Download Notes Combined Chapters 9 and 10

Chapter 9- A New National Identity
Main Idea 1: The United States and Great Britain settled their disputes over boundaries and control of waterways.
**Know the name of the treaty and what was settled.
 Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) -limited naval power on Great Lakes for both. United States and British Canada
both wanted naval and fishing rights on the Great Lakes.
 Convention of 1818 allowed U.S. fishing off Canada and set the border between the United States and Canada
at the 49th parallel as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
 United States and Britain agreed to share Pacific Northwest and share fur trading rights in Oregon
Main Idea 2: The United States gained Florida in an agreement with Spain.
**Be able to tell the story of how we forced the Spanish to give us Florida.
 Conflict with Spain over American settlers near the U.S.–Florida border. Also a conflict with the Seminoles over
raids of U.S. settlements and runaway slaves.
 President James Monroe sent troops to secure the border.
The First Seminole War and the Adams-Onís Treaty
1. Jackson’s troops captured Seminole raiders = First Seminole War in 1818.
2. U.S. troops captured Spanish military posts and overthrew Spanish governor of Florida.
3. Spain and United States signed Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819.
4. United States received East Florida, gave up claim to Texas, and agreed to pay U.S. citizens’ claims against Spain.
Main Idea 3: With the Monroe Doctrine, the United States strengthened its relationship with Latin America.
**This influences how we behave in the world from 1820 to present day. We see ourselves as the protector of the
world’s democracies. Be able to very clearly explain Monroe Doctrine in detail!!!!
 Latin American colonies declared independence from Spain. Simon Bolívar led many of these revolutions. The
USA feared European countries would take control of newly free countries.
 USA issued Monroe Doctrine, warning European powers not to interfere in Americas, putting Latin America in
U.S. sphere of protection.
The Monroe Doctrine: Four Basic Points
1. The United States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations.
2. The United States would recognize, and not interfere with, European colonies that already existed in the
Americas.
3. The Western Hemisphere was to be off-limits to future colonization by any foreign power.
4. The United States would consider any European power’s attempt to colonize or interfere with nations in the
Western Hemisphere to be a hostile act.
Chapter 9 Section 2-Nationalism and Sectionalism
Main Idea 1: Growing nationalism led to improvements in the nation’s transportation systems.
**The War of 1812 showed us how important it was to be able to control our trade and protect our economy from
outside influence-that is what the American System is all about. We wanted to make sure no one could ever cut off
our trade again like the British had done with the blockades.
 Nationalism: feelings of pride and loyalty to a nation.
 Henry Clay (KY) proposed the American System: a series of measures to make America economically selfsufficient.
1. National bank with a single currency
2. Improved roads and canals so we can trade within our country’s borders funded by a protective tariff
3. Clay’s loose interpretation of the Constitution- argued that possible gains for the country justified
federal action.
Roads and Canals
National Roads- Cumberland Road was first federally built road. Begun in Maryland in 1815, stretched to Illinois by 1850
Canals- Americans tried to make water transportation easier by building canals that flowed the directions that rivers
didn’t. Erie Canal ran from Albany to Buffalo in New York, allowing goods and people to move between East Coast and
towns on Lake Erie.
Era of Good Feelings: time of national unity, peace, prosperity, and progress from 1815–1825
Main Idea 2: The Missouri Compromise settled an important regional conflict.
 Sectionalism, or disagreements between different regions, threatened the Union.
 Missouri applied to enter Union as slave state, which would change balance between free and slave states.
 Henry Clay -Missouri Compromise -1820
 Missouri would enter as slave state.
 Maine would join Union as a free state, preserving balance between free and slave states.
 Slavery would be prohibited in any new states or territories north of latitude 36°30’.
 Disagreements between the North and South over slavery continued.
Main Idea 3: The outcome of the election of 1824 led to controversy.
1. Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not have enough electoral votes.
2. The House of Representatives chose the winner; they chose John Quincy Adams.
3. Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay to get votes.
4. Accusations grew after Adams made Clay secretary of state.
5. Controversy weakened John Quincy Adams’s support.
American Culture ch9- section 3
The Big Idea- As the United States grew, developments in many cultural areas contributed to the creation of a new
American identity and style of art and literature.
Main Ideas
1. American writers created a new style of literature with American characters, settings and themes.
2. A new style of art showcased the beauty of American nature and its people.
3. American ideals influenced other aspects of culture, including religious revivals and spiritual music.
4. Architecture and public education were affected by cultural ideals.
Jacksonian Democracy Chapter 10
Main Idea 1: Democracy expanded in the 1820s as more Americans held the right to vote.
1. America changed fast in the early 1800s.
2. Large-scale factories replaced workshops in the North.
3. Small family farms gave way to cotton plantations in the South.
4. Wealth was concentrated among fewer people. Many ordinary Americans believed the wealthy were tightening
their grip on power in the United States.
5. Small farmers, frontier settlers, and slaveholders backed Andrew Jackson in the election of 1828. They believed
he would defend the rights of common people and the slave states.
Voting Reforms
1. Democratic reform made voting reform possible.
2. Many states lowered or eliminated the property ownership requirement for men to be eligible to vote.
3. Political parties held nominating conventions, which allowed party members, not just leaders, to select
candidates.
4. The period of expanding democracy in the 1820s and 1830s was called Jacksonian democracy.
Election of 1828- Jackson vs. Adams
• Democratic Party arose from Jackson’s supporters.
• Backers of President John Quincy Adams called National Republicans.
• Jackson chose John C. Calhoun as running mate.
• Jackson portrayed as war hero who had been born poor and worked to succeed.
• Adams was Harvard graduate and son of the second president.
• Jackson defeated Adams, winning a record number of popular votes.
Main Idea 2: Jackson’s victory in the election of 1828 marked a change in American politics.
Jackson’s Inauguration- Supporters saw Jackson victory as win for common people.
Spoils System- Jackson rewarded political backers with government jobs, called spoils system, from “to the victor
belong the spoils of the enemy.”
Martin Van Buren-One of Jackson’s closet advisors and member of his Kitchen Cabinet.
Kitchen Cabinet- Jackson relied on an informal group of trusted advisers who met sometimes in White House kitchen.
Jackson’s Administration Chapter 10 section 2
Main Idea 1: Regional differences grew during Jackson’s presidency.
• North-Economy based on manufacturing-Support for tariffs—American goods could be sold at lower prices than
British goods
• South-Economy based on agriculture-Opposition to tariffs increased the cost of imported goods
• West -Emerging economy-Support for internal improvements and the sale of public lands
Tariff of Abominations
 In 1827, northern manufacturers demanded a tariff on imported wool goods. Would provide protection against
foreign competition. Congress passed a high tariff on imports before Jackson became president.
 The South called it the Tariff of Abominations because it would hurt their economy.
Main Idea 2: The rights of the states were debated amid arguments about a national tariff.
 The question of an individual state’s right to disregard a law passed by Congress was at the heart of a growing
conflict over tariffs.
 Vice President John C. Calhoun supported the South
 Advanced states’ rights doctrine- The States’ power is greater than federal power because states had
formed national government, therefore, states could nullify, or reject, federal law judged
unconstitutional.
 Calhoun’s theory was controversial and produced the nullification crisis.
States’ Rights Debate
1. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-99 were early discussions on states’ rights.
2. Daniel Webster argued in the Senate on nullification -He argued that the United States was one nation, not a
pact among independent states.
3. Jackson urged Congress to pass lower tariff rate in 1832. He opposed nullification, but was worried about the
southern economy.
4. South Carolina enacted Nullification Act to void tariffs.
5. Congress then passed another lower-tariff compromise.
Main Idea 3: Jackson’s attack on the Bank sparked controversy.
 Jackson did not always support federal power. He opposed Second Bank of the United States. He believed it
unconstitutional: only states should have banking power. Southern states opposed the Bank because they
believed it only helped the wealthy.
 In McCulloch v. Maryland, Supreme Court ruled the national bank was constitutional.
 Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Bank’s charter in 1832.
Main Idea 4: Jackson’s policies led to the Panic of 1837.
 Jackson took funds out of the Bank and put them in state banks.
 State banks used funds to give credit to land buyers. Helped land expansion but caused inflation
 Jackson tried to slow inflation. Ordered Americans to use only gold and silver to buy land. Still did not help the
national economy
 Jackson’s banking and inflation policies opened the door for economic troubles.
Elections of 1836 and 1840
 Jackson chose not to run again in 1836; Vice President Martin Van Buren was nominated.
 Van Buren defeated four candidates nominated by the new Whig Party.
 A severe economic depression called the Panic of 1837 followed the election.
 People blamed Van Buren even though Jackson’s economic policies had contributed to the panic.
 Van Buren was defeated in 1840 by Whig candidate William Henry Harrison.
Chapter 10 Section 3: Indian Removal
Main Idea 1: The Indian Removal Act authorized the relocation of Native Americans to the West.
1. Native Americans had long lived in settlements stretching from Georgia to Mississippi. Jackson and other
political leaders wanted to open land to settlement by American farmers.
2. Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The act authorized the removal of Native Americans living east
of Mississippi to lands in the West.
3. Congress then established the Indian Territory. Native Americans would be moved to land in present-day
Oklahoma.
4. Congress approved the creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs to manage removal.
Native American Removal
 Choctaw-First to be sent to Indian Territory. 7.5 million acres of their land taken by Mississippi. One-fourth died
on the way.
 Creek - Resisted but were captured and forced to march to Indian Territory.
 Chickasaw- Negotiated treaty for better supplies, but many died.
Main Idea 2: Cherokee resistance to removal led to disagreement between Jackson and the Supreme Court.
Cherokee Nation
• Cherokees adopted white culture, had own government and a writing system developed by Sequoya.
• Georgia took their land, and Cherokees sued the state.
• Supreme Court ruled in the Cherokees’ favor in Worcester v. Georgia, but President Jackson sided with Georgia
and took no action to enforce the ruling. This violated his presidential oath to uphold the laws of the land.
• Trail of Tears- In 1838, U.S. troops forced Cherokees on 800-mile march to Indian Territory. One-fourth of
18,000 Cherokees died.
Main Idea 3: Other Native Americans resisted removal with force.
 Chief Black Hawk of the Fox and Sauk fought rather than leave Illinois.
 He was eventually forced to leave, after running out of food and supplies.
 Osceola led his followers in the Second Seminole War in Florida.
 Hundreds of Seminoles, including Osceola were killed, and some 4,000 Seminoles were removed
 Small groups of Seminole resisted removal, and their descendants live in Florida today.