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Ms. Reifsnyder World Geography Name: ________________________________________ Test Date: ____________________________________ Unit 5: Conflict and Cooperation Study Guide SOLs addressed: WG.10a, b Essential Questions -­‐ What are some examples of political divisions at the local and regional levels? -­‐ What are some reasons for political divisions at the local and regional levels? -­‐ How do political divisions generate conflict? -­‐ Why do political divisions cooperate? -­‐ What are some examples of political divisions at the national and international levels? -­‐ What are some reasons for political divisions at the local, national, and international (regional) levels? -­‐ How do political divisions generate conflict? -­‐ How do political divisions cooperate to solve problems and settle disputes? Essential Understandings/Knowledge Political Divisions or Jurisdictions – regions of the Earth’s surface over which groups of people establish social, economic, and political control. Political divisions may generate conflict or cooperation. -­‐ Examples of political divisions o Neighborhoods o Election districts o School districts o Regional districts (e.g. waste disposal, conservation districts, planning districts, zip code zones, area code zones) o Cities o Counties o States -­‐ Reasons for political divisions o Desire for government closer to home o Need to solve local problems. o Need to administer resources more efficiently -­‐ Reasons for conflict o Boundary disputes o Cultural differences o Economic differences o Competition for scarce resources o Political advantages (e.g. gerrymandering – means to change the boundaries of election districts to purposely influence election results) -­‐ Reasons for cooperation o Natural disasters o Economic advantages (attract new businesses) o Cultural similarities, ethnic neighborhoods o Addressing regional issues (e.g. waste management, magnet schools, transportation) Political Divisions at the National and International Levels -­‐ Examples of political divisions -­‐
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o Countries o Alliances: economic and political ! North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) – a political organization of 26 countries from North America and Europe that supports democracy and security for the members ! European Union (EU) -­ An economic alliance established after World War II and made up of over 20 European countries and created to reduce trade barriers among member nations and promote better cooperation. ! Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – an economic alliance created in 1960 dedicated to the policy of controlling the production and sale of petroleum among member nations. ! North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – an economic alliance created in 1989 that reduces trade barriers between Mexico, Canada, and the United States ! United Nations – A political organization created in 1945 and made up of over 190 countries that works for international peace. ! Organization of American States (OAS) – A political organization made up of countries from the western hemisphere that works for peace and democracy ! League of Arab States – A political organization of over 20 Arab nations created after World War II ! Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – An economic alliance created in 1976 to reduce trade restrictions between member countries in Southeast Asia. ! African Union (AU) – A political organization created in 2002 to promote human rights, democracy, and economic development in Africa Reasons for political divisions o Differences in culture, language, religion o Retention of historical boundaries o Imperial conquest and control o Economic similarities and differences Reasons for conflict o Boundary and territorial disputes ! Syria-­Israel – a longstanding conflict dating to the Six-­‐Day War in 1967 when Israel took control of the Golan Heights ! Western Sahara–Morocco – a dispute since 1975 between the country Morocco and the region Western Sahara in which Morocco claims Western Sahara; at stake are the natural resources in Western Sahara (phosphate mines, fishing reserves, possible oil resources) ! China-­Taiwan – a conflict dating to the 1949 Chinese revolution when Mao Zedong’s communists claimed the mainland and the Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-­‐
shek, fled to the island Taiwan; China lays claim to Taiwan. ! India-­Pakistan – a conflict dating to South Asia’s independence from Britain in 1947; India and Pakistan both claim the land area known as Kashmir o Cultural differences (language, religion) ! Indonesia – home of several ethnic groups and languages ! Canada (Quebec) – Quebec is French speaking, while the rest of Canada is English speaking ! Sudan – site of a 20-­‐year civil war between Islamic government and rebels (People’s Liberation Army) o Economic differences (fertile land, access to fresh water, access to coast, fishing rights, natural resources, different economic philosophies) o Ethnic differences ! Balkans – between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims -­‐
! Cyprus – between the Greek majority and Turkish minority ! Kashmir – between Pakistani Muslims and Indian Hindus o Nationalism -­ strong feelings of national identity and the desire for independence ! Example: the Kurds in the Middle East Examples of cooperation o Humanitarian initiatives ! Red Cross and Red Crescent o Economic alliances ! Law of the Sea – United Nations treaty in which resources of the oceans and seas are regulated ! China and United States – trade ! Multinational corporations – companies with multiple offices located internationally ! North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA – an economic alliance created in 1989 that reduces trade barriers between Mexico, Canada, and the United States ! Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries or OPEC – an economic alliance created in 1960 dedicated to the policy of controlling the production and sale of petroleum. o Cultural alliances ! Francophone World – French speaking regions of the world ! Commonwealth of Nations – an organization of 53 nations including the United Kingdom and some former British colonies which are now independent states but maintain allegiance to the British o Military alliances ! North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO – a political organization of 26 countries from North America and Europe that supports democracy and security for the members o Problem-­solving alliances ! Antarctica Treaty – a treaty created in 1959 by 12 countries; demilitarized Antarctica and established the continent as a haven for scientific study. ! United Nations peacekeepers – division of the UN that works to create peace in countries experiencing conflict o Programs to promote international understanding ! Peace Corps – an organization created in 1961 that strives to help developing countries and that is devoted to peace. o Alliances for environmental preservation o Alliances for foreign aid