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TR 4-52
MHR • Sustaining Earth’s Ecosystems
12
■ UNIT 4 REVIEW ANSWERS, p. 544–549
Visualizing Key Ideas
1. You may wish to provide students with
BLM 4-41, Visualizing Key Ideas, to answer
this question.
Energy Transfered
by Waves
Energy Transfered
by Circulation
Conduction
Radiation
Convection
Transferred
through...
Occurs in materials
such as
COPPER
_______________
STEEL
and ____________
Energy Transfered
through
WAVES
_______________
Occurs in
LIQUIDS
_______________
Thermal energy is
transfered by
collisions between
PARTICLES
_______________
Types
Energy Transfered
by Contact
Examples
Living Things
Solar radiation
heats
EARTH’S
____________
SURFACE
____________
GASES
and ____________
Currents in the
atmosphere
move
AIR/GASES
____________
around
Currents in the
mantle move
SOFT, PARTIALLY
____________
MOLTEN ROCK
____________
around
Using Key Terms
2. (a) True
(b) True
(c) False. Most forms of electromagnetic radiation are invisible to the naked eye.
(d) False. Humans live in a layer of Earth’s
atmosphere called the troposphere.
(e) False. The unit kilopascal is used in
weather forecasting to indicate the pressure
of an area.
(f) True
(g) True
(h) False. The natural greenhouse effect makes
Earth warm enough for human life.
(i) Note: You may wish to delete this question.
(j) False. A carbon sink absorbs carbon in the
atmosphere.
(k) True
(l) True
(m)False. Tectonic plates move over a partly
melted layer of rock called the
asthenosphere.
(n) False. Trenches form at convergent plate
boundaries.
(o) False. Earthquakes occur because of a sudden release of energy between tectonic
plates.
(p) True
Checking Concepts
3. Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit
4. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from an
area of high thermal energy to an area of
lower thermal energy. Thermal energy is the
total energy of all the particles in a sample of
matter.
5. Electromagnetic radiation is the transfer of
energy by waves radiating from a source.
6. Students’ answers will vary but may include
heat waves distort the atmosphere, infrared
radiation can melt ice, night-vision goggles
identify heat signatures, etc.
7. Troposphere
8. Changes in temperature and composition
9. Insolation is the measure of the amount of
incoming solar radiation reaching Earth’s
surface.
10. Cool, clear weather
11. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted
by the mass of air above any point on Earth’s
surface.
12. There is a smaller mass of air above any point
to exert pressure.
13. (a) Deflects winds to the left (when viewed
from the South Pole)
(b) Deflects winds to the right (when viewed
from the North Pole)
14. Note: You may wish to delete (d).
(a) Warm front
(b) Stationary front
(c) Cold front
15. Climate
16. (a) Paleoclimatologists
(b) Fossils, sediments, tree rings, glacial
evidence
17. Any three of: Earth’s rotation, revolution, and
wobble; water cycle; ocean currents; carbon
cycle; catastrophic events
18. Rotation, revolution, and wobble
19. (a) An unusually warm layer of water moving
eastward in the Pacific Ocean
(b) At the equator in the Pacific Ocean
20. A carbon sink absorbs carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere.
21. (a) Any three of: carbon dioxide, water vapour,
methane, ozone, halocarbons
(b) They absorb and emit heat in the
atmosphere.
22. GCMs are used to simulate the complex interactions of the atmosphere and climate by using
computers.
23. Mantle
Sustaining Earth’s Ecosystems
24.
25.
26.
27.
Continental and oceanic
Lava
(a)W; (b) S; (c) R; (d) Q; (e) T; (f) V
Continental drift theory suggests the continents were once all together in a single giant
land mass but have moved to their present
locations.
28. At a hot spot, one plate slides over the top of a
magma source. At a subduction zone, one
plate slides over the top of another.
29. Seismometer or seismograph
Understanding Key Ideas
30. Celsius
31. Molecules come in contact with each other,
transferring energy.
32. Molecules in a solid are closer together,
making contact more likely, which transfers
thermal energy.
33. At sea level, there is a greater amount of
atmosphere over the surface, but at high
altitudes there is less atmosphere.
34. About 34ºC cooler
35. A biogeoclimatic zone is a region with a
certain type of plant life, soil, geography, and
climate.
36. Earth’s wobble, a change in Earth’s axis of
rotation will affect the angle of incidence of
the Sun’s rays and thus the intensity of solar
heating.
37. Volcanoes and earthquakes are associated with
plate boundaries in locations where plates collide, spread apart, and slide past one another.
38. An increase in the amount of ultraviolet
radiation reaching Earth
39. Coal forms from the burial and decomposition
of tropical swamp material. Tropical swamps
can occur only in warm areas. Places with coal
deposits must have originated in warm areas.
Antarctica must have once been closer to the
equator.
40. (a) Radioactive decay heats mantle material.
This material reaches the surface through
volcanism.
(b) The Sun heats the molecules in the atmosphere. The Sun heats Earth’s surface which
heats the air through conduction.
(c) Energy left from Earth’s formation
continues to heat subsurface material.
41. (i) Water can move in circular currents.
(ii) Gases in the atmosphere can flow in
circular currents.
42.
43.
44.
45.
12 • MHR
TR 4-53
(iii)Soft, ductile mantle material can flow in
circular currents.
(iv) No, there is no material that can flow in
currents.
Slab pull occurs at subduction zones, where a
part of a plate dives into the mantle, pulling
the plate material behind down with it. Ridge
push occurs at spreading ridges, where mantle
material reaching the surface pushes plates
apart.
Note: Have students change the wording of
this question to: “Compare the formation of a
composite volcano to that of a shield volcano.”
Composite volcanoes form at subduction
boundaries, where material from the subducting plate rises to the surface. Shield volcanoes
form over hot spots, which are weak parts of
lithospheric plates where magma breaks
through.
Students’ answers will vary but should include
examples such as changes in water supply,
change in biomes, increase in average
temperatures, etc.
(a) Location A is continental crust, which is
thicker than B, oceanic crust.
(b) C
(c) Crust at A and D would be the same age.
They were previously together.
(d) C, mid-ocean ridge
46.
Weather
Both
Climate
Atmospheric conditions
in a specific area over
a short period of time
– Occurs in
atmosphere
– Affects life
on Earth
Atmospheric
conditions
over a 30
year period
47. Global warming is associated with the introduction of immense quantities of greenhouse gases,
from fossil fuels, in the last 150 years. The natural greenhouse effect is due to the natural presence of greenhouse gases produced by decay of
organisms, respiration, weathering, etc.
48. If large amounts of ash were sent into the
atmosphere, sunlight would be blocked in the
lower atmosphere and reflected in the upper
atmosphere.
49. In summer, Earth is tilted toward the Sun,
with the Sun’s rays hitting the surface more
directly (closer to 90 degrees). In winter, the
northern hemisphere is tilted away from the
Sun and the angle of incidence is greater,
resulting in lower temperatures.
50. Earth’s rotation
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12
Thinking Critically
51. The molecules in a solid are closer together
(more tightly packed, denser) than in a liquid,
which makes it easier to transfer energy by
contact.
52. Students’ answers will vary, but an acceptable
answer would be cold air coming down from
the north.
53. Students’ answers will vary but may include:
Economic: changes in fisheries, forestry,
wildlife, drought, famine, etc.
Social: mass migration caused by drought and
famine, etc.
Environmental: change in biomes, increased
sea level resulting in loss of land,
desertification, etc.
54. Venus has a thicker atmosphere with 100 percent cloud cover.
55. Plates would stop moving, and earthquakes
and volcanoes would stop.
56. Examples can be found in Table 11.2 on
page 493 of the student book.
(c)
Wind is caused by air flowing from high pressure to low pressure
Its direction is influenced by Earth’s rotation
1004
1008
1012
1000
996
992
H
(b)
988
L
984
doldrums
equator
59. Sample answer: Convection in the mantle →
rising material pushes plates apart → moving
plates collide with other plates at subduction
zones → plunging plate melts into mantle continuing the cycle
60.
Hawaiian Island Chain
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
Developing Skills
57. (a) 7 min (b) ~12.5 min (c) ~3500 km
58. (a)
30°N
northeast
trade winds
Age (millions of years)
TR 4-54
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Distance from Kilauea
(b) Age increases with distance northwest from
Kilauea.
(c) ~8 million years
(d) 10.3 cm/year
Applying Your Understanding
61. C
62. C
63. B and C are both true.
64. B
65. C
Pause and Reflect Answer
Students’ concept maps will vary. Accept all reasonable maps. Some students may organize their points
into short-term phenomena (today’s highest temperature, amount of rain over the summer, etc.) and longterm phenomena (increasing average global
temperature, increasing number of droughts) and
show connections through conduction, convection,
and radiation.
Sustaining Earth’s Ecosystems
UNIT 4 BLACKLINE MASTERS
BLM 4-1, Unit 4 Summary
BLM 4-2, Unit 4 Words to Know
BLM 4-3, Thermal Energy Transfer
BLM 4-4, Heating the Air
BLM 4-5, Conduction in Action
BLM 4-6, Coloured Convection Currents
BLM 4-7, Five Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere
BLM 4-8, Radiation Budget
BLM 4-9, Atmospheric Pressure and Density
BLM 4-10, Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
Review
BLM 4-11, Albedo and Colour
BLM 4-12, Build a Barometer
BLM 4-13, Chapter 10 Quiz
BLM 4-14, Biogeoclimatic Zones Map
BLM 4-15, Biogeoclimatic Zones of British
Columbia
BLM 4-16, Historic Concentrations of CO2 in the
Atmosphere
BLM 4-17, Where Does Carbon Dioxide Go?
BLM 4-18, Global Warming and Severe Weather
BLM 4-19, Life Affecting Climate
BLM 4-20, Climate Feedback Loops
BLM 4-21, Global Warming and the Gulf Stream
BLM 4-22, The Ocean’s Currents
BLM 4-23, Climate Zones and Seasons
BLM 4-24, Temperature and Angle of Incidence
BLM 4-25, Albedos for Different Materials
BLM 4-26, Potential Effects of Reducing Carbon
Dioxide
BLM 4-27, Public Perception of the Risks of Climate
Change
BLM 4-28, Put Yourself in the Future
BLM 4-29, Weather and Canadian Economy
BLM 4-30, Reducing Carbon Dioxide
BLM 4-31, Calculating Carbon Emissions
BLM 4-32, Chapter 11 Quiz
BLM 4-33, Evidence for Continental Drift Review
BLM 4-34, Piecing Together Pangaea
BLM 4-35, Tectonic Plate Boundaries
BLM 4-36, The Path of Seismic Waves
BLM 4-37, Features of Plate Tectonics Review
BLM 4-38, Time-Distance Graph for Seismographs
BLM 4-39, Chapter 12 Quiz
BLM 4-40, Unit 4 Test
BLM 4-41, Visualizing Key Ideas
BLM 4-42, Unit 4 BLM Answers
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TR 4-55