Download Chapter 23-Sustainable Cities

Chapter 23-Sustainable Cities
Objectives
1.
List five worldwide trends in population distribution. Describe the four major shifts in population distribution
in U.S. history. Summarize the factors that contribute to urban growth.
2.
Summarize the following urban environmental problems: vegetation, water runoff and flooding, heat islands
and dust domes, solid-waste disposal, air pollution, noise pollution, human health, land conversion, social
disruption. List three ways that urban areas positively affect the environment.
3.
List the pros and cons of the major urban transportation options: individual transit (walking, biking, motorized
vehicles) and mass transit (rail systems and buses). List three policies that contribute to a positive feedback
loop creating more dependence on automobiles. Describe three policies that would create negative feedback
loops.
4.
Differentiate between conventional and ecological land-use planning. List two means by which local
governments can control the rate of development. Summarize obstacles to more ecological land-use planning.
5.
List five approaches to improving urban life. Choose one case study from your textbook. Evaluate how far
your chosen urban area has come in implementing these five approaches.
Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
barrios (p. 557)
car-sharing networks (p. 559)
cluster development (p. 564)
compact cities (p. 558)
ecocities (green cities) (p. 548)
ecological footprints (p. 554)
environmental sustainability (p. 565)
full-cost pricing (p. 559)
green city (p. 566)
greenbelt (P. 564)
heavy-rail (p. 559)
land-use planning (p. 562)
light-rail (p. 559)
megacities (megalopolises) (p. 549)
megalopolis (p. 552)
metropolitan areas (p. 550)
pull factors (p. 549)
push factors (p. 549)
quality urban design (p. 565)
rapid-rail system (p. 560)
rising poverty (p. 551)
shantytowns (p. 556)
smart growth (p. 562)
smart transportation (p. 565)
squatter settlements (p. 556)
tax shift (p. 559)
unsustainable system (p. 544)
urban heat island (p. 555)
zoning (p. 562)
Sustainable Cities
Chapter 24-Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
Objectives
1.
Define economy and economic resource. Distinguish among the following: economic system, natural capital, human capital,
manufactured capital, pure free-market economic system, marginal costs and marginal benefits.
2.
Distinguish among approaches to an environmentally sustainable economy offered by neoclassical economists and ecological
ecologists/ environmental economists.
3.
Describe ecological pricing and the tools that environmental economists use to estimate the value of the earth’s ecological
services.
4.
Distinguish between internal and external costs. Distinguish between external costs and external benefits. Describe measures
that can be taken to achieve full-cost pricing.
5.
Define cost-benefit analysis.
6.
Describe Gross Domestic Product, and per capital GDP. What are other indicators of environmental quality and human wellbeing?
7.
What factors does an environmentally honest market system consider and what is meant by full-cost pricing, product ecolabeling, subsidy shifting, green taxes, environmental regulation, tradable pollution, and eco-leasing as methods to improve
environmental quality?
9.
Describe an earth-sustaining economy. Describe a plan to move toward creation of earth-sustaining economies. Summarize
efforts by the Netherlands to move toward ecological sustainability.
Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the texaesthetic value (p. 574)
bequest (option) value (p. 574)
cost-benefit analysis (CBA) (p. 576)
demand (p. 570)
discount rate (p. 574)
eco-labeling (p. 574)
eco-leasing (p. 583)
ecological economists (p. 569)
economic development (p. 569)
economic growth (p. 569)
economic system (p. 570)
environmental economists (p. 569)
Environmental Sustainability Index
environmentally sustainable economy
existence value (p. 574)
full cost (p. 578)
full-cost pricing (p. 572)
genuine progress indicator (GPI)
green taxes (p. 580)
gross domestic product (GDP)
human capital (p. 570)
human development index (HDI)
human resources (p. 570)
indirect (external) costs (p. 575)
innovation-friendly regulations
Economics, Environment, and Sustainability
marginal benefit (p. 571)
marginal cost (p. 570)
market failures (p. 572)
market price equilibrium point material flow
economy (p. 583)
mitigation cost (p. 574)
natural capital (p. 570)
natural resources (p. 570)
neoclassical economists (p. 569)
nonuse values (p. 574)
optimum levels (p. 575)
per capita GDP (p. 577)
poverty (p. 583)
price inelasticity (p. 571)
pure free-market economic system resource-use
permits (p. 582)
service flow economy (p. 583)
subsidy shifting (p. 574)
tax shifting (p. 574)
tradable pollution (p. 582)
trickle-down effect (p. 584)
wealth gap (p. 584)
willingness to pay (p. 574)
Chapter 25-Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
Objectives
1.
Summarize the basis of a constitutional democracy. Evaluate the position of special-interest groups.
Distinguish between profit-making organizations and nonprofits, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs).
Explain how governmental structure drives a reactive rather than a proactive stance.
2.
Briefly describe how environmental policy is made in the United States. Distinguish the roles played by the
legislative, executive, and judiciary branches. List five approaches that legislation uses to protect the
environment. Give one example of legislation for each method.
3.
Name five general principles for setting environmental regulations. Give one example of legislation using
each strategy. Summarize how the courts are used to implement or weaken environmental regulations.
4.
Describe how environmental policy can be influenced by individuals exercising their democratic
responsibilities, leadership skills, and career choices.
5.
Summarize the struggle between the Greens and the Browns. Be sure to distinguish between national and grass
roots environmental groups. Be sure to list the strategies that are being used by the current Wise-Use
Movement.
6.
Explain the importance of critical thinking and distinguishing between pioneer science and consensus science
in evaluation of claims by environmental and anti-environmental groups.
7.
Summarize a strategy to bring about election finance reform. List three strategies to improve bureaucracies.
List four strategies to give ordinary citizens a stronger role in governance. List three linkages between crime
and environmental quality.
8.
Summarize the results of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Describe the development of the ecojustice movement.
Suggest ways to improve global environmental protection.
Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
administrative laws (p. 603)
arbitration (p. 603)
civil suits (p. 603)
class action suit (p. 603)
conventions (p. 611)
environmental justice principle (p. 595)
environmental law (p. 602)
environmental policy (p. 593)
executive branch (p. 597)
global public policy networks (GPPNs) (p. 605)
global sustainability movement (p. 606)
grassroots groups (p. 606)
human rights principle (p. 595)
humility principle (p. 594)
injunction (p. 603)
integrative principle (p. 595)
judicial branch (p. 597)
legislative branch (p. 597)
lobbying (p. 598)
Politics, Environment, and Sustainability
mainline groups (p. 606)
mediation (p. 604)
National Forest System (p. 600)
National Park System (p. 601)
National Resource Lands (p. 600)
National Wildlife Refuges (p. 600)
negligence (p.603)
nongovernment organizations (NGOs) (p. 594)
polluter pays principle (p. 595)
precautionary principle (p. 595)
precedents (p. 597)
prevention principle (p. 595)
profit-making organizations (p. 594)
public participation principle (p. 595)
reversibility principle (p. 594)
special-interest groups (p. 594)
statues of limitations (p. 603)
statutory laws (p. 603)