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Section 1.1: Matter has mass and volume Section 1.1: Matter has mass and volume Matter - anything that has mass and takes up space (volume) Mass – the measure of the amount of matter an object contains measured with a balance measured in grams (g) not the same as weight Volume – the amount of space that an object occupies solids: cm3 liquids: mL Measuring Mass, Weight, and Volume Mass Weight Volume Definition: The amount of matter an object contains. Definition: The downward pull on an object due to gravity Definition: The amount of space an object occupies. Instrument: balance Instrument: scale Instrument: graduated cylinder, L x W x H, water displacement Metric unit: gram (g) Metric unit: newton (N) Metric unit: solids – cm3 liquids – mL Mass Other information: •will not change with location Weight Other information: Volume Other information: •solids, liquids, •weight of an object and gases all will change with have volume location if the gravity changes Your weight on different planets Section 1.2: Matter is made of atoms Section 1.3: Matter combines to form different substances An atom is the smallest particle of matter. Democritus’s Model Democritus suggested: Atoms were the smallest particles of any substance. Atoms cannot be divided. Atoms differed in size, shape, and, weight. Solid Sphere Model John Dalton 1803 Dalton explained: Atoms are the smallest particle and cannot be divided. Atoms that make up the same elements are the same. Atoms that make up different elements are different. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. Plum Pudding Model J. J. Thomson 1897 Thomson proposed: Atoms are made up of positively and negatively charged particles. The negatively charged particles he called electrons. The negative electrons are set in positively charged particles. Planetary Model Ernest Rutherford 1911 Rutherford proposed: An atom is made up of mostly empty space. There is a center nucleus made up of positively charged protons. Negatively charged electrons orbit around the nucleus. Bohr Model Niels Bohr 1913 Bohr proposed: Electrons orbit the nucleus at different energy levels. Only a certain number of electrons could fit at each energy level. Electron Cloud Model Protons and neutrons are tightly packed into the nucleus of the atom. The electrons are in a cloud around the nucleus but not indefinite orbits. What is an atom? the smallest particle that makes up matter Two Parts of an Atom Electron cloud nucleus most of an atom’s mass most of an atom’s volume Parts of an Atom protons – positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom neutrons – neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom electrons – negatively charged particles found orbiting the nucleus in the electron cloud Protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass, and each is about 2000 times more massive than an electron. nucleus electron proton neutron electron cloud + ++ Electron Cloud Nucleus makes up most of an atom’s volume makes up most of an atom’s mass Contains: Contains: electrons - negative charge protons- positive charge neutrons - no charge Normal atoms have no charge. the number of positive protons + = + + + must equal + the number of negative electrons - - - - http://web.visionlearning.com/custom/chemistry/animations/CHE1.3-an-atoms.shtml Definition - matter that is made up of only one kind of atom The Periodic Table of Elements is a chart used to organize and classify all of the elements. All information about an atom can be found on the Periodic Table of Elements. Name of the element Symbol for the element: •First letter always capitalized •Second and third letters always lower case •Periods are not used Atomic number: •The number of protons in the nucleus Atomic mass: •The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus Information about atoms found on the Periodic Table of Elements: 18 Ar atomic number symbol Argon element name 39.948 atomic mass Round atomic mass to the nearest whole number (40) 27 atomic number atomic number of number protons protons = electrons Co element element symbol symbol cobalt element element name name 59 atomic mass atomic mass protons + neutrons On the white paper: 27 atomic number number of protons protons = electrons Co element symbol cobalt element name 59 atomic mass protons + neutrons neon phosphorous sodium calcium copper arsenic iodine seaborgium atomic mass number of neutrons number of protons 7 Nitrogen element 14 226 138 7 88 12 6 6 Carbon 59 27 4 32 2 Cobalt Helium 7 4 24 12 133 78 2 3 12 55 Radium Lithium Magnesium Cesium atomic mass number of neutrons number of protons 16 119 8 8 69 195 117 50 78 238 35 146 92 18 31 17 61 16 47 59 108 31 28 15 element Oxygen Tin Platinum Uranium Chlorine Nickel Silver Phosphorous Element Protons Neutrons Atomic Number Nitrogen Calcium 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 20 14 40 Magnesium Chlorine 12 17 12 18 12 17 12 17 24 35 Neon Zinc Argon Fluorine 10 30 18 9 10 35 22 10 10 30 18 9 10 30 18 9 20 65 40 19 Chromium 24 27 82 28 32 125 24 27 82 24 27 82 52 59 207 Cobalt Lead Electrons Atomic Mass Periodic Table of Elements #1: Web Elements Periodic Table of Elements #2: Chemical Elements Periodic Table of Elements #3: Jefferson Lab Periodic Table #4: Los Alamos National Lab Jefferson Lab: Element Games Step 1: Glue your white paper to the TOP of your colored paper. Step 2: Write your research information on the white paper. Step 3: Fold the top of your paper to the bottom of the WHITE paper. Step 4: Fold up bottom flap. Step 5: Add periodic table information. atomic number symbol name atomic mass Definition : a particle that is made up of two or more atoms bonded together Molecules can be made up of atoms that are alike or atoms that are different. Definition : a particle that is made up of two or more atoms bonded together Molecules can be made up of atoms that are alike or atoms that are different. Molecules in Air Definition – a substance that consists of two or more different types of atoms bonded together A compound has different properties from the individual elements that make up the compound. Sodium chloride: salt sodium – a dangerous metal chlorine – a poisonous gas carbon – dark solid element oxygen – invisible gas element Water Molecule A water molecule contains: 2 hydrogen (H) atoms 1 oxygen (O) atom A chemical formula is used to identify the composition of a compound. The chemical formula for water is: H2O oooooooo Chemical formula Chemical formula C4H10 Chemical formula CO2 NH3 Chemical formula: C6H12O6 llllllllllll Definition – a combination of different substances that remain the same individual substances and can be separated by physical means Matter can be Pure Pure substances are made of only one type of atom or molecule. element compound atom molecule Mixed Mixed substances are made of different atoms and or molecules. homogeneous (uniformed mixture) heterogeneous (nonuniform mixture) looks the same throughout can see the different parts Cover Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures Pocket #1 Pure substances: substances made up of only one kind of atom or molecule 1.atom/element 2.molecule/compound Pocket #2 Mixed substances: substances made up of different atoms and/or molecules 1.uniform mixtures 2.nonuniform mixtures Card definitions Card #1 atom – the smallest particle that makes up matter element – matter made of one kind of atom Card #2 molecule – the smallest particle of a compound compound – a substance that is made up of two or more different kinds of atoms that are chemically combined Card #1 Card #2 Uniform mixture - looks the same throughout Nonuniform mixture can see the different parts (homogeneous) air cake batter bronze brass chocolate milk blood (heterogeneous) ocean water soda soil Comparing Compounds and Mixtures Compound: 1. New substances are formed by atoms that chemically combine together. Mixture: 1. Substances in a mixture physically combine and remain the same substances. Compound: 2. Elements in a compound are always in the same proportions or in a fixed amount. Mixture: 2. Substances in a mixture can be combined in any amount. Compound: 3. Substances cannot be physically separated. Mixture: 3. Substances can be physically separated. elements compounds 1 4 2 3 5 6 7 11 9 8 12 10 13 14 15