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b. The smallest cell (B) has the greatest surface area to volume ratio for diffusion; surface area to volume ratio is also increased by the cell having a flat shape as in C. c. Oxygen; carbon dioxide 2 a. Pleural membranes b. Squamous c. Goblet d. Macrophage e. Expiratory reserve volume 3. a. Large surface area; thin walls b. Photosynthesis in palisade/spongy mesophyll cells; produces oxygen/uses up carbon dioxide; maintains diffusion gradient of oxygen out of leaf/carbon dioxide into leaf. c. Leaf/epidermis covered in waxy cuticle; which reduces permeability/is impermeable to water vapour; gas exchange is via stomata; which can close (to restrict water loss). 4. Ventilation rate = 0.36 × 18; = 6.48 dm3 min–1 b .Vital capacity c .10 breaths per minute d. Oxygen consumption = 3.5 – 2.7 = 0.8 dm3 6 .a. A = ciliated epithelial cell/ciliated epithelium B = goblet cell/mucus-secreting cell C = air space D = cartilage E = elastic fibres b. Goblet cell (B) secretes mucus; which traps dust/bacteria; cilia on epithelium beat/move; moving mucus out of bronchus. 7. a. Not under conscious control. b .Contracts; to alter diameter of bronchioles; can increase diameter during exercise. c. Pollen/dust/allergens/other causes; muscle contracts; narrows airways; causing difficulty in breathing