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MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY FOR
HEALTHCARE INTERPRETERS:
DISEASES, DISORDERS &
TREATMENTS OF THE
GALLBLADDER
Natalya Mytareva, M.A., CoreCHI™
CCHI Managing Director
©2012-15, Natalya Mytareva
Permission to use: The content of this presentation may be used for noncommercial purposes with the appropriate attribution to the author.
WEBINAR LOGISTICS OVERVIEW
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The materials used in the webinar: this
PowerPoint (pdf), the texts & glossary will
be emailed to you as web link from which
you can download them (i.e. no
attachment). This is not a public link.
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be contained in the body of the message
(i.e. no attachment).
WEBINAR LOGISTICS OVERVIEW
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Both emails will come from
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Both emails will be sent by 2/21. If you
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WEBINAR AGENDA
1. Methods of acquiring new medical
terminology
2. The gallbladder & its function in the
digestive system, main gallbladder
disorders, diagnostic procedures and
treatment options
3. Terminology exercises
4. Brief quiz and wrap up
PRESENTER’S DISCLAIMER
 Information presented during this webinar
is for linguistic purposes only and does
NOT constitute any medical advice.
 I do not have any conflict of interest to
disclose related to any medical or
pharmaceutical information in this
presentation.
METHODS OF ACQUIRING NEW TERMINOLOGY
HOW DOES OUR BRAIN THINK?
idea
Idea
idea
Main
idea
idea
idea
Radiant thinking pattern
Abstract reasoning &
physical tasks with a stepby-step progression
Words
Spatial acuity
Images
METHODS OF ACQUIRING NEW TERMINOLOGY
1. Mind-mapping: Tony Buzan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlabrWv25qQ
MIND-MAPPING STEPS FOR LEARNING NEW
TERMINOLOGY
1. Write a term in the center of the map
2. Brainstorm associations
3. Find each word’s definition
4. Decide on the map's flow (structure)
FREE MIND-MAPPING APPS
Mindmup – for Chrome SimpleMind+ – for
(desktop & Android)
Apple (iphone, ipad)
Demo of a mind-map - Gallbladder
MIND MAP FOR “GALLBLADDER”
A MIND MAP FOR A BODY ORGAN TERM
#2
#3
#1
#4
#5
A MIND MAP FOR A BODY ORGAN TERM
METHODS OF ACQUIRING NEW TERMINOLOGY
2. Online search in English & non-English
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Use either your-language Google or – better“your”-country search engine (e.g. Russian –
Яндекс)
Try to find a website of a reputable hospital
(usually in a capital city), or medical school, or a
specialty association then search within that
website for a department and/or patient
materials on the same subject
Images used in the presentation are only for
the demonstration of how one can find
them on the web through different web
searches.
METHODS OF ACQUIRING NEW TERMINOLOGY
2. Online search
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Images search for body organs in English
2. Online
search
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Images
search for
body
organs in
Spanish
2. Online search
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Images search for body organs in Russian
2. Online search
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Images search for body organs in Chinese
2. Online search
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Images search for body organs in Arabic
GALLBLADDER-RELATED
Gall (Germ.)
ROOTS
Bladder
= Bile (Fr./Lat.)
= Sac of fluid
Chole-
Cyst
(Greek)
(Gk, Latin)
GALLBLADDER-RELATED
Stone
Lith/o
(Greek)
ROOTS
METHODS OF ACQUIRING NEW TERMINOLOGY
2. Online search in English & non-English
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YouTube for functions and procedures
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To gain knowledge by engaging visual and auditory
memory
To practice consecutive or simultaneous
interpreting
EXERCISE. WATCH & BE READY TO ANSWER A
QUESTION AFTERWARDS
Gallbladder Problems: Symptoms, Causes,
and Treatment Options:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjCRDljp9xk
METHODS OF ACQUIRING NEW TERMINOLOGY
3. Parallel Text Matching
PARALLEL TEXT MATCHING
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Use either your-language Google or your-country
search engine to find 2-3 documents of the same
nature (subject & communicative purpose)
Select the documents from reputable sites:
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your country’s Departments of Health,
major hospitals (usually in the capital city of your
country),
Specialty association (e.g. American Society for
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy)
major health-related publication (magazine or journal)
major manufacturer of medication or equipment
Another method – use Wikipedia
EXERCISE. PARALLEL TEXT MATCHING
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In Google or your-country search engine, using your
language keyboard, type “gallbladder” or
“gallbladder problems” (use your language
equivalent: желчный or пузырь проблемы
желчного пузыря)
Find a link that you consider reputable, open the
webpage and quickly review:
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Reads like a native-speaker produced text, not translation
Has relevant information
Copy the link and paste it into the Questions box
EXERCISE. WATCH THE VIDEO & ANSWER THE
QUESTIONS WHEN THE PRESENTER PROMPTS.
Gallbladder Diseases (cholelithiasis,
choledecholithiasis, cholecystitis,
cholangitis) –
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSGhOJpWl_M
GALLBLADDER CONDITIONS
PRONUNCIATION WEBSITE
www.howjsay.com
SYMPTOMS OF GALLSTONES
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Biliary colic, i.e. abdominal pain in the right
upper quadrant (RUQ)
Belching
Bloating
Indigestion
Nausea & vomiting
Diarrhea & constipation
Jaundice
Bile reflux
Fever
EXERCISE. FIND AN EQUIVALENT FOR A TERM
& VERIFY ITS ACCURACY
Bloating
Demo with Google Translate:
Russian
Вспучивание
Вздутие живота
Метеоризм
Other languages – agree or not
VERIFY ACCURACY OF FOUND EQUIVALENTS
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Type in a potentially correct equivalent, and see
how many results (webpages) the equivalent
gets.
Read 1-2 webpages that came up in the search to
make sure they refer to the same concept.
If you have 2-3 potentially correct equivalents,
compare the results and use the equivalent with
the highest results.
If you have very few webpage results, continue
looking for a better equivalent (unless this is a
brand new term – then check again in 1-6
months)
VERIFY ACCURACY OF FOUND EQUIVALENTS
If no online resources are available:
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Start a query/ask a question at ProZ.com.
Consult with your fellow interpreters.
Ask your community (elders, educated people):
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“If I say this, what does it mean to you?”
“I’m trying to convey this American concept in our
language. Does it make sense? Is there a better way
of saying this?”
EXERCISE. FIND AN EQUIVALENT IN YOUR
LANGUAGE OF THE TERM IN BLUE & TYPE IT IN
THE QUESTIONS BOX
1. Biliary colic
– A steady or intermittent ache in the upper
abdomen, usually under the right side of
the rib cage. It happens when something
blocks the normal flow of bile from the
gallbladder.
FIND AN EQUIVALENT IN YOUR LANGUAGE OF
THE TERM IN BLUE & TYPE IT IN THE
QUESTIONS BOX
2. Bile reflux
– A condition that occurs when bile flows
upward (back ups, refluxes) into the
stomach and esophagus. Bile reflux may
accompany acid reflux.
FIND AN EQUIVALENT IN YOUR LANGUAGE OF
THE TERM IN BLUE & TYPE IT IN THE
QUESTIONS BOX
3. Jaundice
– A condition when the skin, mucus
membranes, or whites of the eyes turn
yellow. The yellow coloring comes from
excess of the pigment bilirubin.
EXERCISE. IDENTIFY REGISTER OF SYNONYMS
Acute Cholecystitis
1.
2.
Gallbladder attack
Gallstones episode
EXERCISE. IDENTIFY REGISTER OF SYNONYMS
To radiate to scapular area
1.
2.
To migrate to the shoulder blade area
To spread to the area near the shoulder
blade
EXERCISE. IDENTIFY REGISTER OF SYNONYMS
Hepatic Function Panel
1.
2.
Blood tests for liver
Liver function tests
EXERCISE. IDENTIFY REGISTER OF SYNONYMS
Bile reflux
1.
2.
Duodenogastric reflux
Biliary reflux
INTERPRETING TERMS THAT DON’T HAVE
STANDARD EQUIVALENTS
1. Analyze components of the word’s
lexical meaning
Denotation
= direct, literal meaning; the
object or concept to which the
word refers
To be brave
Connotation
= idea or feeling that a
word implies; emotive
charge or stylistic
reference (register)
To have the guts
to do sth
To have the gall
to do sth
INTERPRETING TERMS THAT DON’T HAVE
STANDARD EQUIVALENTS
2. Check if a “word picture” is a good
choice for translating the term
A “word picture” translation is a graphic
description in the Target language of the
concept or object represented by 1 word in
the Source language.
WORD PICTURE
Laparoscope
A thin lighted tube that is
inserted through a small
cut in the abdomen,
usually in the navel, to
enable a doctor to view
the internal organs
INTERPRETING TERMS THAT DON’T HAVE
STANDARD EQUIVALENTS
3. To check for equivalency in meaning,
back-translate (“back-interpret”) the found
solution
A “back-translation” is a translation of a
translated text back into the language of
the Source text, made without reference to
the Source text.
BACK-TRANSLATION
Бумажный
носовой платок
Kleenex
Paper handkerchief
Одноразовый
носовой платок
Disposable
handkerchief
EXERCISE. “WORD PICTURE” – WHICH
OPTION IS CORRECT?
Pigment gallstones
1.
2.
Gallstones with some color
Gallstones made of bilirubin
EXERCISE. “WORD PICTURE” – WHICH
OPTION IS CORRECT?
Sickle cell anemia
1.
2.
A condition when red blood cells are
shaped like a crescent
A condition when blood cells are not
round
EXERCISE. “WORD PICTURE” – WHICH
OPTION IS CORRECT?
Gallbladder detox
1.
2.
Use of certain medicines and recipes to
naturally remove gallstones and purify
the gallbladder
Special procedure to remove gallstones
and clean the gallbladder
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES FOR GALLBLADDER
PROBLEMS
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR GALLBLADDER PROBLEMS
EXERCISE. WATCH THE VIDEO & BE PREPARED
TO ANSWER QUESTIONS AFTERWARDS
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECmwbwIrBI8
DOCUMENTS FOR SIGHT TRANSLATION
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Procedure Preparation Instructions for
ERCP:
http://www.cpmc.org/advanced/endoscopy/patie
nt/ies_prep_ercp.html
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Surgical Consent for Cholecystectomy:
http://www.starkvillesurgical.com/pdf/Surgical%2
0Consent%20for%20Cholecystectomy.pdf
EXERCISE. PARAPHRASE
Which paraphrase of the original text is
wrong? Why?
SENTENCE 1
Please inform us if you have had a barium Xray or CT scan in the past 2-3 days.
1. Please let us know if you had any X-ray tests
with barium or with computer scan 3 days ago.
2. Please let us know if you had any X-rays with
barium or with computer scan between today
and 3 days ago.
SENTENCE 1
Please inform us if you have had a barium Xray or CT scan in the past 2-3 days.
1. Please let us know if you had any X-ray tests
with barium or with computer scan 3 days ago.
2. Please let us know if you had any X-rays with
barium or with computer scan between today
and 3 days ago.
SENTENCE 2
If you are a diabetic, please notify our office at
415-600-1151, and our R.N. will discuss your
morning diabetes medications with you.
1. If you are taking diabetes medications, please call
our office at 415-600-1151, and our nurse will tell if
you can take them on the morning of the procedure.
2. If you have diabetes, please call our office at 415600-1151, and our nurse will discuss what to do about
your medications in the mornings.
SENTENCE 2
If you are a diabetic, please notify our office at
415-600-1151, and our R.N. will discuss your
morning diabetes medications with you.
1. If you are taking diabetes medications, please call
our office at 415-600-1151, and our nurse will tell if
you can take them on the morning of the procedure.
2. If you have diabetes, please call our office at 415600-1151, and our nurse will discuss what to do about
your medications in the mornings.
SENTENCE 3
You may have clear liquids until 4 hours before
your procedure, then have nothing at all by
mouth.
1. You may drink colorless liquids up to 4 hours before
the procedure, then you must not drink anything at all.
2. You may drink see-through liquids up to 4 hours
before the procedure, then you must not drink or eat
anything at all.
SENTENCE 3
You may have clear liquids until 4 hours before
your procedure, then have nothing at all by
mouth.
1. You may drink colorless liquids up to 4 hours before
the procedure, then you must not drink anything at all.
2. You may drink see-through liquids up to 4 hours
before the procedure, then you must not drink or eat
anything at all.
EXERCISE. GRAMMATICAL PECULIARITIES OF
HEALTHCARE DOCUMENTS
Into how many simple sentences can these
long sentences be split without changing
the meaning or too many
additions/repetitions?
SENTENCE 1
Gallbladder inflammation may happen
because of foods that are eaten, an
infection or if stones block the cystic
duct (opening out of the gallbladder).
SENTENCE 1
1.
2.
Gallbladder inflammation may happen
because you have eaten certain foods,
or because of an infection.
It may also happen if stones block the
opening out of the gallbladder which is
called the cystic duct.
SENTENCE 2
The vast majority of cholectystectomies
are performed utilizing a laparoscope (a
thin telescope-like tube) that is inserted
through a puncture wound near the navel.
SENTENCE 2
1.
2.
3.
The vast majority of cholectystectomies
are performed utilizing a laparoscope.
Laparoscope is a thin telescope-like
tube.
It is inserted through a puncture wound
near the navel.
SENTENCE 3
If at the time of the surgery, it is not safe
to complete the procedure
laparoscopically, an incision is made under
the rib cage on the right side of the
abdomen, and the gallbladder is removed
in the traditional (open) manner.
SENTENCE 3
1.
2.
If at the time of the surgery, it is not
safe to complete the procedure
laparoscopically, an incision is made
under the rib cage on the right side of
the abdomen.
And then the gallbladder is removed in
the traditional manner, that is with the
open surgery.
SENTENCE 4
In some circumstances, a cholangiogram
(x-ray of the bile duct) may be obtained at
the time of surgery to see if stones have
passed out of the gallbladder into the main
bile duct.
SENTENCE 4
1.
2.
In some circumstances, an x-ray of the
bile duct, called cholangiogram, may be
obtained at the time of surgery.
It is done to see if stones have passed
out of the gallbladder into the main bile
duct.
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