charged particles.
The negatively charged particles he called electrons.
The negative electrons are set in positively charged particles.
Planetary Model
Ernest Rutherford
1911
Rutherford proposed:
An atom is made up of mostly empty space.
There is a center nucleus made up of positively charged protons.
Negatively charged electrons orbit around the nucleus.
Bohr Model
Niels Bohr
1913
Bohr proposed:
Electrons orbit the nucleus at different energy levels.
Only a certain number of electrons could fit at each energy level.
Electron Cloud Model
Protons and neutrons are tightly
packed into the nucleus of the atom.
The electrons are in a cloud around
the nucleus but not indefinite orbits.
What is an atom?
the smallest particle that makes up matter
Two Parts of an Atom
Electron cloud
nucleus
most of an atom’s mass
most of an atom’s volume
Parts of an Atom
protons – positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an
atom
neutrons – neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom
electrons – negatively charged particles found orbiting the
nucleus in the electron cloud
Protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass, and each is
about 2000 times more massive than an electron.
nucleus
electron
proton
neutron
electron cloud
+
++
Electron Cloud
Nucleus
makes up most of an atom’s
volume
makes up most of an atom’s
mass
Contains:
Contains:
electrons - negative charge
protons- positive charge
neutrons - no charge
Normal atoms have no charge.
the number of
positive protons
+
=
+
+
+
must equal
+
the number of
negative electrons
-
-
-
-
http://web.visionlearning.com/custom/chemistry/animations/CHE1.3-an-atoms.shtml
Definition - matter that is made up of only one kind of atom
The Periodic Table of Elements is a chart used to organize
and classify all of the elements.
All information about an atom can be found on the Periodic Table of Elements.
Name of the element
Symbol for the element:
•First letter always capitalized
•Second and third letters always lower case
•Periods are not used
Atomic number:
•The number of protons in the nucleus
Atomic mass:
•The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Information about atoms found on the Periodic
Table of Elements:
18
Ar
atomic number
symbol
Argon
element name
39.948
atomic mass
Round atomic mass to the nearest whole number (40)
27
atomic number
atomic
number
of number
protons
protons = electrons
Co
element
element
symbol
symbol
cobalt
element
element
name
name
59
atomic mass
atomic mass
protons + neutrons
On the white paper:
27
atomic number
number of protons
protons = electrons
Co
element
symbol
cobalt
element
name
59
atomic mass
protons + neutrons
neon
phosphorous
sodium
calcium
copper
arsenic
iodine
seaborgium
atomic
mass
number of
neutrons
number of
protons
7
Nitrogen
element
14
226
138
7
88
12
6
6
Carbon
59
27
4
32
2
Cobalt
Helium
7
4
24
12
133
78
2
3
12
55
Radium
Lithium
Magnesium
Cesium
atomic
mass
number of
neutrons
number of
protons
16
119
8
8
69
195
117
50
78
238
35
146
92
18
31
17
61
16
47
59
108
31
28
15
element
Oxygen
Tin
Platinum
Uranium
Chlorine
Nickel
Silver
Phosphorous
Element
Protons
Neutrons
Atomic
Number
Nitrogen
Calcium
7
20
7
20
7
20
7
20
14
40
Magnesium
Chlorine
12
17
12
18
12
17
12
17
24
35
Neon
Zinc
Argon
Fluorine
10
30
18
9
10
35
22
10
10
30
18
9
10
30
18
9
20
65
40
19
Chromium
24
27
82
28
32
125
24
27
82
24
27
82
52
59
207
Cobalt
Lead
Electrons
Atomic
Mass
Periodic Table of Elements #1: Web Elements
Periodic Table of Elements #2: Chemical Elements
Periodic Table of Elements #3: Jefferson Lab
Periodic Table #4: Los Alamos National Lab
Jefferson Lab: Element Games
Step 1: Glue your white paper to the TOP of your
colored paper.
Step 2: Write your research information on the white
paper.
Step 3: Fold the top of your paper to the bottom of the
WHITE paper.
Step 4: Fold up bottom flap.
Step 5: Add periodic table
information.
atomic number
symbol
name
atomic mass
Definition : a particle that is made up of two or
more
atoms bonded together
 Molecules can be made up of atoms that are
alike or atoms that are different.
Definition : a particle that is made up of two or
more
atoms bonded together
 Molecules can be made up of atoms that are
alike or atoms that are different.
Molecules in Air
Definition – a substance that consists of two or
more different types of atoms bonded together
 A compound has different properties from
the individual elements that make up the
compound.
Sodium chloride: salt
sodium – a dangerous metal
chlorine – a poisonous gas
carbon – dark solid element
oxygen – invisible gas element
Water Molecule
A water molecule contains:
2 hydrogen (H) atoms
1 oxygen (O) atom
A chemical formula is used to identify the composition of a compound.
The chemical formula for water is:
H2O
oooooooo
Chemical formula
Chemical formula
C4H10
Chemical formula
CO2
NH3
Chemical formula:
C6H12O6
llllllllllll
Definition – a combination of different substances
that remain the same individual substances
and can be separated by physical means
Matter
can be
Pure
Pure substances are made
of only one type of
atom or molecule.
element
compound
atom
molecule
Mixed
Mixed substances are made
of different atoms and or
molecules.
homogeneous
(uniformed
mixture)
heterogeneous
(nonuniform
mixture)
looks the same
throughout
can see the different
parts
Cover
Elements, Compounds,
and Mixtures
Pocket #1
Pure substances:
substances made up of only one
kind of atom or molecule
1.atom/element
2.molecule/compound
Pocket #2
Mixed substances:
substances made up of different
atoms and/or molecules
1.uniform mixtures
2.nonuniform mixtures
Card definitions
Card #1
atom – the smallest particle that makes up matter
element – matter made of one kind of atom
Card #2
molecule – the smallest particle of a compound
compound – a substance that is made up of two or more
different kinds of atoms that are chemically combined
Card #1
Card #2
Uniform mixture - looks the
same throughout
Nonuniform mixture can see the different parts
(homogeneous)
air
cake batter
bronze
brass
chocolate milk
blood
(heterogeneous)
ocean water
soda
soil
Comparing Compounds and Mixtures
Compound:
1.
New substances are formed by atoms that chemically
combine together.
Mixture:
1. Substances in a mixture physically combine
and remain the same substances.
Compound:
2.
Elements in a compound are always in the same proportions
or in a fixed amount.
Mixture:
2. Substances in a mixture can be combined in any amount.
Compound:
3. Substances cannot be physically separated.
Mixture:
3. Substances can be physically separated.
elements
compounds
1
4
2
3
5
6
7
11
9
8
12
10
13
14
15