Download THE BAROQUE ERA - Owen J. Roberts High School Band

MUSIC HISTORY
THE BAROQUE ERA
MUSIC OF THE BAROQUE
DATES:
1600AD to 1750AD
BAROQUE TIMELINE
THE BAROQUE ERA
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The Baroque Era (1600–1750) was a
time characterized by absolute
monarchy in which all art and culture
served the ruler
Bloody religious wars (Protestants vs.
Catholics)
Exploration and colonization of the
New World (Mayflower, 1620)
Both extreme poverty and extreme
luxury could be found
Love of the dramatic
Judith Leyster, The Flute Player
THE BAROQUE ERA
An Age of Discovery
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Sir Isaac Newton formulated the
theory of gravity
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William Harvey explained the
circulation of the blood
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Galileo and Copernicus –
advances in physics and astronomy
THE BAROQUE ERA
Major Musical Accomplishments
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Monody – solo song with
instrumental accompaniment
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Figured Bass – shorthand
notation system allowing
musician to improvise the chords
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Major-Minor system established
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Equal Temperament Tuning
Established
The Baroque Era
Musical Key Points
Monody:
New style featuring single melody with
instrumental accompaniment – a shift away
from the Polyphony of the Renaissance
Florentine Camerata:
Group of artists, writers, and
musicians who helped to
develop the monodic style
Young Woman at a Virgina, Jan Vermeer
The Baroque Era
Musical Key Points
The OPERA
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The Camerata realized that
the monodic style could be
applied to an entire drama
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Thus began the OPERA –
the single greatest
achievement of Baroque
Music!
The Baroque Era
Musical Key Points
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Figured bass – composer put a numeral above
or below the bass note to indicate the required
chord
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This system was known as Basso Continuo performance group often consisted of two
instrumentalists—one playing a melodic bass
instrument, such as a cello or bassoon, and
another playing a chordal instrument, such as a
keyboard.
Musical Example: C.P.E. Bach, Trio Sonata in G
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oq_yW6cfpL0
The Baroque Era
Musical Key Points
Major-Minor System Established
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The shift to a simpler style based on a
single melody and less complex
harmony led to the development of
one of the most significant changes
in all of music history: the
establishment of the Major-Minor
Tonality
The Baroque Era
Musical Key Points
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Equal temperament – tuning
system established during
Baroque that allowed
instruments to perform in any
key - still used today
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Based on the division of the
octave into twelve equal half
steps
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Bach wanted to prove he could
write in every one of the keys
and wrote his Well-Tempered
Clavier
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezZdbzreNcs
The Baroque Era
Musical Key Points
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In the early Baroque era, the
practice of word painting
continued. Music was expected
to arouse the emotions or
‘affections’ such as joy, anger, love
or fear
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In the height of the Baroque era,
the doctrine of the affections was
applied – that a movement
should aim at only one emotion;
and to attempt more would risk
causing confusion and disorder in
the listener.
Handel: Sampson, “Let the Bright Seraphim”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lz
lZ122DirA
The Baroque Era
The Rise of the Virtuoso Musician
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Technical improvements in instrument making led to the rise in
the level of virtuosic playing
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Composers began challenging the performers
– Domenico Scarlatti
– Antonio Vivaldi
Scarlatti: Sonata in E, “Capriccio”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qaC
wJ1YGns
Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Y14Z3aEhQE
Antonio Vivaldi
The Baroque Era
Exoticism
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Age of exploration of the globe introduced
the public to different elements of remote
cultures that were previously unknown
Thus exoticism- a musical style in which
rhythms, melodies, or instruments evoke
the atmosphere of far off lands, also
became a presence in the Baroque era.
Operas were set in faraway lands and
contained scenes, costumes and dances
which appealed to the imagination of the
audience
Music flowed across national boundaries
The Baroque Era
THE OPERA
The most important new musical genre of the Baroque Era
Meredith Hall as Poppea in the opera
The Coronation of Poppea
An Opera is a large-scale musical
drama combining:
• Poetry
• Acting
• Scenery
• Costumes
• Singing
• Instrumental music
The Baroque Era
THE OPERA
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Plot and action are moved forward
through recitative— a vocal technique
that resembles the natural patterns of
speech. The words in a recitative are
often sung on the same pitch, and may
include rapid question-and-answer
dialogue between characters.
An aria (Italian for “air”) is a song for
solo voice with orchestral
accompaniment, often of an emotional
nature. Often in A-B-A form with a
beginning, high point, and end
Mozart: Don Giovanni, “Chi è la?”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
UEXZeoYKoL0
Handel: Messiah, “O thou that tellest”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5
CjGtVY_cAQ
The Baroque Era
THE OPERA
The Role Of The Opera In Baroque
Culture:
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Royal Weddings
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Ceremonial Occasions
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Scenic Displays
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Lavish Spectacles
The Baroque Era
Henry Purcell
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English singer, organist,
and composer
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Sacred and secular music
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Most famous stage work:
Dido and Aeneas
Henry Purcell (1659–1695)
The Baroque Era
Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas
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The Death of Dido, Giovanni Barbieri
Dido’s Lament (Aria):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivl
UMWUJ-1w
Written in 1689 for a girls boarding
school where Purcell taught
Based on an ancient Roman epic that
traces the adventures of the hero Aeneas
after the fall of Troy
In summary: Aeneas is shipwrecked at
Carthage on the northern shore of
Africa. He and the young Carthaginian
queen, Dido, fall in love. Aeneas
receives a message that he must continue
on his journey to found Rome, and so he
decides that he must leave. In Dido’s
grief, she decides that her fate is death.
The Baroque Era
The Cantata
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Cantata (Italian “to sing”) - a
mulitmovement work consisting of
arias, recitatives and choruses; with
orchestral accompaniment.
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Both Sacred and Secular
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Based on lyric, dramatic, or narrative
poetry
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A staple of the Lutheran church
service
The Baroque Era
Johann Sebastian Bach
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Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–
1750), German composer, organist,
educator
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Culminating figure of the Baroque
style and a giant in history of music
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Career in northern Germany
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Born into a musical family
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Known as an organist and composer
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Devout Lutheran
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Employed by both secular and
church patrons throughout his
career
The Baroque Era
Johann Sebastian Bach
An evening outdoor concert in 1744
by the collegium musicum of Jena, Germany
Bach directed this group for 27 years
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At the age of thirty-eight,
Bach was appointed to one of
the most important music
positions in Germany—cantor
at St. Thomas’s Church
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In 1729, Bach was appointed
to an additional post in
Leipzig: director of the
collegium musicum—a group of
university students and
musicians that gave regular
concerts
The Baroque Era
Johann Sebastian Bach
Bach Wrote:
Dictionary, J.G. Walther
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Sacred Vocal Music (200 church
cantatas, 4 Passions, Mass in B minor)
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Orchestral Music (4 Suites)
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Concertos (Brandenburg Concertos)
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Solo Sonatas and Keyboard Music (WellTempered Clavier, The Art of Fugue, Toccata
and Fugue in D minor)
Examples of Bach’s Music:
Top Ten:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6
_0xOBeLNw
Cantatas:
Cantata No. 140, Sleepers Awake - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__lCZeePG48
Keyboard Music:
The Well-Tempered Clavier https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXMVkQ70I88
Toccata and Fugue in D Minor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nnuq9PXbywA
Instrumental Music:
Sonatas:
Bach: Flute Sonata No. 2, “Siciliano” - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nKoTMl6GpI
Concertos:
Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll9GRQ_5noc
Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 6, III - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CexJQ8VWJfY
Orchestral suites:
Bach: Orchestral Suite No. 2, “Badinerie” - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyMtlvOcojU
The Baroque Era
The Oratorio
Performance of Handel’s Messiah in 1784
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Oratorio – a large scale musical work
for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra
based on a religious or serious text
and often performed in a church
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Performed without scenery, costumes,
or action
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Action was depicted by a narrator
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George Frideric Handel was a master
of this vocal form
The Baroque Era
George Frideric Handel
(1685 – 1759)
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Born in Germany, but spent the bulk of
his career in London
Baroque composer famous for his
operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ
concertos
In 1720, he founded the Royal Academy
of Music for the purpose of presenting
Italian opera
Wrote The Messiah, his most famous
oratorio in 1742
The Baroque Era
George Frideric Handel
Handel Wrote:
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Over 40 Italian Operas including:
Rinaldo and Julius Caesar
English Oratorios including: The
Messiah, Judas Maccabeus, and Israel
in Egypt
Orchestral Suites including: Music
for the Royal Fireworks and Water
Music
Keyboard and chamber music
Vocal music
George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)
Examples of Handel’s Music:
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Opera: Rinaldo - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73__I-0J3j0
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Oratorio: The Messiah –
Rejoice Greatly O Daughter of Zion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5qSDOwh1qk
Hallelujah Chorus - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUZEtVbJT5c
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Orchestral Suite: Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcknsYVgdkM
The Baroque Era
The Rise of Instrumental Music
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During the Baroque era, instrumental music became as important as
vocal music for the first time in history
Great virtuosos such as Bach on the organ or Vivaldi on the violin
raised the technique of playing to new heights.
Pietro Domenico Oliviero, Detail of orchestra for 1740 concert
The Baroque Era
The Rise of Instrumental Music
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Instrument designs were
improved
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Finest violins in history came
from shops of:
– Stradivarius
– Guarneri
– Amati
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A Concert, Leonello Spada
Many of these violins are still
in circulation and are currently
worth millions of dollars
The Baroque Era
The Baroque Suite
Suite: Collection of dance-related
movements
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Allemande – German dance in
duple meter
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Courante – French dance in triple https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoMEvXjkC78
meter
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Sarabande – Spanish dance in
triple meter
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Gigue (jig) – English dance in
compound meter
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Other optional dances: minuet,
gavotte, bourrée, passepied
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Repeated sections ornamented
second time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZWDrjLO7r4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjLTTgv5FUQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_lthPnJ59E
The Baroque Concerto
A Concerto is an instrumental genre in several movements
for solo instrument (or instrumental group) and orchestra
The Baroque Concerto
Two Types of Concertos:
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The solo concerto, which sets one
instrument against the orchestra
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The concerto grosso ,which
features a small group of soloists
set against orchestra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th9Xbzg7M4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiAioQKr
b0c
The Baroque Concerto
Antonio Vivaldi and the Solo Concerto
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Vivaldi (1678 – 1741)
One of the most prolific composers of the
Baroque Era
Extreme virtuoso on the violin
Became known as “the red priest,” which
was a reference to his hair color
For most of his career, he was the music
master at the Conservatorio del’Ospedale
della Pietà, which was a school for
orphaned girls
His output included more than 500
concertos as well as chamber music, operas,
cantatas, an oratorio, and an extended
setting of the Gloria
“Above all, he was
possessed by music.”
—Marc Pincherle
Vivaldi: The Four Seasons
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Vivaldi’s best-known piece of music is Spring from The Four Seasons
The Four Seasons is a group of four violin concertos
Each concerto is accompanied by a poem describing items associated with
that particular season
Word painting is prevalent in this instrumental work, as the music depicts
specific lines of the poem (programatic music)
Vivaldi: Spring, from The Four Seasons:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKthRw4KjEg
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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Johann Sebastian Bach
(1685 – 1750)
German composer and organist
The greatest of the Baroque
composers
During his lifetime he was
better known as an organist
than as a composer
Bach Violin Concertos:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FdNlhZAYBE
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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Arcangelo Corelli
(1653 – 1713)
Italian late baroque composer
Has been called:- "Father of the
Concerto Grosso"
- "Founder of Modern Violin
Technique"
- "The World's Greatest Violinist"
Arcangelo Corelli: Concerto in D Major Op. 6 No. 4,
complete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3smZkpqXYHs
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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George Frideric Handel
(1685 – 1759)
Born in Germany the same year
and region as Bach
He later moved to England, his
adopted country
He is best known for his grand
oratorio 'Messiah', his Water
Music, and Music for the Royal
Fireworks
Hallelujah - Choir of King's College, Cambridge live
performance of Handel's Messiah
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3TUWU_yg4s
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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Jean-Baptiste Lully
(1632-1687)
Italian born French composer
He was the musical director of
the court of Louis XIV, "The
Sun King“
Cause of death - He stabbed his
toe with his conducting cane, it
developed gangrene and he
refused to have it amputated
Jean-Baptiste Lully - Marche pour la cérémonie des Turcs
(Le bourgeois gentilhomme)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PKcNZYlH6k
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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Johann Pachelbel
(1653 – 1706)
German composer, teacher and
organist
Best known for his Canon in D
Canon in D, Classic Guitar:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXC9tuumjiA
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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Antonio Vivaldi
(1678 – 1741)
Known as 'The Red Priest'
Italian composer, violinist,
teacher, priest
His Four Seasons is the most
played piece of classical music
in the world
Extreme virtuoso
Vivaldi - Complete Cello Concertos (Ofra Harnoy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ogk-OL8hGCI
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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Henry Purcell
(1659 – 1695)
Within a lifetime of only thirty-five
years, Purcell achieved musical
greatness by being considered one
of England’s greatest composers
and the most original composer of
his time
Talented in word-setting and
composed very successful works for
stage
Purcell: Sound the trumpet - Come, ye sons of art, away Philippe Jaroussky
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQxTkTw4cCY
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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Georg Philipp Telemann
(1681 – 1767)
A good friend of both Bach and
Handel, George Philipp
Telemann was also a distinguished
musician and composer of his time
Incorporated unusual
instrumentation in his concertos
which is one of the things that
made him unique
Telemann Viola Concerto in G major
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMpzPMkrALM
IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS
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Domenico Scarlatti
(1685 – 1757)
Wrote 555 known harpsichord
sonatas, of which, over half
was written in the last six years
of his life
Scarlatti made use of Italian,
Portuguese, and Spanish dance
rhythms throughout many of
his works
D. Scarlatti Sonata in B Minor, K27 L 449
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxQqigQBoyk