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3
EXAM B
Name: _______________________________________________
Course: _____ Date: _______
1. Indicate the similarities and differences between opencast mines and underground mines.
They are both mines to extract minerals. In opencast mines, minerals are extracted from the
surface or not very deep under the surface while in underground mines they make funnelshaped holes called pits to extract the minerals.
2. Match the following minerals to their hardness:
very hard
diamond
gypsum
hard
topaz
apatite
soft
talc
quartz
very soft
orthoclase
calcite
3. Observe the following drawing and explain how the Earth was formed.
4 600 billions of years ago the Sun was formed from chemical reactions in a giant cloud of
dust and gas called nebula. In the cloud of matter that surrounded the Sun, smaller dust
particles collided and grew in size. This process which formed the planets is called accretion
of planetesimals.
For 1 000 million years the Earth was incredible hot. Due to the immense heat stored in the
Earth’s interior, there was a lot of volcanic activity during the period. As the Earth’s
temperature decreased, gravity pushed heavier elements, such as iron, towards the Earth’s
interior. Lighter elements, such as oxygen, moved towards the Earth’s surface. This process is
called density differentiation.
PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL / © Oxford University Press España, S. A.
Geology 1. º ESO
3
EXAM B
Name: _______________________________________________
Course: _____ Date: _______
4. Explain the difference between foliated metamorphic rocks and non-foliated metamorphic rocks.
In foliated metamorphic rocks the minerals are arranged to form parallel layers, while in nonfoliated metamorphic rocks the minerals are not arranged in layers.
5. Correct the following statements:
a) Volcanic rocks cool slower than plutonic rocks.
Plutonic rocks cool slower than volcanic rocks.
b) Basalt is the most abundant volcanic rock in the continental crust.
Granite is the most abundant volcanic rock in the continental crust.
c) Plutonic igneous rocks are also called extrusive rocks.
Plutonic igneous rocks are also called intrusive rocks.
d) Granite is the most abundant volcanic rock in the continents.
Granite is a plutonic rock.
6. Answer the following questions:
a) What does limestone produce when it comes in contact with acids?
It is the capacity to produce bubbles in contact with acids.
b) What does it mean if a mineral has a crystalline structure?
It means that the particles are arranged to form a geometric structure that is repeated
constantly.
7. Indicate the ore that correspond to each mineral.
a) bauxite: aluminium
b) chalcopyrite: tin
c) galena: lead
d) hematite: iron
8. What are ornamental rocks and what are they used for? Give some examples.
Decorative rocks are the ones that after being cut and polished are so beautiful that they could
be used to make sculptures, building floors or any other element of decoration. Marble, granite
and basalt are great examples of decorative rocks.
PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL / © Oxford University Press España, S. A.
Geology 1. º ESO
3
EXAM B
Name: _______________________________________________
Course: _____ Date: _______
9. Explain the rock cycle.
The rock cycle is a series of processes that a rock goes through to transform into another type
of rock. These processes occur very slowly, so the rock cycle takes place over millions of
years. All rocks, exposed to the action of wind and water, can undergo the processes of
erosion, transportation and sedimentation. Sediments deposited in sedimentary basins
undergo the process of diagenesis or lithification and are transformed into sedimentary rocks.
The rocks in the Earth’s crust are subjected to high pressures and/or temperatures from
metamorphic rocks. If the mineral melts, magma will form. Magma can rise and cool under the
crust, creating plutonic igneous rocks. Magma can also come out of the crust to the exterior
and solidify, creating volcanic igneous rocks.
10. Look at the following diagram and explain the formation of sedimentary rocks.
The process in which sediments transform into sedimentary rocks is called diagenesis or
lithification.
Sediments deposited in sedimentary basins (1) often follow two essential processes for the
formation of sedimentary rocks:
Compaction (2) is when sediments lose volume. Due to the weight of the sediments on top,
water is lost and the sediments
become compacted.
Cementation (3) takes place after the water is lost and the salts form crystals. The crystals act
like cement and stick the
sediments together to form sedimentary rocks.
PHOTOCOPIABLE MATERIAL / © Oxford University Press España, S. A.
Geology 1. º ESO