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10/15/2012 Outline The Communication Process Where Does Language Come From? Verbal Language Nonverbal Communication Bilingualism LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION Definition of communication: The Communication Process The ________of creating and exchanging Sender Encoding ___________ through ___________ interaction. Channel Process: Communication constantly changes. Meaning: Thoughts, ideas, and understandings. Noise Message Barrier Symbolic: behaviors. We rely on words and nonverbal Feedback Decoding Channel Receiver 1 10/15/2012 Features of Communication Communication is ______________ because it involves an exchange. Features of Communication If I go to the store to get a coke, I exchange money to the cashier for the coke. I give something and get something in return. Communication is the same… you have to give and receive for communication to happen. Who Communicates? The Co-Evolution of Language and Culture Human cultures and the ability for verbal language evolved together Facilitates shared intentionality Humans have uniquely complex communication Human cultures exist because of language Language Each culture creates its own unique language Animals communicate Predator calls Pheremones “Bee dance” Communication is _____________ . Uses verbal and nonverbal signals Interactive Uses symbols (ex. words) Influenced by culture It is impossible to duplicate because each interaction is unique. Reflects differences and reinforces cultures 2 10/15/2012 Language Form of communication based on system of symbols Infinite Generativity Highly practiced and automatic process Parts of language Phonemes Morphemes Syntax and Grammar Phonemes Categories of sounds our vocal apparatus produces Probably around 100 total, each language only uses a subset of them 40-45 in English, range from 15-60 worldwide Morphemes Syntax and Grammar The smallest units of meaning in a language The set of rules of a language by which we construct sentences Convey information about semantics – meaning derived from words and sentences Includes word order, morphological markers and sentence structure Real-world language _________ follows this completely Can be full words (“dog”) or modifiers (“re-”) 3 10/15/2012 Other Parts of Language Lexicon = vocabulary Semantics: what words mean Phonology: how words should sound (pronunciation) Biological Influences on Language Language Universals (Chomsky) Biological Imitation prewiring to learn language in humans not adequate to learn language Ex. new vs. sew Pragmatics: system of rules governing how language is used and understood in social contexts “It is cold.” Learning Language Learning begins prenatally Babbling during first year allows babies to develop control over vocal tracts Also developing phoneme recognition during this time Environmental Influences Critical period Special time during which language must develop Biology and environment interact for language. 4 10/15/2012 Language Differences Across Cultures Culture and lexicons: Language Differences Across Cultures Culture influences self-other referents (what we call ourselves and others) American English: simple use of self-other referents Japanese: more complex self-other referents Culture and pragmatics: Culture influences _____________ (rules for how language is used and understood in different social contexts) Can you drop the pronouns (I, we, he, she, etc.) High-context Ex. Language and Thought Sapir–Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity): Different languages different thoughts Words in our internal narrative matter vs. low-context cultures drop pronouns vs. pronouns are necessary Language and Thought: The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis Challenges to Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Berlin and Kay (1969): 11 basic color terms form a universal hierarchy 2 words vs multiple Pinker (1995): thought can be formed ___________ words and language 5 10/15/2012 Nonverbal Communication Communication that isn’t language, but provides information about what we mean Bulk of messages conveyed nonverbally: Nonverbal channels more important in understanding meaning and ___________ states Facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body postures, interpersonal distance, touching behaviors, gaze and visual attention Most people consciously attend to verbal language Used to help interpret ___________ information Culture and Gestures Cultural Influences on Nonverbal Communication Speech illustrators movements directly tied to speech; illustrate or highlight what is being said Culture and Gaze Gaze: powerful nonverbal behavior with evolutionary roots in animal behavior Gaze associated with dominance, power, aggression, affiliation, and nurturance Emblems culture-specific gestures convey meaning without words 6 10/15/2012 Culture and Gaze Cultures create rules concerning gazing and visual attention Culture and Voice Tone of voice, intonation, pitch, speech rate, use of silence, and volume “Contact cultures” vs. “noncontact cultures” Gaze often used as nonverbal sign of respect at person: sign of respect in U.S. Look away: sign of respect in other cultures Culture, Interpersonal Space, and Touch Proxemics Use cultures vs. less expressive cultures Culture, Interpersonal Space, and Touch Interpersonal distance helps to regulate intimacy by controlling sensory exposures Haptics: non-verbal behavior involving touch of space in interpersonal interactions Cultures differ in interpersonal spaces they allot to intimate, personal, social, and public situations Cultures differ in the use of voice and verbal style to illustrate and amplify speech Expressive Look Paralinguistic cues: “Contact” culture vs. “noncontact” culture 7 10/15/2012 Cultural Influences on Encoding and Decoding Culture dictates the “filter” we use to encode and decode messages Communication between Cultures What information we send (Ex. include or leave out pronouns) How to interpret the information we receive Assumptions of similarities differences Nonverbal misinterpretations Preconceptions and stereotypes Uncertainty and ambiguity Greater potential for conflict Language Decoding rules involve: Ethnocentrism, emotions, value judgments, stereotypes/expectations, and social cognitions Improving Intercultural Communication Mindfulness: Allows for focus on content of signals and messages Important to be mindful of appearances and potential shame Emotion regulation: Controlling negative emotions will allow for more constructive intercultural process Majority of individuals who speak English also speak at least one other language fluently Culture is a knowledge system Bilinguals Face: Psychological Differences as a Function of Language Allows for ethnorelativism Uncertainty reduction: Intercultural communication Potential obstacles to effective intercultural communication: Activated have two knowledge systems by language Different personalities depending on language Code frame switching: Switch cultural knowledge systems when you switch 8 10/15/2012 Perceptions of Bilinguals Perception that bilinguals lack intelligence : Takes time to respond in second language Foreign language processing difficulties: Because of uncertainty or ambiguity about intended meaning of messages Monolingualism and Ethnocentrism Reject need to learn, understand, and appreciate other languages, customs, and cultures Foreign language effect: Temporary decline in thinking ability of people who use second language Americans are notoriously ignorant of languages other than English Ignorance of other cultures Ethnocentric view: Americans are most monolingual of all peoples of world Thus, language is intimately tied to culture 9