Download Consciousness - AP Psychology

Chapter 4
consciousness
psychology
fourth edition
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
What does it mean to be conscious, and are there different levels of
consciousness?
Why do people need to sleep, and how does sleep work?
What are the different stages of sleep, including the stage of dreaming and
its importance?
How do sleep disorders interfere with normal sleep?
Why do people dream, and what do they dream about?
How does hypnosis affect consciousness?
What is the difference between a physical dependence and a psychological
dependence on a drug?
How do stimulants and depressants affect consciousness and what are the
dangers associated with taking them, particularly alcohol?
What are some of the effects and dangers of using hallucinogens, including
marijuana?
How can the workings of our consciousness explain “supernatural”
visitations?
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
AP Learning Objectives
• VI. States of Consciousness
– Identify the major figures in consciousness research.
– Describe various states of consciousness and their impact on
behavior.
– Discuss aspects of sleep and dreaming.
– Explain historic and contemporary uses of hypnosis.
– Explain hypnotic phenomena.
– Identify the major psychoactive drug categories and classify
specific drugs, including their psychological and physiological
effects.
– Discuss drug dependencies, addiction, tolerance, and
withdrawal.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Consciousness
LO 4.1 Consciousness and Levels of Consciousness
AP: Identify Major Figures/States of Consciousness
• Consciousness
– a person’s awareness of everything that is
going on around him or her at any given
moment
 Daniel Dennett; Koch & Mormann
• Waking consciousness
– state in which thoughts, feelings, and
sensations are clear and organized, and the
person feels alert
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Consciousness
LO 4.1 Consciousness and Levels of Consciousness
AP: States of Consciousness
• Altered state of consciousness
– state in which there is a shift in the quality or
pattern of mental activity as compared to
waking consciousness
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Necessity of Sleep
LO 4.2 Why Sleep and How Sleep Works
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• Circadian rhythm: a cycle of bodily rhythm
that occurs over a twenty-four-hour period
– “circa”: about
– “diem”: day
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Necessity of Sleep
LO 4.2 Why Sleep and How Sleep Works
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• Hypothalamus: tiny section of the brain
that influences the glandular system
– suprachiasmatic nucleus
 deep within the hypothalamus
 the internal clock that tells people when to wake up
and when to fall asleep
• Hypothalamus tells the pineal gland to
secrete melatonin
– melatonin makes a person feel sleepy
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Necessity of Sleep
LO 4.2 Why Sleep and How Sleep Works
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• Microsleeps: brief sidesteps into sleep
lasting only a few seconds
• Sleep deprivation: any significant loss of
sleep
– results in irritability and problems with
concentration
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 4.1 Sleep Patterns of Infants and Adults
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Necessity of Sleep
LO 4.2 Why Sleep and How Sleep Works
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• Adaptive theory: theory of sleep proposing
that animals and humans evolved sleep
patterns to avoid predators by sleeping
when predators are most active
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Necessity of Sleep
LO 4.2 Why Sleep and How Sleep Works
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• Restorative theory: theory of sleep
proposing that sleep is necessary to the
physical health of the body and serves to
replenish chemicals and repair cellular
damage
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stages of Sleep
LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• Rapid eye movement (REM): stage of
sleep in which the eyes move rapidly
under the eyelids and the person is
typically experiencing a dream
• NREM (non-REM) sleep: any of the stages
of sleep that do not include REM
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Brain Wave Patterns
LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• Electroencephalograph (EEG)
– allows scientists to see the brain wave activity
as a person passes through the various stages
of sleep and to determine what type of sleep
the person has entered
 alpha waves: brain waves that indicate a state of
relaxation or light sleep
 theta waves: brain waves indicating the early stages
of sleep
 delta waves: long, slow waves that indicate the
deepest stage of sleep
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 4.2 Brain Activity During Sleep
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stages of Sleep
LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• N1 (R&K Stage 1): light sleep
– may experience:
 hypnagogic images: hallucinations or vivid visual
events
 hypnic jerk: knees, legs, or whole body jerks
• N2 (R&K Stage 2): sleep spindles
– sleep spindles: brief bursts of activity only
lasting a second or two
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stages of Sleep
LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4): delta waves
appear
– deepest stage of sleep: 50 percent or more of
waves are delta waves
– body at lowest level of functioning
– time at which growth occurs
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 4.3 A Typical Night’s Sleep
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
REM Sleep and Dreaming
LO 4.3 Stages of Sleep and Dreaming
AP: Sleep and Dreaming
• REM sleep is paradoxical sleep (high level
of brain activity)
– If wakened during REM sleep, sleepers
almost always report a dream.
• REM rebound: increased amounts of REM
sleep after being deprived of REM sleep
on earlier nights
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sleep Disorders
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders
AP: States of Consciousness
• Nightmares
– bad dreams occurring during REM sleep
• REM behavior disorder
– mechanism that blocks the movement of the
voluntary muscles fails
– allows the person to thrash around, or even
get up and act out nightmares
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stage Four Sleep Disorders
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep
AP: States of Consciousness
• Night terrors
– the person experiences extreme fear and
screams or runs around during deep sleep
– doesn’t wake fully
– relatively rare disorder
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stage Four Sleep Disorders
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep
AP: States of Consciousness
• Sleepwalking (somnambulism)
– episode of moving around or walking around
in one’s sleep
– occurs in deep sleep
– more common among children than adults
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sleep Disorders
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep
AP: States of Consciousness
• Can sleepwalking be a defense against
criminal charges?
– Kenneth Parks case
– Scott Falater case
– Brian Thomas case
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problems during Sleep
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep
AP: States of Consciousness
• Insomnia: the inability to get to sleep, stay
asleep, or get a good quality of sleep
• Sleep apnea: disorder in which the person
stops breathing for nearly half a minute or
more
– continuous positive airway pressure device
(CPAP)
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Problems during Sleep
LO 4.4 Sleep Disorders and Normal Sleep
AP: States of Consciousness
• Narcolepsy: sleep disorder in which a
person falls immediately into REM sleep
during the day without warning
– cataplexy: sudden loss of muscle tone
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dreams
LO 4.5 Why People Dream and What They Dream about
AP: Major Figures in Consciousness Research
• Freud: dreams as wish fulfillment
– manifest content: the dream itself
– latent content: the true, hidden meaning of a
dream
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dreams
LO 4.5 Why People Dream and What They Dream about
AP: Major Figures in Consciousness Research
• Activation-synthesis hypothesis
– Hobson & McCarley
– dreams are created by the higher centers of
the cortex to explain the brain stem’s
activation of cortical cells during REM sleep
periods
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Figure 4.4 The Brain and Activation-Synthesis Theory
According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the pons in the brainstem sends random signals to
the upper part of the brain during REM sleep. These random signals pass through the thalamus, which sends
the signals to the proper sensory areas of the cortex. Once in the cortex, the association areas of the cortex
respond to the random activation of these cortical cells by synthesizing (making up) a story, or dream, using
bits and pieces of life experiences and memories
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dreams
LO 4.5 Why People Dream and What They Dream about
AP: Major Figures in Consciousness Research
• Activation-information-mode model (AIM)
– Hobson et al.
– revised version of the activation-synthesis
explanation of dreams
– information that is accessed during waking
hours can have an influence on the synthesis
of dreams
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dreams
LO 4.5 Why People Dream and What They Dream about
AP: Major Figures in Consciousness Research
• Calvin Hall collected over 10,000 dreams
– Most people dream in color
– Gender differences
– Cultural differences
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hypnosis
LO 4.6 Hypnosis and How It Works
AP: Uses of Hypnosis/States of Consciousness
• Hypnosis: state of consciousness in which
the person is especially susceptible to
suggestion
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hypnosis
LO 4.6 Hypnosis and How It Works
AP: Uses of Hypnosis/States of Consciousness
• Four elements of hypnosis:
1. hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is
being said
2. person is told to relax and feel tired
3. hypnotist tells the person to “let go” and
accept suggestions easily
4. person is told to use vivid imagination
• Hypnotic susceptibility: degree to which a
person is a good hypnotic subject
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
AP: Explain Hypnotic Phenomena
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Theories of Hypnosis
LO 4.6 Hypnosis and How It Works
AP: Explain Hypnotic Phenomena
Uses of Hypnosis/States of Consciousness
• Hypnosis as dissociation: hypnosis works
only in a person’s immediate
consciousness, while a hidden “observer”
remained aware of all that was going on
• Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis: people
who are hypnotized are not in an altered
state, but are merely playing the role
expected of them in the situation
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychoactive Drugs
LO 4.7 Physical and Psychological Dependence on a Drug
AP: Drug Classification
Drug Dependence, Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal
• Psychoactive drugs: drugs that alter
thinking, perception, and memory
• Physical dependence
– tolerance: more and more of the drug is
needed to achieve the same effect
– withdrawal: physical symptoms resulting from
a lack of an addictive drug in the body
systems
 can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and
high blood pressure
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychoactive Drugs
LO 4.7 Physical and Psychological Dependence on a Drug
AP: Drug Classification
Drug Dependence, Addiction, Tolerance, Withdrawal
• Psychological dependence: the feeling
that a drug is needed to continue a feeling
of emotional or psychological well-being
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stimulants
LO 4.8 How Stimulants and Depressants Affect Consciousness
AP: Drug Classification
• Stimulants: drugs that increase the
functioning of the nervous system
– amphetamines: drugs that are synthesized
(made in labs) rather than found in nature
– cocaine: natural drug; produces euphoria,
energy, power, and pleasure
– nicotine: active ingredient in tobacco
– caffeine: the stimulant found in coffee, tea,
most sodas, chocolate, and even many overthe-counter drugs
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Depressants
LO 4.8 How Stimulants and Depressants Affect Consciousness
AP: Drug Classification
• Depressants: drugs that decrease the
functioning of the nervous system
– barbiturates: depressant drugs that have a
sedative effect
– benzodiazepines: drugs that lower anxiety
and reduce stress
– Rohypnol: the “date rape” drug
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Alcohol
LO 4.8 How Stimulants and Depressants Affect Consciousness
AP: Drug Classification
• Alcohol: the chemical resulting from
fermentation or distillation of various kinds
of vegetable matter
– often mistaken for a stimulant, alcohol is
actually a CNS depressant
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Narcotics
LO 4.8 How Stimulants and Depressants Affect Consciousness
AP: Drug Classification
• Narcotics
– opium-related drugs
– suppress the sensation of pain by binding to
and stimulating the nervous system’s natural
receptor sites for endorphins.
 opium: substance made from the opium poppy and
from which all narcotic drugs are derived
 morphine: narcotic drug derived from opium; used
to treat severe pain
 heroin: narcotic drug derived from opium that is
extremely addictive
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hallucinogens
LO 4.9 Dangers of Hallucinogens
AP: Drug Classification
• Hallucinogens: drugs that cause false
sensory messages, altering the perception
of reality
– LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide): powerful
synthetic hallucinogen
– PCP: synthesized drug now used as an
animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant,
depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hallucinogens
LO 4.9 Dangers of Narcotics, Hallucinogens, and Marijuana
AP: Drug Classification
• Hallucinagens (cont’d)
– MDMA (Ecstasy or X): designer drug that can
have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects
– Stimulatory hallucinogenics: drugs that
produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant
and hallucinogenic effects
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Marijuana
LO 4.9 Dangers of Narcotics, Hallucinogens, and Marijuana
AP: Drug Classification
– marijuana (pot or weed): mild hallucinogen
derived from the leaves and flowers of a
particular type of hemp plant
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hallucinations
LO 4.10 How Can the Workings of Our Consciousness Explain “Supernatural” Visitations?
• Hypnogogic hallucination: hallucination
that can occur just as a person is entering
N1 sleep
• Hypnopompic hallucination: hallucination
that happens just as a person is in the
between-state of being in REM sleep (in
which the voluntary muscles are
paralyzed) and not yet fully awake
Psychology, Fourth Edition, AP Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
© 2015, 2012, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.