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WEATHER NOTES Temperature – is the measurement of the amount of heat in the atmosphere. Measured in 2 types of Units: 1) Fahrenheit = US customary Unit 2) Celsius = Metric Unit Important Temperatures Freezing Boiling 32 F 0 C 212 F 100 C Thermometer – is the tool used to measure temperature. F C F C 80 25 25 80 70 20 70 20 60 15 60 15 50 10 50 10 40 5 40 5 0 30 0 30 -5 20 -5 20 - 10 10 Example: This thermometer reads about 5 degrees Celsius (C) and 40 degrees Fahrenheit (F). - 10 10 Humidity – describes the amount of moisture in the air. Hygrometer – the tool used to measure the amount of moisture in the air (humidity). Humid days feel hot because the moisture in the air prevents sweat from evaporating and cooling your body. When air is compressed (pushed down on) its pressure increases. Like in the chamber of a pump that has had the lever pushed down. Hair becomes very curly when it is humid. Hair absorbs water causing it to curl. Barometer – tool used to measure air pressure. A RAIN GAUGE measures the amount of rain that has fallen over a specific time period. A WIND VANE is an instrument that determines the direction from which the wind is blowing. An ANEMOMETER measures wind speed. The cups catch the wind, turning a dial attached to the instrument. The dial shows the wind speed. High pressure brings mild winds, stable temperatures, and clear weather. Low pressure brings strong winds, dropping temperatures and precipitation. Find more information at : http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-instruments.htm LAND AND SEA BREEZES What is wind? Wind is air in motion. It is produced by the uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun. Since the earth’s surface is made of various land and water formations, it absorbs the sun’s radiation unevenly. Two factors are necessary to specify wind: speed and direction. What causes the wind to blow? As the sun warms the Earth's surface, the atmosphere warms too. Some parts of the Earth receive direct rays from the sun all year and are always warm. Other places receive indirect rays, so the climate is colder. Warm air, which weighs less than cold air, rises. Then cool air moves in and replaces the rising warm air. This movement of air is what makes the wind blow. http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-wind.htm 1 2 1) A sea breeze is created when the surface of the land is heated sufficiently to start air rising. As air rises, it is replaced by air from the sea; you have now created a sea breeze. Sea breezes tend to be much stronger and can produce gusty winds as the sun can heat the land to very warm temperatures, thereby creating a significant temperature contrast to the water. 2) A land breeze is created when the land is cooler than the water such as at night and the surface winds have to be very light. When this happens the air over the water slowly begins to rise, as the air begins to rise the air over the surface of the ocean has to be replaced, this is done by drawing the air from the land over the water, thus creating a sea breeze. Websites where you can see animations and extra information of land and sea breezes : http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1903/es19 03page01.cfm http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0098-sea-land-breezes.php http://www.weatherwizkids.com/weather-wind.htm SCIENCE WEATHER VOCABULARY WORDS : climate- the weather patterns of a location over time weather- the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place isobar - a line on a weather map connecting areas of equal pressure cirrus- high thin wispy clouds made of ice, usually indicates fair weather stratus- clouds that form layers or sheets of clouds, covering the sky nimbo- these clouds bring rain cumulous -puffy white clouds that are a sign of fair weather fog -stratus cloud that forms at ground level run off -the flow of water, snow or other precipitation over the land water cycle -the journey water takes from land, to atmosphere and back again precipitation - the part of the water cycle where rain, sleet, snow, and hail falls evaporation- part of the water cycle where liquid water is heat and becomes water vapor condensation- clouds are formed in this part of the water cycle, when water vapor cools and becomes drops of liquid water infiltration- when water soaks into the ground becoming ground water front -a leading edge of an air mass front- the boundary between two air masses of different temperature and moisture levels cold front – a leading edge of cooler air approaching warmer air warm front – a leading edge of warmer air approaching cooler air occluded front- when one cold front overtakes slower moving cold (though warmer than the other cold front) front; the warm, moist air is forced upwards stationary front -when a warm and cold front meet and do not move sea breeze- air over land is heated up during the day (low pressure)and rises. The air is cooler over the water causing an area of higher pressure, causing the winds to blow from the sea to land. Land breeze – air over the sea is warmer at night than the land and this air rises. The air over the land is cooler and moves in to replace the warm air over the water, causing wind to blow from the land to the sea. valley breeze- similar to a sea breeze, valley air is heated and rises, causing a warm breeze to move up the mountains. At night this process reverses and a cool breeze moves down the mountains rain shadow- when the windward side of a mountain gets rain and leeward side is drier thermometer- instrument used to measure temperature anemometer - instrument used to measure wind speed barometer- instrument used to measure air pressure hygrometer- instrument used to measure humidity humidity- the amount of moisture in the air air pressure- because air has mass and takes up space, it has pressure (causes areas of high and low pressure over the earth wind when air moves from an area of high pressure to low pressure high pressure- cooler, denser air creates this type or air pressure, creating a more pressure at the surface. It brings “happy weather” low pressure warmer, less dense air creates this type of pressure, creating less pressure at the surface, this brings “lousy weather”