Download Updating Pavlov`s Understanding

Name ___________Period_____
Chapter 8 Reading Outline
1. Why is the word “relatively” necessary in the definition of learning?
2. True or False: “Stimulus-Response Learning” would be a good synonym for associative learning.
3. What percent of captive animals released into the wild survive?
4. Why do you think pushing your arms down is associated with less positivity than pressing up?
5. This semester I stood outside my door in between class changes every day. I would either stand there
and greet you or I would stand there and greet you while slapping folded papers in my hand. Every
time I greeted you while slapping my hands with papers, you had a pop quiz immediately after the bell
rang. Was my little experiment and example of classical conditioning or operant conditioning? Explain.
6. List the three ways we learn.
7. What is the synonym for classical conditioning?
8. In which type of learning, classical conditioning or operant conditioning, does the subject act first?
9. Why did behaviorists discard studying inner thoughts?
10. Why are unconditioned responses and unconditional stimuli considered to be unconditioned?
11. True or False: Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral stimulus before a reflex and changes
involuntary behaviors.
12. Regarding “acquisition,” why was my experiment with conditioning my students for a pop quiz fatally
flawed?
13. What is the most effective amount of time for acquisition?
14. What is more important according to an evolutionary psychologist, animals learning via conditioning so
that they could survive or learning and thereby living long enough to reproduce?
15. How could perfume easily become a conditioned stimulus for arousal?
16. Create another “Unexpected CS” similar to Figure 8.6.
UCS = UCR
CS + UCS = UCR
CS = CR
17. How does spontaneous recovery complicate the concept of extinction?
18. True or False: For spontaneous recovery to occur a significant amount of time must pass before you
experience the CR.
19. Why is the term “extinction” a little misleading?
20. What argument would an evolutionary psychologist make about the importance of being able to
generalize conditioned stimuli?
21. During my son’s 7th Birthday party I took split pea soup and coconut shavings and told his friends they
were Infant Poop and old men’s toenail clippings, respectively. Then I made them eat it like in Fear
Factor! Was this taking advantage of generalization or extinction? Explain.
22. Discrimination is said to have survival value. Explain why.
Updating Pavlov’s Understanding
23. Why doesn’t conditioning alcoholics by spiking their alcoholic drinks with a drug that causes them to
vomit have greater success?
24. How did Garcia’s finding contradict the behaviorist’s view of conditioning?
25. What process do new and bold ideas usually go through, according to Schopenhauer?
26. How are the taste-aversion finding similar to the nausea cancer patients feel upon entering the waiting
room for chemotherapy?
27. How does the concept of acquisition conflict with adaptation?
28. Watson and Rayner and Little Albert. Why do some psychologists say they possibly messed with their
“Little Albert” experiment’s outcomes?
29. How can the procedure for evoking extinction be used to combat phobias?
30. Page 322. Answer the Check Yourself question and then read the answer given by the author.
Operant Conditioning
31. True or False: Classical conditioning changes reflexes but Operant changes purposeful behaviors.
32. Where does the term “operant” in operant conditioning come from?
33. True or False: Operant conditioning involves making an association between an involuntary response and a
stimulus, while classical conditioning is about making an association between a voluntary behavior and a
consequence.
34. True or False: Operant conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while classical conditioning requires
the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished.
35. True or False: If a teacher offered tokens as rewards for good behavior which could then be turned in for a
reward, then the teacher would be employing operant conditioning.
36. Which two men are most often associated with operant conditioning?
37. Why would the animal in the operant chamber have to be hungry for the researcher to shape the animal’s
behavior?
38. How is “shaping” related to Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding?
39. I remember the first time my daughter lied to me. I left the room for a moment after opening a bag of chips
and telling her not to eat the biggest chip. I came back and the chip was gone. I asked her if she ate it and
she sweetly said “no.” I laughed and picked her up. How should I have “shaped” her action if I wanted her to
be honest?
40. Consider the following example and determine whether you think it is an example of negative reinforcement
or punishment:
Timmy is supposed to clean his room every Saturday morning. Last weekend, he went out to play with his
friend without cleaning his room. As a result, his father made him spend the rest of the weekend doing
other chores like cleaning out the garage, mowing the lawn and weeding the garden, in addition to
cleaning his room.
KEY Chapter 8 Reading Outline
1. Why is the word “relatively” necessary in the definition of learning?
2. True or False: “Stimulus-Response Learning” would be a good synonym for associative learning.
a. true
3. What percent of captive animals released into the wild survive?
4. Why do you think pushing your arms down is associated with less positivity than pressing your arms
up?
a. Opinion
5. This semester I stood outside my door in between class changes every day. I would either stand there
and greet you or I would stand there and greet you while slapping folded papers in my hand. Every
time I greeted you while slapping my hands with papers, you had a pop quiz immediately after the bell
rang. Was my little experiment and example of classical conditioning or operant conditioning? Explain.
6. List the three ways we learn.
a. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
7. What is the synonym for classical conditioning?
a. Pavlovian conditioning
8. In which type of learning, classical conditioning or operant conditioning, does the subject act first?
a. Operant
9. Why did behaviorists discard studying inner thoughts?
a. They could not be observed or measured
10. Why are unconditioned responses and unconditional stimuli considered to be unconditioned?
a. They are not learned
11. True or False: Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral stimulus before a reflex and changes
involuntary behaviors.
a. True
12. Regarding “acquisition,” why was my experiment with conditioning my students for a pop quiz fatally
flawed?
a. Took too long for the event to occur
13. What is the most effective amount of time for acquisition?
a. One-half a second
14. What is more important according to an evolutionary psychologist, animals learning via conditioning
so that they could survive or learning and thereby living long enough to reproduce?
a. Reproduce
15. How could perfume easily become a conditioned stimulus for arousal?
16. Create another “Unexpected CS” similar to Figure 8.6.
a. UCS = UCR
b. CS + UCS = UCR
c. CS = CR
17. How does spontaneous recovery complicate the concept of extinction?
a. Extinction doesn’t mean the CR is repressed, not eliminated.
18. True or False: For spontaneous recovery to occur a significant amount of time must pass before you
experience the CR.
a. True
19. Why is the term “extinction” a little misleading?
20. What argument would an evolutionary psychologist make about the importance of being able to
generalize conditioned stimuli?
a. Sounds of approaching feet (predators) would always be slightly different.
21. During my son’s 7th Birthday party I took split pea soup and coconut shavings and told his friends they
were Infant Poop and old men’s toenail clippings, respectively. Then I made them eat it like in Fear
Factor! Was this taking advantage of generalization or extinction? Explain.
22. Discrimination is said to have survival value. Explain why.
a. .
b. Updating Pavlov’s Understanding
23. Why doesn’t conditioning alcoholics by spiking their alcoholic drinks with a drug that causes them to
vomit have greater success?
a. They know their nausea is caused by the drug and not the alcohol
24. How did Garcia’s finding contradict the behaviorist’s view of conditioning?
a. They said any stimulus could serve as a CS, but Garcia said higher animals are predisposed to
learn from certain particular associations (like taste or sight)
25. What process do new and bold ideas usually go through, according to Schopenhauer?
a. First ridiculed, then attacked, then taken for granted
26. How are the taste-aversion finding similar to the nausea cancer patients feel upon entering the waiting
room for chemotherapy?
a. The UCR is delayed
27. How does the concept of acquisition conflict with adaptation?
a. Acquisition requires immediacy; adaptation is delayed
28. Watson and Rayner and Little Albert. Why do some psychologists say they possibly messed with their
“Little Albert” experiment’s outcomes?
a. Have had trouble replicating it
29. How can the procedure for evoking extinction be used to combat phobias?
a. Have the subject experience the UCS over and over until extinction
30. Page 322 Check Yourself
a. Operant Conditioning
32. True or False: Classical conditioning changes reflexes but Operant changes purposeful behaviors.
33. Where does the term “operant” in operant conditioning come from?
34. True or False: Operant conditioning involves making an association between an involuntary response and a
stimulus, while classical conditioning is about making an association between a voluntary behavior and a
consequence.
a.
35.
False they are reversed
True or False: Operant conditioning is passive on the part of the learner, while classical conditioning requires
the learner to actively participate and perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished.
a.
36.
False reversed
True or False: If a teacher offered tokens as rewards for good behavior which could then be turned in for a
reward, then the teacher would be employing operant conditioning.
a.
37.
Which two men are most often associated with operant conditioning?
a.
38.
True
Thorndike and Skinner
Why would the animal in the operant chamber have to be hungry for the researcher to shape the animal’s
behavior?
39. How is “shaping” related to Vygotsky’s concept of scaffolding?
a.
b.
40.
Start with behavior the subject knows and then
in a piecemeal fashion teach it more complex steps…
I remember the first time my daughter lied to me. I left the room for a moment after opening a bag of chips
and telling her not to eat the biggest chip. I came back and the chip was gone. I asked her if she ate it and
she sweetly said “no.” I laughed and picked her up. How should I have “shaped” her action if I wanted her to
be honest?
41. Consider the following example and determine whether you think it is an example of negative reinforcement
or punishment:
42. Timmy is supposed to clean his room every Saturday morning. Last weekend, he went out to play with
his friend without cleaning his room. As a result, his father made him spend the rest of the weekend
doing other chores like cleaning out the garage, mowing the lawn and weeding the garden, in addition
to cleaning his room.
43. If you said that this was an example of punishment, then you are correct. Because Timmy didn't clean his
room, his father assigned a punishment of having to do extra chores.