Download Ecological Economics

ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS
Membawa “ekologi” ke dalam “ekonomi”
Four ‘conditions of an imperilled environment’
Kirkpatrick Sale
1. Drawdown: the process by which the dominant
species in an ecosystem uses up the surrounding
resources faster than they can be replaced.
2. Overshoot: when the use of resources in an
ecosystem exceeds its carrying capacity and there
is no way to recover or replace what is lost.
3. Crash: a precipitate decline in species numbers.
4. Die-off: the extinction of species that cannot
reorganize their ecological functioning following a
crash.
Konsep Ekologis digunakan untuk Ekonomi
Assimilative capacity: the capacity of the natural
environment to absorb wastes
Regenerative capacity: the ability of the ecosystem to
replace resources that we use in our production systems
Renewable resources, such as wood or wind energy, are in
continuous supply, although the rate at which they can be
replenished will vary from resource to resource
Non-renewable resources, such as iron ore or fossil fuels,
are in limited supply within the earth’s crust, and thus once
they are used up they cannot be replaced.
Problem Ekologi-Ekonomi yg harus dijawab
First, establish the ecological limits of sustainable scale
and establish policies that assure that the throughput of
the economy stays within these limits.
Second, establish a fair and just distribution of resources
using systems of property rights and transfers. . .
Third, once the scale and distribution problems are solved,
market-based mechanisms can be used to allocate
resources efficiently.
Introduction to Ecological Economics Costanza et al. (1997: 83)
DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS)
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The concept of human behaviour that each embodies:
whether the economic actor is a ‘rational economic man’
or a person who lives in balance with the environment;
The way in which nature itself is valued, whether in
monetary or biophysical terms;
Judgements about the relationship between sustainable
development and growth;
The extent to which economics should be considered as a
scientific study;
Differing emphasis on issues of distribution and justice.
Lahirnya “Disiplin” ini
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Founded in the late 1980s
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Launch of the journal Ecological Economics in 1987
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US and European have different emphasis
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Scathing about neoclassical economics:
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"The individualism of current economic theory is manifest in
the purely self-interested behavior it generally assumes. It
has no real place for fairness, malevolence, and
benevolence, nor for the preservation of human life or any
other moral concern.“
Herman Daly
Herman Daly
"The economy is a wholly
owned subsidiary of the
environment, not the reverse."
Professor at the University of Maryland
Senior Economist in the Environment Department of the
World Bank
Developed the concept of ‘sustainable development’ and
also that of ‘uneconomic growth’
Un-economic growth; cf. John Ruskin’s
‘illth’
The rightward-sloping curve above the
horizontal axis illustrates the benefits of
growth, while the broken curve represents
the cost of that growth – the impact the
economic activity has on the ecosystem.
Daly’s concept of uneconomic growth
arises when the costs of economic activity
outweigh the benefit, any point beyond B on
the horizontal axis, where ab = bc, or the
costs and benefits of the economic activity
are equivalent.
Once an economy grows beyond that point,
the extra economic growth is of less value
than the damage the activity has on the
ecosystem. By the time you get to point E
you have reached what Daly calls the
‘futility limit’—you have so much stuff that
you no longer have time to enjoy it!
Point D represents ‘the catastrophe limit’,
where an impressive new invention turns
out to have terminally destructive impacts
on the ecosystem—perhaps a genetically
modified crop including a terminator gene
which spreads to all plants and thus
destroys the process of photosynthesis and
all life on earth.
Most neoclassical economists assume that
technological advance will outpace resource scarcity
over the long run and that ecological services can
also be replaced by new technologies.
Ecological economists, on the other hand, assume that
resource and ecological limits are critically important
and are much less confident that technological
advances will arise in response to higher prices
generated by scarcities.
This difference in worldview, however, does not prevent
neoclassical and ecological economists from sharing
the same pattern of reasoning.
(Costanza et al., 1997: 69).
Visi Ekologi-Ekonomi
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The earth as a closed system: limits to material
and energy throughputs and wastes
A future of material well-being with ourselves
and other species while respecting the first
point
Systems are complex and causal pathways
uncertain, hence the need for a precautionary
approach
Institutions should be proactive and should
respond in spite of scientific uncertainties
SISTEM BUMI
Beragam Makna “Keberlanjutan”
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2.
Neoclassical environmental
economists favour a goal of
weak sustainability
(technology will lead to
physical capital substituting
for natural capital) and
sought to adopt an objective
stance.
Ecological economists
favour a goal of strong
sustainability (physical
capital cannot substitute for
natural capital) and are less
concerned to prevent their
personal viewpoint from
impinging on their analysis.
Kekuatan & Kelemahan “Keberlanjutan”
Weak sustainability: environmental sustainability
should be balanced with the need to continue
economic growth
Weak sustainability assumes that different forms of
capital are substitutable with one another, therefore
sustainability is achieved even if all natural capital
is replaced with man-made capital
Strong sustainability considers natural capital to be
primary and sacrosanct
Behind the notion of capitalism lies the notion of
capital – which economists use to describe a stock of
anything (physical or virtual) from which anyone can
extract a revenue or yield. . . . (as in any stock capable
of generating a flow). . .
The Five Capitals Framework requires a more holistic
understanding of all the different stocks of capital on
which our wealth depends . . .
Sustainability can only be achieved if these stocks of
capital are kept intact or increased over time.
(Porritt, 2009: 30-1).
Lima Macam Kapital
We are facing a
sustainability crisis
because we're
consuming our stocks
of natural, human and
social capital faster
than they are being
produced.
Unless we control the
rate of this
consumption, we can't
sustain these vital
stocks in the long-term.
Forum for the Future
Modal Alam - Natural capital
1. Any stock or flow of energy
and material that produces
goods and services. It
includes:
2. Resources - renewable and
non-renewable materials
3. Sinks - that absorb,
neutralise or recycle wastes
4. Processes - such as climate
regulation
5. Natural capital is the basis
not only of production but of
life itself!
.... Hutan Tanaman Industri...
Jati...
Modal Manusia & Modal Sosial
1. Human Capital consists of people's health,
knowledge, skills and motivation. All these
things are needed for productive work.
2. Enhancing human capital through education
and training is central to a flourishing economy.
3. Social Capital concerns the institutions that
help us maintain and develop human capital in
partnership with others; e.g. families,
communities, businesses, trade unions,
schools, and voluntary organisations.
Modal Manufaktur & Modal Finansial
1. Manufactured Capital comprises material goods or
fixed assets which contribute to the production
process rather than being the output itself – e.g. tools,
machines and buildings.
2. Financial Capital plays an important role in our
economy, enabling the other types of Capital to be
owned and traded. But unlike the other types, it has
no real value itself but is representative of natural,
human, social or manufactured capital; e.g. shares,
bonds or banknotes.
Problematika ..............
Once capital is allowed to exist as a real entity in the
economy, rather than as what Marx called an
‘epiphenomenon’, i.e. something that is superficial
to the real machinery of the economy, it becomes
possible to argue both that we can substitute one
form of capital for another, and that we can
substitute consumption in one time-period for
consumption in another
Rationalita Manusia Ekonomi?
1. Individualist motivation
2. Rational decisionmaking
3. Clear definition of ‘utility’
4. Biologically determined,
or culturally relative?
5. Is there a gender
dimension?