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MUSIC HISTORY THE BAROQUE ERA MUSIC OF THE BAROQUE DATES: 1600AD to 1750AD BAROQUE TIMELINE THE BAROQUE ERA • • • • • The Baroque Era (1600–1750) was a time characterized by absolute monarchy in which all art and culture served the ruler Bloody religious wars (Protestants vs. Catholics) Exploration and colonization of the New World (Mayflower, 1620) Both extreme poverty and extreme luxury could be found Love of the dramatic Judith Leyster, The Flute Player THE BAROQUE ERA An Age of Discovery • Sir Isaac Newton formulated the theory of gravity • William Harvey explained the circulation of the blood • Galileo and Copernicus – advances in physics and astronomy THE BAROQUE ERA Major Musical Accomplishments • Monody – solo song with instrumental accompaniment • Figured Bass – shorthand notation system allowing musician to improvise the chords • Major-Minor system established • Equal Temperament Tuning Established The Baroque Era Musical Key Points Monody: New style featuring single melody with instrumental accompaniment – a shift away from the Polyphony of the Renaissance Florentine Camerata: Group of artists, writers, and musicians who helped to develop the monodic style Young Woman at a Virgina, Jan Vermeer The Baroque Era Musical Key Points The OPERA • The Camerata realized that the monodic style could be applied to an entire drama • Thus began the OPERA – the single greatest achievement of Baroque Music! The Baroque Era Musical Key Points • Figured bass – composer put a numeral above or below the bass note to indicate the required chord • This system was known as Basso Continuo performance group often consisted of two instrumentalists—one playing a melodic bass instrument, such as a cello or bassoon, and another playing a chordal instrument, such as a keyboard. Musical Example: C.P.E. Bach, Trio Sonata in G https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oq_yW6cfpL0 The Baroque Era Musical Key Points Major-Minor System Established • The shift to a simpler style based on a single melody and less complex harmony led to the development of one of the most significant changes in all of music history: the establishment of the Major-Minor Tonality The Baroque Era Musical Key Points • Equal temperament – tuning system established during Baroque that allowed instruments to perform in any key - still used today • Based on the division of the octave into twelve equal half steps • Bach wanted to prove he could write in every one of the keys and wrote his Well-Tempered Clavier https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezZdbzreNcs The Baroque Era Musical Key Points • In the early Baroque era, the practice of word painting continued. Music was expected to arouse the emotions or ‘affections’ such as joy, anger, love or fear • In the height of the Baroque era, the doctrine of the affections was applied – that a movement should aim at only one emotion; and to attempt more would risk causing confusion and disorder in the listener. Handel: Sampson, “Let the Bright Seraphim” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lz lZ122DirA The Baroque Era The Rise of the Virtuoso Musician • Technical improvements in instrument making led to the rise in the level of virtuosic playing • Composers began challenging the performers – Domenico Scarlatti – Antonio Vivaldi Scarlatti: Sonata in E, “Capriccio” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qaC wJ1YGns Vivaldi: Concerto for Piccolo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Y14Z3aEhQE Antonio Vivaldi The Baroque Era Exoticism • • • • Age of exploration of the globe introduced the public to different elements of remote cultures that were previously unknown Thus exoticism- a musical style in which rhythms, melodies, or instruments evoke the atmosphere of far off lands, also became a presence in the Baroque era. Operas were set in faraway lands and contained scenes, costumes and dances which appealed to the imagination of the audience Music flowed across national boundaries The Baroque Era THE OPERA The most important new musical genre of the Baroque Era Meredith Hall as Poppea in the opera The Coronation of Poppea An Opera is a large-scale musical drama combining: • Poetry • Acting • Scenery • Costumes • Singing • Instrumental music The Baroque Era THE OPERA • • Plot and action are moved forward through recitative— a vocal technique that resembles the natural patterns of speech. The words in a recitative are often sung on the same pitch, and may include rapid question-and-answer dialogue between characters. An aria (Italian for “air”) is a song for solo voice with orchestral accompaniment, often of an emotional nature. Often in A-B-A form with a beginning, high point, and end Mozart: Don Giovanni, “Chi è la?” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= UEXZeoYKoL0 Handel: Messiah, “O thou that tellest” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5 CjGtVY_cAQ The Baroque Era THE OPERA The Role Of The Opera In Baroque Culture: • Royal Weddings • Ceremonial Occasions • Scenic Displays • Lavish Spectacles The Baroque Era Henry Purcell • English singer, organist, and composer • Sacred and secular music • Most famous stage work: Dido and Aeneas Henry Purcell (1659–1695) The Baroque Era Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas • • • The Death of Dido, Giovanni Barbieri Dido’s Lament (Aria): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ivl UMWUJ-1w Written in 1689 for a girls boarding school where Purcell taught Based on an ancient Roman epic that traces the adventures of the hero Aeneas after the fall of Troy In summary: Aeneas is shipwrecked at Carthage on the northern shore of Africa. He and the young Carthaginian queen, Dido, fall in love. Aeneas receives a message that he must continue on his journey to found Rome, and so he decides that he must leave. In Dido’s grief, she decides that her fate is death. The Baroque Era The Cantata • Cantata (Italian “to sing”) - a mulitmovement work consisting of arias, recitatives and choruses; with orchestral accompaniment. • Both Sacred and Secular • Based on lyric, dramatic, or narrative poetry • A staple of the Lutheran church service The Baroque Era Johann Sebastian Bach • Johann Sebastian Bach (1685– 1750), German composer, organist, educator • Culminating figure of the Baroque style and a giant in history of music • Career in northern Germany • Born into a musical family • Known as an organist and composer • Devout Lutheran • Employed by both secular and church patrons throughout his career The Baroque Era Johann Sebastian Bach An evening outdoor concert in 1744 by the collegium musicum of Jena, Germany Bach directed this group for 27 years • At the age of thirty-eight, Bach was appointed to one of the most important music positions in Germany—cantor at St. Thomas’s Church • In 1729, Bach was appointed to an additional post in Leipzig: director of the collegium musicum—a group of university students and musicians that gave regular concerts The Baroque Era Johann Sebastian Bach Bach Wrote: Dictionary, J.G. Walther • Sacred Vocal Music (200 church cantatas, 4 Passions, Mass in B minor) • Orchestral Music (4 Suites) • Concertos (Brandenburg Concertos) • Solo Sonatas and Keyboard Music (WellTempered Clavier, The Art of Fugue, Toccata and Fugue in D minor) Examples of Bach’s Music: Top Ten: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6 _0xOBeLNw Cantatas: Cantata No. 140, Sleepers Awake - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__lCZeePG48 Keyboard Music: The Well-Tempered Clavier https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXMVkQ70I88 Toccata and Fugue in D Minor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nnuq9PXbywA Instrumental Music: Sonatas: Bach: Flute Sonata No. 2, “Siciliano” - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nKoTMl6GpI Concertos: Bach: Concerto for Violin and Oboe, II - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ll9GRQ_5noc Bach: Brandenburg Concerto No. 6, III - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CexJQ8VWJfY Orchestral suites: Bach: Orchestral Suite No. 2, “Badinerie” - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyMtlvOcojU The Baroque Era The Oratorio Performance of Handel’s Messiah in 1784 • Oratorio – a large scale musical work for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra based on a religious or serious text and often performed in a church • Performed without scenery, costumes, or action • Action was depicted by a narrator • George Frideric Handel was a master of this vocal form The Baroque Era George Frideric Handel (1685 – 1759) • • • • Born in Germany, but spent the bulk of his career in London Baroque composer famous for his operas, oratorios, anthems, and organ concertos In 1720, he founded the Royal Academy of Music for the purpose of presenting Italian opera Wrote The Messiah, his most famous oratorio in 1742 The Baroque Era George Frideric Handel Handel Wrote: • • • • • Over 40 Italian Operas including: Rinaldo and Julius Caesar English Oratorios including: The Messiah, Judas Maccabeus, and Israel in Egypt Orchestral Suites including: Music for the Royal Fireworks and Water Music Keyboard and chamber music Vocal music George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) Examples of Handel’s Music: • Opera: Rinaldo - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73__I-0J3j0 • Oratorio: The Messiah – Rejoice Greatly O Daughter of Zion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5qSDOwh1qk Hallelujah Chorus - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUZEtVbJT5c • Orchestral Suite: Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcknsYVgdkM The Baroque Era The Rise of Instrumental Music • • During the Baroque era, instrumental music became as important as vocal music for the first time in history Great virtuosos such as Bach on the organ or Vivaldi on the violin raised the technique of playing to new heights. Pietro Domenico Oliviero, Detail of orchestra for 1740 concert The Baroque Era The Rise of Instrumental Music • Instrument designs were improved • Finest violins in history came from shops of: – Stradivarius – Guarneri – Amati • A Concert, Leonello Spada Many of these violins are still in circulation and are currently worth millions of dollars The Baroque Era The Baroque Suite Suite: Collection of dance-related movements • Allemande – German dance in duple meter • Courante – French dance in triple https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoMEvXjkC78 meter • Sarabande – Spanish dance in triple meter • Gigue (jig) – English dance in compound meter • Other optional dances: minuet, gavotte, bourrée, passepied • Repeated sections ornamented second time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZWDrjLO7r4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjLTTgv5FUQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_lthPnJ59E The Baroque Concerto A Concerto is an instrumental genre in several movements for solo instrument (or instrumental group) and orchestra The Baroque Concerto Two Types of Concertos: 1. The solo concerto, which sets one instrument against the orchestra 2. The concerto grosso ,which features a small group of soloists set against orchestra https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th9Xbzg7M4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiAioQKr b0c The Baroque Concerto Antonio Vivaldi and the Solo Concerto • • • • • • Vivaldi (1678 – 1741) One of the most prolific composers of the Baroque Era Extreme virtuoso on the violin Became known as “the red priest,” which was a reference to his hair color For most of his career, he was the music master at the Conservatorio del’Ospedale della Pietà, which was a school for orphaned girls His output included more than 500 concertos as well as chamber music, operas, cantatas, an oratorio, and an extended setting of the Gloria “Above all, he was possessed by music.” —Marc Pincherle Vivaldi: The Four Seasons • • • • • Vivaldi’s best-known piece of music is Spring from The Four Seasons The Four Seasons is a group of four violin concertos Each concerto is accompanied by a poem describing items associated with that particular season Word painting is prevalent in this instrumental work, as the music depicts specific lines of the poem (programatic music) Vivaldi: Spring, from The Four Seasons: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKthRw4KjEg IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • • Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 – 1750) German composer and organist The greatest of the Baroque composers During his lifetime he was better known as an organist than as a composer Bach Violin Concertos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FdNlhZAYBE IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • Arcangelo Corelli (1653 – 1713) Italian late baroque composer Has been called:- "Father of the Concerto Grosso" - "Founder of Modern Violin Technique" - "The World's Greatest Violinist" Arcangelo Corelli: Concerto in D Major Op. 6 No. 4, complete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3smZkpqXYHs IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • • George Frideric Handel (1685 – 1759) Born in Germany the same year and region as Bach He later moved to England, his adopted country He is best known for his grand oratorio 'Messiah', his Water Music, and Music for the Royal Fireworks Hallelujah - Choir of King's College, Cambridge live performance of Handel's Messiah https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3TUWU_yg4s IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • • Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687) Italian born French composer He was the musical director of the court of Louis XIV, "The Sun King“ Cause of death - He stabbed his toe with his conducting cane, it developed gangrene and he refused to have it amputated Jean-Baptiste Lully - Marche pour la cérémonie des Turcs (Le bourgeois gentilhomme) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PKcNZYlH6k IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • Johann Pachelbel (1653 – 1706) German composer, teacher and organist Best known for his Canon in D Canon in D, Classic Guitar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXC9tuumjiA IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • • • Antonio Vivaldi (1678 – 1741) Known as 'The Red Priest' Italian composer, violinist, teacher, priest His Four Seasons is the most played piece of classical music in the world Extreme virtuoso Vivaldi - Complete Cello Concertos (Ofra Harnoy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ogk-OL8hGCI IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • Henry Purcell (1659 – 1695) Within a lifetime of only thirty-five years, Purcell achieved musical greatness by being considered one of England’s greatest composers and the most original composer of his time Talented in word-setting and composed very successful works for stage Purcell: Sound the trumpet - Come, ye sons of art, away Philippe Jaroussky https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQxTkTw4cCY IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • Georg Philipp Telemann (1681 – 1767) A good friend of both Bach and Handel, George Philipp Telemann was also a distinguished musician and composer of his time Incorporated unusual instrumentation in his concertos which is one of the things that made him unique Telemann Viola Concerto in G major https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMpzPMkrALM IMPORTANT BAROQUE COMPOSERS • • Domenico Scarlatti (1685 – 1757) Wrote 555 known harpsichord sonatas, of which, over half was written in the last six years of his life Scarlatti made use of Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish dance rhythms throughout many of his works D. Scarlatti Sonata in B Minor, K27 L 449 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxQqigQBoyk