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Cactaceae by A.L. Stoffers (Instituut voor Systematische Plantkunde, Utrecht) Stemsucculents, branched stems or leaves; unbranched, columnar, globose or internodes, usually with very and internodes often with stems warts or the with thick flattened ribs, bearing areoles in the axils of often absent leaves. Areoles mostly covered with felty hairs on or small scale-like and awl-shaped, rarely foliaceous and areoles, mostly solitary, usually actinomorphous, hermaphrodite; the short long receptacle with areoles and in groups inserted the inner face of on the dehiscent or not. or many-seeded juicy berry a Seeds with straight or or sometimes with longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary unilocular, many-carpellate; style simple; stigma mostly capitate. Ovules Fruit spirally numerous, hypanthium; filaments free adnate to the base of the petals; anthers 2-celled, eral parietal placentas. or sepal-like bracts which gradually pass into the perianth; perianth indistinctly differentiated into sepals and petals. Stamens or the spines. Flowers borne curved embryo; or many, on sev- sometimes dry and then peri- and endosperm present wanting. Perhaps 2000 species almost all natives of salis in in a various tropical Africa; Opuntia and number, ranging from 20 to subtropical America ficus-indica is naturalised in 180—200 and there in the dry still areas; ill-defined a few species Mediterranean,South Africa, genera; of Rhip- and Austra- lia. Key 1. to the genera: flat and broad, persistent Leaves Leaves wanting 2. Glochids when but not 3. Plants ribbed deciduous, flowers pedicellate.. barbed bristles accompanying spines stems or stems or distinctly jointed; joints cylindric 2 even or often 3 —5-angled or Stems 7—20-ribbed -winged but not producing normally rooting from Stems present flattened, Opuntia often constricted clambering, Pereskia deciduous; flowers sessile winged or wanting; climbing or small and early lacking); are Plants terrestrial, 4. very present (short spines Glochids or the distinctly aerial base only roots jointed 3 4 6 5 Selenicereus 143 Receptacle-tube bearing broad leafy scales, 5. Receptacle-tube bearing conspicuous areoles spineless Hylocereus with brown felt and subulate spines Acanthocereus Stems 6. 7. Stems of to globular Stems 7 short-cylindric 8 elongate ridged, not tuberculate; flowers produced in cephalia (dense terminal woolly hairs and reddish bristles) Stems each tuberculate, tubercle capping the plant crowned by flowers produced laterally diating bristles; a tuft of spines accompanied by below the apex in Mammillaria Fruit globose, spiny; areoles without long hairs; the near 9. stems with shallow constrictions Lemaireocereus top Fruit ovoid subglobose, naked; or young areoles usually with long Fruit subglobose, perianth campanulate, persistent, constrictions stems often the top near Fruit ovoid, perianth tions near the top funnelshaped, deciduous; 20 cm at hairs... with 9 shallow Cephalocereus stem with numerous constric- distance Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. Opuntia Miller, ra- axils of tubercles; cephalium wanting 8. mass Melocactus Cereus 1754 Cacti, sometimes with definitetrunk, usually much branching from the base; branches often spreading, reclining or flattened, usually glochids, hairs in clusters, and naked or prostrate; ultimate branches (joints) cylindric flowers. Leaves globose small, roundish, early deciduous. Spines solitary sheathed, of various colour; or to fleshy but sometimes woody. Areoles axillary, bearing spines, very above the spines. Flowers one at an glochids usually areole, of various colour. Sepals numerous, green or borne or more or less coloured, grading into the petals. Petals widely spreading, of various colour. Stamens much shorter than the petals, sensitive. Style 1, thick; stigma short-lobed. Ovary inferior, unilocular, bearing leaves, the areoles often with spines and glochids. Fruit berry, dry a or juicy, spiny or spineless, globular, ovoid or ellipsoid. a Seeds covered by hard, bony aril, flattened. Embryo curved. Cotyledons large. About 250 species species from Massachusetts to British Colombia have been naturalized south to the Strait of Magellan; several and have become very abundant locally in the Old World and Austra- lia. Key 1. to the species: Leeward 2 Group Windward Group 2. Plant the prostrate transverse or 4 partly ascending; joints 3—9 section oblong-elliptic to cm long, oblong to oblong-ovate, roundish; joints readily detached .... O. Plants erect; joints 144 more or less disk-like curassavica 3 3. Joints blue-greenish, with areoles few straight, brown; flowers dark-yellow spines and small O. Joints greyish-green; spines greyish-white; flowers yellow 4. in Joint flat and somewhat oval Joints 5. more less or Plants developing or 6—8 Plants usually without mottled with O. cross-section triacantha falcate; trunks to 50 up to branches O. trunk; joints of stem obovate yellow and brown; fruit pear-shaped oblong, to MILLER, (L.) subglobose, purplish, to 299. Rec. 1919; HUMMELINCK, Zakflora 101, fig. Plant. Spec. NAEUS, 56. 1768; URBAN, Ind. Isl. 2: 81. Trav. 1964; 469. 7. no. Fl. D.W. 1913; Bot. Neerl. Gekw. en nutt. Symb. 1914; long, cm Ned. 20-jointed; joints wide, in transversal section oblong easily rooting. Leaves & 1910; BOLDINGH, Fl. Ned. Zakflora 1938; ARNOLDO, Ant. 120. 1971; 1: Cactaceae ROSE, — fig. 102, 56. 42, fig. minute, metimes yellowish when 4.5 —5 in diam. or sometimes partly ovate to elliptic, 3—8.5 to cm, green, withering. Areoles round soon erect about obovate, becoming white in young, numerous, cuneate to to mm 3 plant; times stems to long as as readily detached and elliptic with long and not 8 —10 mm Vernacular Opuntia MILLER, libra, infrou, 1914; ed. 8. no. BRITTON & Bot. Neerl. 1964; Gekw. 35: 39. en nutt. 10—20 (—40) cm 4. ROSE, to 25 x the top. Flo6 —7 mm 15 mm, c. 1 mm yellow. many glochids and of c. long. Ovary obconical, in diam., with 12—20 spineless areoles Bonaire, and some in the axils of long white cobweb- Tortuga. outside the limestone kaka poesji (Leeward Group) di 1768; BOLDINGH, Cactaceae 1938; Arnoldo, pi. Densely bushy-branched lar, at deep and region. Mill. Gard. Diet. Isl. 2: 81. 74. names: elatior Klein plant, especially common brown mm or so- seen. Aruba, Bonaire, Curasao, Rather 4—5 glo- many 250—300, covering the receptacle except for the central part 1—1.5 mm long, triangular scales, bearing by hairs. Fruits usually spathulate, mucronulate, up diam.; filaments 3 —6 mm long; anthers versatile, 25—30 Trav. age, long, diurnal. Receptacle funnelshaped, Tepals broadly Stamens 3 mm cm 1954; Cactus curassavicus LIN- chids and long, white, cobwebby hairs. Spines 2—14, straight, spreading, whitish wers W. 125. 1753. about to up Ant. 4: 433. BRITTON 35: 37. pi. Strongly branched, spreading and prostrate 80 dillenii Mill. ed. 8. Gard. Diet. Ind. Eil. rubescens grey-green, O. curassavica cm usually unbranched; fruit long cm a the not-jointed trunk; joints of smooth Opuntia elatior wentiana 5 an erect ovoid, pendulous, O. flat long, narrowly oblong more wine-red, to glochids Ned. erect Ant. plant, 1: Fl. Ned. W. Ind. Eil. 300. 153, plate XXVI, fig. ZAKFLORA 120. 44, figs 55, 74. 2. 1913; Fl. D.W. 1919; HUMMELINCK, 1954; Zakflora Ind. Rec. 101, figs 55, 1971. 4 up to m tall; joints obovate long, thick fleshy, olive-green. Leaves 4 mm to oblong or orbicu- long, green with red- 145 dish tips. Areoles unequal, or mucronate, 5-lobed. Fruit obovoid green, reddish, pulp dark red. Islands in Rather Gulf of names: wentiana Opuntia BRITTON & ROSE, NOLDO, Zakflora ler; BOLDINGH, DINGH, Fl. to near the rim Br. & 4 mm Cactaceae 1: 116. chau Eil. mm cm 141. 1913, erect non plant, — 2 mm the 4—7 receptacle except (—24) common Vernacular 11—20 mm Uses: the Opuntia SWEET, of Venezuela cactus names: plants in scorched (Willd.) Hort. Brit. 172. ROSE, 146 Virgin & Isl. 5: Martinique in of spaanse x thick on BOL- to elliptic or oval, to orange to part 2—7 whitish, rosa. 30 up to Stamens of c. 5 mm 20—30 cm deep and mm x nume- diam; ( —35) fila- mm 1—2 glochids and short woolly hairs; at 1.5—2 vegetation the base cm, and 2 mm at the top; usually red; pulp dark red. and La Goajira. Aruba, Bonaire, and Curasao. juffer (Leeward Group). dry periods 1: 141. and used as cattle food. 1: 112. 1978; — Fl. Br. W. Ind. Isl. 302. 1909; Fl. Ned. 3. triacanthos 158. WILLDENOW, ['1864'] (auth.: Haworth); 1913 1919; BRITTON Fl. Isl. St. Bartholomew Cactus 1860 W. Ind. Isl. 299. plate XVIII, fig. 610.1924; QUESTEL, 1036. in slightly glaucous. Leaves cuneate, mucronulate, adjacent islands, Paraguana, 1826; GRISEBACH, BRITTON & loupe to green many Mil- (L.) SHAFER, Sweet Fl. D.W. Ind. Isl. Cactaceae 1940; AR- non Gibbes. for the central 3—5 mm long, all types infrou, BOLDINGH, Rico & and nearly tuna, are triacantha BRITTON & spines, greyish to 445. auct. in diam, with 15 —30 spineless areoles in the axils of mm stigma 5—9-lobed. Fruit pear-shaped, 2.5—4 Very Tobago 1: Opuntia tuna tall; joints obovate m long triangular scales, each areole bearing coast mature Curasao. long; anthers versatile. Ovary obconical, (15 —) style obclavate (5—) Northern tunoidea the top, pale Inner tepals broadly obovate mm 15—20 long and — tunoides Opuntia Opuntia up to at 1964; first yellow, afterwards becoming somewhat 5—12 ments stigma long, when diurnal. Receptacle funnel-shaped, 6 —8 long, 250—300, covering rous, 53. 101, fig. 1909; long, roundish 4 —6 cm across. and in Fl. Trinidad & 1919; CHEESMAN, 1: 300. strongly branched mm, at cm versatile. so; wide. small and subulate, caducous. Areoles with 25 anthers (Leeward Group). Zakflora Ind. Isl. Ind. W. thick fleshy, 9—20 9—14 4—5 red filaments 200—300; of the receptacle; in di- with R. Fl. D.W. long. Flowers numerous, more, 5 —6 cm higher altitudes. 43, fig. 53.1954; Ned. Stamens nearly globose, truncate, to shangran, tuna, sometimes long, dark-yellow striped cm Panama, Columbia, Venezuela, Aruba, Bonaire, in or long and wide; areoles unarmed or nearly Seeds about frequent, especially Vernacular few 2 cm c. 2 c. the base. stamens inserted red, the longer Ovary obovoid-turbinate, 4—8 long, dark-brownblack tipped. Flowers cm salmon-red to red, yellow towards pink A apart, minutely hairy, with (2—) cm 2—7 diurnal. Tepals obovate, am., or 2—4 spines, terete & (auth.: WILSON, P. DeCandolle); Sci. Surv. Porto 1941; FOURNET, Enum. PI. Fl. Guade- Suppl. 34. 1813. Stems usually few-branched, half-procumbent nal and often the second 4 cm clambering or but always low. Joints compressed, oblong erect even long and third to long, the termi- cm breaking off easily; spines usually 3, acicular, one less, white but often drying yellowish. Flowers or sometimes rocks, over oval, 4—8 long the 5 cm inclu- ovary ded, brownish-yellow to cream-coloured, tinged with pink. Petals obtuse; filaments and style pale-green. Fruit Puerto In Lesser Rico, long, red, spineless. Antilles south Guadeloupe. to SALM-DYCK, Isl. gin in Salm-Dyck 5: 611. 1: 208, figs 263, 264, catacantha LINK & 174. 1862; 1862: OTTO, Fl. Ned. W. BOLDINGH, 6 m up to 10—25 cm cept when non trunk tall; long drier dillenii 300. 5 —8 cm 5(3): 362, fig. Consolea 159. cathacantha Fl. Ind. with 1910; 1862: 1899 p.p., non Isl. flat, 2—4 mostly apart, bearing 1 141. 1: up thin, times not Opuntia Rev. Hort. jointed, nearly cylindric and ascending, rubescens — Ant. 4: 432. LEMAIRE, 2nd ed. 705. D.W. 1941; Miller; 1909. cm in 15 to dark-green as long to wide, as reticulate-areolate ex- —6 (or sometimes more) acicular, spineless; glochids brownish. Flowers yellow, oran- long, spiny or cm long, about 1.5 spineless. The species the ground develop new cm in diam. Fruit possesses prolife- plants. 1913; 278. of the islands. Succ. 79. BRITTON & Ant. 120, fig. pe & Martinique 126. prickle (St. Martin). 1819; BOLDINGH, ROSE, Ant. 8; Cactaceae 1: 466. 1920; Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & 1926; QUESTEL, 1953; sweet Haw. (Ker-Gawl.) WILSON, 161. on prickle, 1919; URBAN, Symb. BRITTON & maica or — diam. Petals obovate, apiculate, spreading. Stamens about half parts name: sour HAWORTH, Suppl. Plant. 2. not branches 1978; 1837; URBAN, Symb. Mon. Cact. BRITTON & Guadeloupe. in the Vernacular fig. erect, long spines 2 cm in subglobose, to Rico to Ind. Eil. Consolea Miller; BOLDINGH, 1—1.5 cm rating ovaries which falling Opuntia — the petals. Ovary long-tuberculate, 4—5 as Common 1913; 1036. 1910; Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Vir- St. Bartholomew Cact. 166. obovate-oblong joints, to Areoles 1—6 cm red, about Puerto 299. Enum. FL. Isl. Ant. 4: 433. WILSON, Guadeloupe & Martinique PFEIFFER, auct. & long; the terminaljoint often much smaller; joints young. nearly white, obovoid 1828; URBAN, Symb. 1919; BRITTON 1862; QUESTEL, below, flattened above; reddish-green, oblong ge or in Ind. Eil. Opuntia spinossissima diam. 174. 266. Opuntiaspinosissima K. SCHUMANN, — Tree-like, Fl. 1924; FOURNET, Rev. Hort. LEMAIRE, Prodr. 3: 474. DECANDOLLE, Cactaceae ROSE, Spanish lady (Windward Group). name: rubescens Opuntia as cm dry vegetations. Vernacular — 2.5 GOODING et BRITTON & Virgin Fl. Barbados 1978; — Cactus dillenii MILLSPAUGH, Isl. 5: 610. Fl. Isl. St. Bartholomew al., 1971; ADAMS, Flowering plants 1037. Fl. D.W. Ind. Isl. 1: 300. 1913; Fl. Ned. W. 162, fig. 201, plate XXVIII, fig. 2, plate XXIX, 302. 158. 1941; LEON & 1965; ARNOLDO, of Jamaica 274. KER-GAWLER, Bahama 1924; FAWCETT in & ALAIN, Gekw. en 1972; FOURNET, Edwards, Fl. 296. RENDLE, Bot. 1920; Fl. Ja- Fl. Cuba nutt. pi. 3: Ned. Fl. Guadelou- Reg. 3: pi. 255. 1818. 147 in broad Shrubby, spreading plant, growing 3 to or up with 15 cm, tall, sometimes with m less undulate margin, bright a more or and clumps often when green dense forming trunks; joints obovate terete to oblong, 1—4 or of up to 7 (—10), long spines, usually cm more or less to 25 x bluish-green and young, somewhat glaucous afterwards. Areoles slightly raised, rather few, with ber, thickets, up a various flattened and num- curved sometimes straight and terete, yellowish and brown-banded or mottled; brownish in age. Glochids the often apex, yellow, wool in areoles short, sometimes brown numerous, long, 9 cm wers ovary included, with tingedwith salmon-pink filaments greenish-yellow; style rous; shaped to subglobose, narrowed at 4 cm 10 yellow petals, c. near the base, broadly thick, white; the base, white. Flo- or long and 3 obovate. wide cm Stamens stigma lobed, white. Fruit 5 —7.5 cm at nume- pear- long when ripe, purplish, juicy, spineless, edible. South-eastern In United States, Vernacular name: Selenicereus sour Britton & (A. Berger) or irregularly giving off aerial bearing small spines. somewhat nish, brownish ments or very and flower scales and the coast Selenicereus BRITTON & of ROSE, 616. in 2 274. clusters distinctly separated, other scattered Plant. Symb. 140. Cactus over cluster forming entire. Fruit large, red- hairs. Central America, West and Indies, R. 1920; Fl. 7—8 phan. 296. cm 160. 1909; URBAN, Symb. WILSON, 1941; Ant. 123. stems rather long or Ant. 1913; Sci. LEON & franp. ALAIN, 1910; & Fl. Cuba 3: — Cactus Gard. Diet. 317. ed. aerial roots; no. 166. of Jamaica 2—3 11. 1768; URBAN, Fl. D.W. Ind. Fl. Jamaica stems Isl. 5: 369, fig. grandiflorusLINNAEUS, 8. 1897; BOLDINGH, RENDLE, BRITTON Virgin 1971; ADAMS, Flowering plants FAWCETT & emitting Ant. 430. Surv. Porto rico cm 5(3): 280. thick, Isl. 1: 1926. green or sharp, low ribs separated by broad rounded intervals. —8 acicular spines, hairs. Flowers 18 12: 430. BRITTON & grandiflorus MILLER, Cereus long and long thin hairs especially 148 and one the long, slender throat. many, Guadeloupe & Martinique 1041. 1978; — clambering 7 & plant. Ned. W. Ind. Eil. bluish-green, with Areoles with nutt. 1920; Duss, Fl. Ned. with en Fl. 1753; Ant. 8: 461. 1909; Br. Fl. Isl. St. Bartholomew Gekw. 467. through eastern Mexico, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 1972; FOURNET, Spec. Texas Bahama Fl. 294. 1924; QUESTEL, 1953; ARNOLDO, gree- South America. grandiflorus (L.) MILLSPAUGH, narrow, perianth segments broad, white, usually entire. Fila- numerous, from southern species angled, or small knobs, on small, usually with long felt hairs and dish, covered with clusters of deciduous spines, bristles About 20 1909 perianth-segments similar, Style elongate, thick, often hollow; stigmalobes slender, along 12: 429. large, nocturnal. Flowertube elongated, tube outer the top of the flower tube, the at Nat. Herb. Areoles small, sometimes elevated large, often Inner orange. Contr. U.S. clambering elongated cacti, the joints ribbed ovary upper elongate, weak, circle Rose, roots. Flowers curved; scales of bristles in their axils; & West Indies. America; prickle (Windward Group). Slender, trailing, climbing a to northern South from Mexico dry vegetations. yellowish-brown in more the (up younger to or brownish, in age grey, 2—5 mm parts. Flowerbuds covered with tawny 30 cm). Tepals numerous, the outer narrow, salmon-coloured, the inner white, acute, entire. than the inner perianth segments; stigma Jamaica and cultivated Hylocereus Cuba; widely Britton & and 600—700. from cultivation escaped Contr. U.S. Rose, Stamens Styles 17—20-lobed. Fruit ovoid, 8 Nat. 12: 428. Herb. in often longer long. cm America. tropical 1909 Climbing cacti, often epiphytic, with long elongated stems, 3-angled or 3-winged, branches emitting aerial roots. Areoles bearing les, on ped, the limb large to as broad as foliaceous scales the scales on long but no and as long the as tube or hairs. rather stout in very many, longer. Ovary Outer 2 or spines or areo- large, nocturnal, funnelshaand tube bearing perianth segments similar acute or narrow, series, equaling and thick, the linear stigma-lobes branched. Fruit spineless but with several or very the tube but longer. Petaloid perianth-segments the style; style cylindric, short tuft of felt and several spines, felt, wool or nate, mostly white, rarely red. Stamens ple a juvenile growths often bearing bristles. Flowers or acumi- shorter than sim- numerous, persistent foliaceous scales many mostly large and edible. Seeds small, black. About 20 species, natives of Hylocereus trigonus (Haw.) SAFFORD, TON & Ann. Isl. 5: 615. Ant. 76. 1040. Eil. 1924; 1978; 297. cm ny. Cereus — long, a!., 268. Fl. plant. 1920; 268. America, Barbados 302. Ned. 1909; URBAN, Symb. BRITTON & Ant. 118. trigonus HAWORTH, Syn. clambering Areoles borne 30 nutt. or and West Indies. Ant. 4:430. 1910; Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & WILSON, 1965; ARNOLDO, Gekw. FL. 1971; FOURNET, PI. Succ. en plant. nutt. BRIT- Virgin Ned. Guadeloupe& Martinique 181. 1812; BOLDINGH, Fl. Ned. on aerial emitting roots, sometimes 10 m W. Ind. long, joints deep-green, margin of the ribs strongly undulate but the top of the undulations. Spines usually 8, (2.5 —) dark brown, usually with long. Tepals cm stems 3 —4-angled, long, greenish to South 1913. Cactus with 50 en America, 1908:556, fig. 192, fig. GOODING et 1954; Gekw. Central Saff. Smith. Inst. Rep. Cactaceae 2: ROSE, mexico, more 2 accessory than 30, white, 9 large foliaceous scales. Fruit oblong cm and long oblong-ovoid, or spines to 3 12 4—7 wide. Ovary cm to hormm bristles. Flowers or cm up not up bearing long, red, with large foliaceous scales. Hispaniola, Vernacular Puerto names: Rico, Virgin Islands, Saba, St. slingercactus (Leeward Group); Eustatius, St. Martin. cult. strawberry (Windward Group); escaped Acanthocereus Britton & Rose, Contr. U.S. Weak, elongated, many-jointed cacti, Nat. at Herb. first erect 12: 432. but 1909 soon clambering or trailing, the joints usually strongly 3-angled, sometimes 4—5-angled; seedlings and juvenile branches not as strongly angled, with more ribs and with different spines, 1 at Flowertube remaining rigid after anthesis, gradually drying and remaining fruit, to green, rather slender, expanded toward the summit, bearing a an areole. on the ripe few areoles similar those of the branches, subtended by small scales; limb somewhat shorter than the be, widely expanded; outer perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate to tu- linear, acuminate, 149 shorter green, than slender, divided a the white inner segments. Stamens 700—900, the perianth-segments, attached all along as at the not or extending into several linear stigma-lobes. Fruit spiny apex far as throat. Style very naked, with or thick, dark-red string breaking irregularly from top downwards; flesh red. Seeds about the Especially Texas and ca Florida; Golf of Mexico and recorded from the tetragonus Succulenta HUMMELINCK, Zakflora 1954; tetragonus occurring also along coasts, and in the coasts of Central Ameri- Cactus t. Mag. 20: 165, figs 9, 70. 12:432. 1753; Trav. Fl. Fl. Ned. W. Bot. N6erl. 35: 42. Stems clambering, usually 2—3 1753; 1913; m, 5 subulate; radial spines than the radials; 14—20 wers 2—4.5 cm on cm older long, white, 1.5 brown felt and several Keys slightly many, of southern Panama, recorded coast also Curasao Vernacular Melocactus coast from St. Croix young, from or of Otto, di a open fields however in diam.; joints 3—8 cm apart; spines wide, cm numerous acicular grey, long, central spine often solitary, longer to up 12, of which several centrals. Floto acuminate elliptic, or acute, 2.5 —6 cm 4 mm c. south Texas, Venezuela, to obovoid, red, 8x5 cm, long, pear-shaped, smooth, glossy along islands of Mexico eastern coast off the Venezuelan areolate. black. to Guatemala coast, and and Guadeloupe; and Cuba. Christoffel colebra Verh. in high, in m with 6—8 low ribs and —65, oblanceolate Ver. some only; in Aruba rather common. (Leeward Group). Beförd. Gartenbau clustered, globular straight, rarely spiraled 7 more terete 1 —4 cm to Kön. short cylindric, 1-jointed, bearing clusters bristles forming 1940; long. Ovary ovoid, bearing conspicuous areoles with mm and Bot. HUMME- 1: 459. tepals greenish. Stamens 700—900; filaments the Seroe cadushi & Link Plants solitary when —8 Tobago 1920; in or spines often 60 flattened, Florida, name: —7, 1914; ROSE, 1. forming large colonies; old trunk be- subulate spines. Fruit ovoid of Colombia known 6 areoles outer to up normal branches 3—5 on first long. Tepals cm long; anthers innate, Seeds at BRITTON & so 3—5-angled, crenate; juvenile growth nearly short acicular spines; areoles & Cactus — 1978. sometimes coming nearly round in cross-section, (L.) 1971; Fl. D.W. Ind. Isl. 2: 71. in Fl. Trinidad 1938; CHEESMAN, 1039. 60. napoleonis GRAHAM, Cereus — 70. 44, fig. 68, 69, 115, fig. 123, fig. 182, 183, 184, plate XVI, fig. 296. the tips of joints and at Ned. Ant. pi. Acanthocereus pentagonus — Ind. Eil. Zakflora 1938; ARNOLDO, nutt. Plant. 467. Guadeloupe & Martinique arching by rooting en Cactaceae 2: 1909; pentagonus LINNAEUS, Spec. LINCK, Rec. 11. 10, 1964; Gekw. Plant. 466. LINNAEUS, Spec. 3458; BOLDINGH, FOURNET, Hummelinck (L.) 99, fig. 68, 69, Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. to but Caribbean, Venezuela and Colombian Cuba, and Brasil. Acanthocereus — nu- black. merous, In half of the tube upper of spines on Preuss. at 3: 417. 1827 sometimes depressed, the individuals. Inflorescence cephalium borne Staat. a ribs; ribs compact the top of the plant, this often 9—20, mass very at least mostly of hairs and large and elon- gated. Flowers small, pinkish, appearing in the mid-afternoon from the top of the phalium, tubular-salverform, the perianth-segments spreading. Stamens 150 attached ce- near the top of the naked, red A slender flower-tube. Style slender; stigma-lobes linear, few. Fruit clavate, or rarely white. Seeds c. 40 species Note: W. F. R. Suringar genus of the in and ba, Bonaire, and Curasao. an drier black. J. V. A of the regions neotropics. 112 taxa on Suringar distinguish thorough fieldstudy the islands of these specimens is on Aru- necessary for interpretation of the forms present. Mammillaria Plant. Haworth, Syn. Succ. 177. 1812 Plants globose, depressed-globose or short-cylindric, occasionally much elongated, tu- berculate, spiral on some with milky others with watery juice; tubercles arranged in rows, never on vertical ribs, terete, angled surface, usually bearing wool upper sometimes flattened, or sometimes cles, sometimes all alike, sometimes or one or central with more different ones very to as size and shape, segments rather narrow, without top of tuber- from the spreading. Stamens white to pinkish. or included; style numerous, the length of the stamens; stigma-lobes linear. Fruit usually clavate, rarely if se, usually ripening rapidly, naked, scarlet, white brown About or 150 northern Key 1. greenish in or radials, diurnal, all less campanulate, more or comparatively small, variously coloured, commonly red, yellowish Perianth but on of the central spines hooked. Flowers from axils of old tubercles, much alike ever from species, to the south-western America; West few species. Seeds a cles United States and Mexico through Central America species: 7—12 mm mm 4—8 mm long, long; radial spines 10—16, wide at the axils base; 5 —8 with Central spines 1, 10—15 mm up to 2 long, radial spines cm 10 mm long, wide 6 —8, the base; axils at long; tuber- mm wool scant M. 10—30 mm (Curasao) mammillaris long, tubercles with dense wool (St. Martin) M. Mammillaria mammillaris KARSTEN, Deutsche (L.) Fl. 888. ['1864']; JOHNSTON, fig. 66. & 1913; 1964; 1882; — ROSE, en Cactaceae 4: 7—12 5 —7 mm mm pi. Ned. Ant. 119. 1923; CHEESMAN, to 241. wide young. at in Spec. — & Tobago apex, up 8 and 13 spirals, 1: to scant 1753; — Fl. Ned. W. Ind. 1954; Zakflora mammillaris 462. 20 high; tubercles cm mm 100, BRITTON 1940. glossy light the base. Areoles round, 2—3 Axils with 66. 45, fig. Neomammillaria Trinidad Plant. 466. Fl. Br. W. Ind. Isl. 300. 1909; BOLDINGH, Zakflora short-cylindric, with sunken mm light brown wool when 34(7): 1971; in Fl. LINNAEUS, 117.1812; GRISEBACH, 1914; ARNOLDO, long, conic, arranged long, 4—8 mammillaris Plant. Succ. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. nutt. 70. Body simple, globose short, Cactus Fl. D.W. Ind. Isl. 2: 80. Gekw. nivosa Karst. Mammillariasimplex HAWORTH, Syn. 298. to Indies. Central spines 3—5, 7—8 1860 about globo- black. South Eil. less grooved hairs and sometimes bristles, or glands in their axils and crowned by the spine areoles; spines in clusters all straight more or never to dark green, wide, with dense wool. Central spines 3—5, 7—8 mm 151 long, all longer, ones upper subulate, straight or smooth, reddish, later long, acicular, straight, 10—12 mm ascending. Flowers funnelform, green, top whitish-cream 5 dark row brown, elliptic, pale yellow, to tip Northern Rare; Venezuela on and often steep, in loupe & Outer long. PFETFFER, mammillaria Rico & Isl. 5 11 and 17, 1978; 617. : 10—20 & Fl. Isl. nearly cylindric, 21 Rev. 6 —8 with dried peri- mm, 71. St. 8 —18 BRITTON 1923; 10—15 sap, white wool no when bristles. & 1: 259. long, to 10 mm Central spines 1, at the base. Areoles naked. Axils to 20 up mm faint orange serrate. te to midline, Inner mm thers. Fruit red to serrate. the at perianth segments acute, margins in colour than very cream to at hori- the base, very citron-yellow, linear-lanceolate, tip acumina1 Filaments pale tannish-yellow, scarlet, clavate, 12—18 Bahamas, Tortola, Antigua, mm, upper tip, lanceolate, tip acuminate, margin finely x 7 mm mm long, just overtop with dried perianth Seeds light brown, dull, pyriform with lateral hilum, roughened, Southern 6 —8, the radials, long. Outer perianth segments pale yellow orange dense Radial spines bright yellow becoming dark brown, ascending. Subradial spines 5—7,2—8 zontal. Flowers 15 —20 with long, stout, somewhat bent, stiff, smooth, or acicular, lateral heavier, lighter and 8 bronze, elongate conic, wide becoming young, Neo- 1941. smooth, bright yellow becoming dark brown. to — wide; tubercles arranged in cm long, lateral longest, all acicular, straight shorter, bristle-like FL. Guade- 1891; Sci. Surv. Porto WILSON, 157. Bartholomew mm 1910; FOURNET, Gen. Plant. spirals, firm in texture, darkgreen with wide, acicular, straight, mm x Ant. 4: 432. KUNTZE, Cactaceae4: ROSE, white wool which persists but 10 —30 perianth segments the eastern part of the island 1837; URBAN, Symb. 1924; QUESTEL, to 13 and 2—3 mm in Cactus nivosus — laterally compressed, with milky round, Inner Anthers yellowish. Stigma-lobes acute. islands. Cact. 11. 1038. Body simple, globose 13, mm brown, minute, roughened. adjacent nivosa BRITTON Virgin 5 —8 somewhat to perianth-segments brownish- long-mucronate. lanceolate, tip rocky sites, especially Enum. Martinique nearly horizontal grey, Link Mammillaria nivosa LINK, Seeds persisting. not Radial spines 10—16, grey. —6, greenish-yellow. Fruit carmine-red, clavate, anth occasionally slightly bent, all upper smooth, reddish-brown with darker tip, becoming Puerto Rico & and Virgin Islands, 1.1 not 0.8 mm. x some an- persisting. other islands of the West Indies. Not common; on Lemaireocereus steep sites Britton & and Rose, on coral limestone. Contr. U.S. Plants usually large, tall and branching nes an usually stout and areole, tubular to numerous. inner surface of the throat; the globular areoles to but at first ovary. Stamens ovary more or 1909 rarely low. Areoles rather large, felted; spi- Flowers diurnal or in some the species nocturnal, spineless or nearly so, numerous, soon borne in developing many rows a cluster of ovoid, irregularly bursting when old, exposing the seeds, many, one at short tube tardely separating less tuberculate, bearing scales but when ripe the spines often deciduous. Seeds 152 12: 424. funnel-shaped or campanulate, with the style from top of the axils, Nat. Herb. black. at on the felted in the spines. first very Fruit spiny, Over 20 from southern species, Arizona and Cuba to Peru and Venezuela and the islands off its coast. Lemaireocereus & BRITTON griseus (Haw.) Contr. U.S. Nat. ROSE, fig. 130. 1971; Ind. Eil. Cereus 12: 425. Herb. Isl. 2; 71. at the Tall, tree-like, strongly branched ribs up to 5 —10, 35 1.5 Areoles round felt without —2.5 cm to ovate, high, dark 8 —12 mm long, Gekw. 182. white, and sometimes also 2—5 fimbriate in the ripening anthers 1.25 —1.5 cm, wide at at the glaucous, the green, 1—2.5 cm 6 —8 long as apex. the base, Seeds parts often reddish. younger of the fruit. Stamens 1.75 —2.5 innate, Aruba, x cm 18—26 wide, wide mm long, at the top, Bonaire Abundant in Vernacular Uses: the and long, mm filaments 12—27 yellowish. mm, —4.5 cm the base long, free mm ovoid, Ovary reduced at 1.5—2.5 a long deltoid scales. Fruit subglobose, 2.5—5 1.25 cm to in- developing spines covered with felt and often provided with up so- coloured, cream the X few cm long spines; pulp red. rough, rather dull black. Curasao. the islands names: 0.75 x the tip black. the top several imbri- near small white-felted areoles, 600 —800; mm with 30—50 areoles, 1.25 but grey long. Perianth segments oblong and cm as reddish, areoles bearing 12—20, spreading, 1—2 in thin apart, spiny, covered with greyish Receptacle funnelshaped, thick-fleshy, 3 2.5 —3 numerous small spines in the axils of 1.5 across, W. long; radial spines 7—11, spreading, distinctly smaller cm few scales. Ovary bearing base; 118, branching near the base; cate, spathulate, for the greater part adnate, fleshy bracts, towards to a Ant. Ned. BOLDINGH, Fl. Ned. weakly developed corklayer peeling off across, centrals. Flowers nocturnal, 1—1.5 cm pi. nutt. en 1812; 87, fig. Zakflora 1940; ARNOLDO, long hairs. Spines 7—12, acicular, straight and stiff, metimes mucronulate, 4—3 times rosa or a 1964; Plant. Succ. Cactaceae 2: ROSE, in diam; branches ascending, sometimes with shallow constrictions; cm Central spines 1( —3), than the 65. & 1: 458. Tobago 1914. top old trunk without ribs and spines, with flakes, & 100, figs 60, 63, Ind. BRITTON 1909; Fl. Trinidad griseus HAWORTH, Syn. Fl. D.W. 1913; 296. Zakflora 1954; 65. - R. 1920; WILLIAMS, in 2. 129, plate 13, fig. 42, figs 60, 63, Br. & of the Leeward in Group, of many types vegetation. datu, jatu (Leeward Group). wood is used for fences, roofs and fruit edible. walls; Cephalocereus Pfeiffer, Allgem. Gartenzeitung 6: 142. 1838 Elongated cacti, various in habit, mostly columnar and erect, sometimes much branched with a short trunk. cies not, flowers are In some species the areoles form sometimes produced in bristles and fruits afterwards forming in other species neither wool nor hairs nocturnal, short-campanulate Perianth persisting on 50 species collar are circle at a at pseudocephalium, in other spe- the top of the branches and the the base of the produced short-funnelform in the or the ripening fruit. Fruit usually oblong. Seeds black, smooth Nearly to a a from southern or new growth flowering pyriform, and areoles. straight or again Flowers curved. depressed-globose, sometimes tuberculate. Florida and northern Mexico to eastern Brazil and Ecuador. 153 Key to 1. the species: Perianth-segments rounded mucronate; Leeward Group or C. lanuginosus Perianth-segments acute; Windward Group Br. Cephalocereus lanuginosus (L.) BRITTON & Rec. Trav. Bot. Zakflora 1954; Contr. ROSE, U.S. D.W. Ind. Isl. 2:71. 1913; Fl. N6erl. 35: lanuginosus LINNAEUS, Handb. Cactaceae, ed. 2. 682. Nat. Herb. t.9 a, 45, — 12: 417. & 1.12 d, 64. Plant. Spec. 1885; & R. 1914; BRITTON 99, figs 57, 59, 61, C. royenii a. 1964; 467. Pilosocereus 1909; BOLDINGH, Fl. Ned. 73. ROSE, Cactaceae2:49, fig. Zakflora 1938; ARNOLDO, Gekw. & nutt. 1753; — pi. Pilocereus lanuginosus (L.) BYLES& Ned. W. Ind. Eil. 297. 1920; HUMMELINCK, 43, figs 57, 59, 61, Ant. 115. RuMPLERin 1971; FORSTER & ROWLEY, Cact. & Succ. Journ. Gr. — 64. Cactus RUMPLER, 19: 3, Brit. 66. 1957. Often cm tree-like plant, much branched a with in diam., strongly ascendent, sometimes curved 8—12, 1 —2 across, 1—1.5 with cm 10—20, green, greyish apart, spiny, cm thin many Spines high, woolly hairs long. 2.5—3 the base ments wide cm mm a green mm, or to a mm covered with Vernacular on the names: Uses: fruit is & or & WILSON, the ovate to or branches roundish, 4—8 to with cm ones younger dense tufts of hairs. more or greenish, 3 cm or greyish. Cen- less spreading. Flowers oblong, apiculate, 3 —2.5 times somewhat 1.5—4 mm filaments lowest reddish, with very low and islands off Leeward cadushi edible; ROSE, flakes; yellowish-green, afterwards brownish 1.75 —2.75 mm wood Cephalocereus royenii (L.) BRITTON 15 —25 tall; trunk brownish felt, the somewhat long and 2—2.5 cm long as wide, fimbriate at the as wide at the base, connate at the base into di 4 cm long and 2—2.5 mm Contr. U.S. few scales; pulp reddish. Seeds very 3—5 mm 1 x high 2 cm thick; stigmalobes to up 1.75 3.5 5 x 1.25 x x cm, 0.75 flat tubercles, glossy black. the Venezuelan coast Group. poesji, is used Br. a a long, greyish. Ovary short, cylindric, c. near long scales. Stamens 400—500; fila- long, yellowish-green. Fruit depressed-globose, Paraguana, Goajira, Very grey or long; radial spines 9—15, few subdeltoid, long, somewhat common a long; flowering areoles few deltoid scales; style cylindric, 10—15, 3—4 m the top and there with several imbricate, ovate, fleshy bracts, collar; anthers innate, with cm tepals Inner at reduced 6—18 10 off in thin often with several shallow constrictions; ribs Receptacle campanulate, thick, fleshy, apex. to up glaucous. Areoles elliptic covered with long, cream-coloured mm and or 2 cm up to flexible, mostly round, yellow 16—22 nearly simple, usually differentiated into central and radial spines, acicular, straight, tral spines 1—5, 1.5—5 about 6 cm or weakly developed corklayer peeling a very breebee for some di poesji, fono, funfun (Leeward Group). purposes. & R. Nat. Herb. Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & 12: 419. Virgin Isl. 1909; 5: 612. Cactaceae 1924; — 2: 50, fig. Cactus 74. 1920; BRITTON royenii LINNAEUS, Spec. Plant. 467. 1753; Cereus royenii MILLER, Gard. Diet. ed. 8. no. 7. 1768; nobiCephalocereus — lis (HAWORTH) Fournet, Fl. 154 BRITTON — & ROSE, Contr. Guadeloupe & Martinique U.S. Nat. Herb. 1039. 1978; — 12: 418. Cereus nobilis 1941; Cactaceae HAWORTH, Syn. 2: 44. 1920; Plant. Succ. 179. 1812; Pilocereus — RUMPLER (L.) royeni in FORSTER & RUMPLER, Handb. Cact. ed. 2. 682. 1885. Stout tree-like cactus, definite trunk least when to up young, 2—8 to green tall m 30 cm grey; more, either branching near Inner 1 variable, often only very areoles young the base or with at softly woolly, many, but sometimes 6 cm, short a ascending, glaucous, or long, cm bearing soft wool. Flowering areoles producing conspicuous tufts of long white hairs. Flowers about plish without. erect bluish-green; ribs 7—11, high. Areoles close together; spines acicular, yellow fading or in diam.; branches stout, perianth-segments white, 5 cm long, greenish, yellow Fruit reddish acute. or green, to pur- depressed, wide; pulp red. Seed black, shiny. 5 cm Antigua Anegada, to Frequent in St. Croix, dry vegetations Miller, Cereus St. Gard. Dict. in Thomas, Culebra, the lower Abr. ed. 4. zone St. Kitts, St. and Puerto Eustatius, Rico. of St. Eustatius. 1754 Stems mostly upright and tall, generally much-branched; branches strongly angled ribbed. Areoles spiny, less short-woolly, but Flowers or nocturnal, elongated, funnelshaped; from the away more abscission ovary by soon the never upper or producing long, silk hairs. the part except style, falling after anthesis; tube of the flower cylindric, ex- panding above into the swollen throat, nearly naked without. Outer perianth segments obtuse, thick, Stamens green elongated but dull coloured, the inner thin, petaloid, or varying greatly numerous, in Cereus 25 from the species ed. 8. Gard. Diet. Haworth); BOLDINGH, Cactaceae 2: ROSE, NOLDO, Zakflora Ant. without ribs (8 —12), ten 1 —2 no. 3. Fl. Ned. a 129. 1971; m spines, high, 19. 67. — 1954; tall, with with a 297. 8—20,2 —8.5 cm a Zakflora felt; 1 —7, W. Ind. Isl. Fl. D.W. on one na- side constrictions numerous greyish-green, younger long, the central ones the longest directed upwards, ovate to lanceolate, apiculate, 1964; not green or cm across, ones which at c. with Gekw. 20 cm cm 2 —6.5 cm long. Radial 40 2.5 —4 times as long as cm pi. across, fla- distance; ribs younger thin black spines cm nutt. off in thin 9 parts of- hairs. always different from the radial or en apart, spiny, covered several dark brown BRITTON 1938; AR- 1753. to peels glaucous, the 0.5—2 usually 1914; 35: 48. Plant. 467. much-branched top; old trunk weakly developed corklayer the 67. 100, figs 58, 62, ['1864'] (auth.: Isl. 2: 71. Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. usually distinctly smaller than the centralones. Flowers 6—11 tepals Argentine. to 301. 1860 Ind. repandus LINNAEUS, Spec. lar, flexible, straight, often twisted, greyish, with nes South America Fl. Br. 1913; 1920; HUMMELINCK, Cactus crenate, brownish grey or through 1768; GRISEBACH, ascending, with cm West Indies somewhat reddish. Areoles round, 3—6 with Style slender, few scales, a rarely yellow, naked, splitting down W. Ind. Eil. 17, fig. 18, 6 —10 and branches southern 42, fig. 58, 62, 116, fig. Tree-like plant, kes; known white. as included. Mill. repandus (L.) MILLER, Ned. far so weak, mature; often edible. Seeds black. About & and often included; stigma-lobes linear. Receptacle bearing ked in their axils. Fruit fleshy, red, when length, slender 7 Spines ones, acicu- top. Central spi—13, spreading, long, nocturnal. wide, up to 26 mm Inner long, 155 white greenish or sometimes or rosa, sparsely and minutely fimbriate. Receptacle apex funnel-shaped, narrowed in the middle, to 4.5 cm long, 2.5—3 wide cm at the top, thick and fleshy. Bracts several, imbricate, spathulate, for the greater part adnate, fleshy, ducing towards the base few small scales. Stamens to a half of the receptacle; filaments 7 —18 2 —2.5 mm a few remnants somewhat violet 1 x covered mm, often Vernacular names: a long. Fruit cylindric mm with low and blunt and Klein cadushi feature in kadoesjie, breebree Pereskia Leafy the soup; moreover Miller, trees or Gard. ovoid, 4—5.5 to 1.25—1.75 long; stigma x 2.5 —3.5 2 1.5 x black. the plant landscape. (Leeward Group). is Dict. Abr. ed. 4. houses; the important as fleshy tissue of the stem is used for prepa- cattle-food. 1754 shrubs with branches and leaves resembling in clusters in the axils of the leaves, neither sheathed or cm Bonaire. dominant Uses: the wood is used for roofs and walls of ring dull tubercles, long and 3—5.5 slightly reddish. Seeds or re- upper the base; anthers innate, at 1.75—3.5 cm ovoid, reddish, naked; pulp white or Aruba, Bonaire, Curasao, Abundant; to of scaly bracts; style cylindric, 8—10-lobed, lobes yellowish, 8 cm, —600, inserted on the long, entirely free long, yellowish. Ovary cylindric wide, with cm mm 500 common nor trees; spines in pairs barbed; areoles nearly circu- lar; glochids wanting. Leaves alternate, broad, flat, deciduous, sometimes fleshy. Inflocorymbose rescence consisting of terminal and axillary panicles or Flowers wheel-shaped, perigynous ry. or or the flowers solita- epigynous, pedicellate. Stamens numerous. Style single; stigmalobes linear. Fruit mostly globose. Seeds black, glossy, with shell. Embryo strongly About K e y 1. 15 species in tropical America; with or Petals number of cultivated. species tree red or guamacho in Bois, DO, Gekw. a short pair of reflexed spines from each areole; en with P. 2 purplish P. guamacho P. grandifolia Weber Diet. Hort. 938. nutt. stem aculeata slender straight spines yellow Petals WEBER, a acicular spines Shrub Pereskia brittle the species: to Climbing vines; twigs with 2. a curved. Cotyledons leafy. Seedlings without spines. pi. Ned. 1898; Ant. BRITTON & 104, fig. 165. ROSE, 1954; Cactaceae Gekw. en 1: nutt. 16, figs 9, pi. Ned. 10. Ant. 1919; ARNOL170. 122, fig. 1971. Shrub, in on a up to 3 m high, very spiny, but often diam.; areoles rather prominent, especially the branches filled with few short accessory brown ones, but felt, in age at age up to 20 m 4 cm tall; trunk often standing first usually with only often with divaricate, rigid brown, the longer ones often 156 a tree in 20 spines long. or out 1 to 4 more; up to 60 cm like small knobs spines along with spines somewhat Leaves on young branches soli- tary, and se, the wood growing 2 cm lanceolate-acuminate and Vernacular Pereskia 4 Gard. Ant. islands Diet. ed. 319. 1913; URBAN, Symb. Gekw. Spec. & Gekw. Fl. en pi. at first blade at West Indies and Pereskia or along Suppl. or 164. 8 —15 ['1864']; Duss, Ned. W. Ind. Eil. 1035. 1978; (3): 272, fig. 105.1926; 5 Fl. Cuba — Cactaceae ROSE, Virgin Isl. 5: 608. 1: 3: 159. 358, fig. ai, Pereskia 303. of Jamaica 273. pereskia (LINNAEUS) Cactus pereskia — 1953; Fl. Barbados 10, plate II, figs 1, 2, 1924; Fl. 300. 3. 1919; LINNAEUS, or in clambering, threes, short, recurved. at cm 3—10 m the Leaves apex, in diam. Ovary leafy diam., quite smooth when as an long; spines mature. tapering or and spines in short-petiolate, or rounded corymbs. Flowers often spiny. Fruit Seeds black, somewhat of South coasts America; also known from Florida and escape. Haw. Plant. Succ. 85. F. M. and 2—3 together, slender and straight; 1819; Duss, Fl. Trinidad Fl. KNUTH, & Fl. phan. BRITTON & Tobago Ant. fran?. WILSON, 1: 454. 319. BACKEBERG & & 1940; ADAMS, Flowering plants Guadeloupe & Martinique 1035. 1978; in 1897; BRITTON Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & KNUTH, Kaktus — ABC 96. Rhodocactus 1935; ROSE, Virgin of Ja- grandifoli- LEON & ALAIN, Fl. 1953. shrub, 2—5 Leaves cm 1860 GOODING et 1954; m tall, usually with a definite very in diam.; branches fleshy, glabrous, elongate, usually areoles. 303. 1909; Fl. Fl. Jamaica ALAIN, ovate, short-acuminate the east and north 1972; FOURNET, 3: 360. edible. Seeds in diam. 1924; WILLIAMS, Tree or Martinique 1:19, fig. 16, plate III, fig. 1. 1919; (HAWORTH) 142. 122.1971; ADAMS, Flowering plants BRITTON & pinkish, 2.5—4.5 maica 273. Cuba 1: long. Inflorescence consisting of panicles Isl. 5: 608. us & LEON & 104, fig. Ant. solitary stem perhaps only grandifolia Cactaceae cm mm but there HAWORTH, 1940; but the branches often long 1.5—2 cm in 4—5 Mexico, 1882; oblong to white, pale, yellow flattened, Ned. 453. leaves paired, rarely 7 up to light yellow, and 1753. lanceolate the base, 1: Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & erect the Ind. Isl. W. 1920; FAWCETT& RENDLE, Guadeloupe in the lower part of the the axils of to numerous. Ova- the axils. Fruit globo- be orange-coloured Fl. D.W. Ind. Isl. nutt. pi. Ned. Ant. Deutsche Fl. 888. WILSON, Fl. Br. 1768; GRISEBACH, Tobago nutt. en Plant. 469. Shrub, 8. Ant. 8:468. ARNOLDO, BRITTON & in as off its coast. 1897; BOLDINGH, Fl. Trinidad 1972; FOURNET, diam. Stamens long cm along the branches set guamacho (Leeward Group). WILLIAMS, KARSTEN, in cm to obovate, or Mill. fran?. 1965; ARNOLDO, thickly so oval to long, but sometimes 5—9 cm broad. mm some name: aculeata MILLER, 3 leaves, these hairy in diam., becoming naked, said flattened, Venezuela c. 4—5 almost spicate, sessile, bright yellow, about phan. fascicles; blades elliptic, lanceolate the base, usually wide, fleshy. Flowers solitary but covered with small back, in apex, cuneate at 3 —6 cm appear ry old on acute at oblong, obtuse or acute at the apex, to 10 cm acicular spines at the spiny, woody trunk with 1 or 2 somewhat narrowed up at the base, long; petioles short. Inflorescence small, terminal, usually consisting of few- 157 flowered cymes. Flowers Petals rose-coloured or 3.5 —4(—6) cm in diam. Sepals green, to 20 sometimes white. Ovary leaf-bearing. Fruit 4 X cm 5 mm, long, 3 acute. cm in diam., pear-shaped, many-seeded. Seeds black, slightly flattened. Brazil, widely planted used 158 for hedges in and subspontaneous throughout the tropical America. West Indies; the species is extensively