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C o n t en t s
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
A Note on Transliteration xxxi
Chronology xxxiii
Thematic Table of Contents xli
List of Maps lvii
1. The Eighteenth Century: Ferment and Change 1
The Reorganization of Political Power 2
Aurangzeb: Letters to His Sons 4
Shah Wali-Allah: The Urgency of Political Instability 5
Iradat Khan: Decay at the Center of the Empire 7
Rebelling Against the Mughals: The Sikhs 8
Muhammad Qasim on Banda Bahadur’s Sikh Army 9
The Sikh Religious Code: Lives of Discipline and Devotion 10
Marathas: Courtiers, Rebels, Raiders, and State Builders 11
The History of Khafi Khan and the Story of Tara Bai 12
Ahilya Bai Holkar: A Maratha Woman Ruler 13
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The Marathas as Raiders: A Bengali Perspective 14
Forts and War: The Essential Features of Any Kingdom 15
The Reality of War for a Common Soldier 16
The Chronicle of Bhausahib: Defeat in 1761 of the Marathas at Panipat 16
Tipu Sultan: Visionary Ruler of Mysore 18
The Influence of Commerce 20
Bankers and Traders: The Powers Behind the Thrones 21
“Business Men are the Glory and Ornament of the Kingdom” 22
Ananda Ranga Pillai: Merchant and Agent of the French 23
Ghulam Husain Khan: The Nawab of Bengal, the Marathas,
and the Jagat Seths 24
Abu Talib: Cultural Comparisons, India Versus the West 26
On the Margins of Power 27
The Sannyasi Uprising 28
Himmat Bahadur, the People’s Hero 29
Religious Expressions, Devotional and Intellectual 30
Ramprasad Sen: Singing to the Goddess in Bengal 31
The Poetry of Nagaridas: Krishna Devotion in Vrindavan 33
Tyagaraja: Telegu Composer and Poet 35
Dayaram of Gujarat: Unchanging Devotion in a Changing World 37
Muddupalani: A Telegu Poet Advises Krishna How to Make Love 39
Shah Abd ul-Latif: Sufism in Sindh 41
Bullhe Shah: Neither Hindu nor Muslim 43
Waris Shah: Mystics and Lovers 45
Khwaja Mir Dard: Pain and Poetry 46
Shah Wali Allah and the Reconciliation of Difference 46
A General Approach to Legal Interpretation 47
The Causes for Disagreement Among the Schools of the Jurists 48
The Need for a Religion Which Abrogates the Other Religions 49
“Revolution in Bengal”: The East India Company 51
The Nawab of Bengal: “I Have No Remedy” 52
Richard Becher: “This Fine Country is Verging towards its Ruin” 53
Shah Abd ul-Aziz: Islam in Danger 54
Harsukh Rai’s Epitaph for the Eighteenth Century:
Recognition of the Winners and Losers 55
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2. The Early to Mid Nineteenth Century: Debates Over Reform and
Challenge to Empire 57
Henry Derozio: Poet and Educator 60
Letter Protesting His Dismissal 61
Poem to India 62
The Decision to Introduce English Education 62
Sir William Jones: The Orientalist Viewpoint 63
Preface to the Grammar of the Persian Language 64
Rammohan Roy and the Uselessness of Orientalist Policies 65
A Letter on Education 67
Thomas Babington Macaulay and the Case for English Education 68
Speech to Parliament on the Government of India Bill 68
The Minute on Education 69
Rammohan Roy: Pioneer in East-West Exchange 72
How the British Took Control of India 73
The Need for a More Humane Morality and a Purer Mode of Worship 73
Hinduism Is Not Inferior to Christianity 74
In Defense of Hindu Women 75
For Freedom of the Press 77
The Future of India 78
Ishvarchandra Vidyasagar: Social Reformer and Champion of Women’s
Rights 79
Arguments for the Compassionate Treatment of Girls and Women 80
Nilakantha Goreh: A Traditional Pandit Takes on the Missionaries 83
Doubts Concerning Christianity 84
Rassundari Devi: The First Bengali Autobiographer Looks
Back on a Restricted Life 86
Learning to Read 86
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Bibi Ashraf: A Young Muslim Girl Struggles to Educate Herself 90
Learning to Write 91
Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib: Do Not Worship the Dead 94
Refusing Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan 94
The Indian Rebellion of 1857: Deliberations, Fatalities,
and Consequences 96
An Attempted Mughal Restoration: The Azamgarh Proclamation 98
The Rani of Jhansi: An Eyewitness Account 101
Bahadur Shah: The Last Days of the Last Mughal Emperor 106
Ghalib’s Delhi Diary: Storm and Turmoil 108
Bahadur Shah’s Defense 109
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation, November 1, 1858 110
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan on the Causes of the Mutiny 112
Can Muslims Live in a Christian State? Ulema Who Speak for the
British in 1871 116
Sir William Wilson Hunter: Decisions of Ulema in Mecca, Lucknow,
and Rampur 117
3. The Later Nineteenth Century: Leaders of Reform and Revival 120
Debendranath Tagore: Renewer of the Brahmo Samaj 122
The Conflict Between Sanskritic and Western Education 123
The Call to Renunciation, and a Decisive Dream 124
The Brahmo Samaj and Its Relation to Orthodox Hinduism 125
Keshab Chandra Sen and the Indianization of Christianity 126
Loyalty to the British Nation 128
The Asiatic Christ 129
An Indian National Church 130
A New Sacramental Ceremony 131
Dayanand Sarasvati: Vedic Revivalist 131
Awakening Against Idolatry 132
Critique of Islam 132
A Debate with a Christian 134
The Virtues of Europeans 135
Against the Hindu Reform Movements of the Nineteenth Century 136
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Shri Ramakrishna: Mystic and Spiritual Teacher 136
The First Encounter with Kali 137
Meeting Jesus 138
The Deification of Ramakrishna’s Wife 139
With the Brahmo Samaj 140
Swami Vivekananda: Hindu Missionary to the West 141
Sisters and Brothers of America 142
Man Is God 143
Image Worship Has a Place 143
The Kindergartens of Religion 144
Vivekananda and His Master 144
The Origins, Rationale, and Degradation of Caste 145
India and the West 146
Modern India 146
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan: Enlightened Islam in a British Context 147
Lessons from London 149
The Importance of Modern Western Education 150
Hindu-Muslim Peaceful Coexistence Possible Only Under British Rule 151
Amir Ali and “The Spirit of Islam” 152
Islam as an Ethical Spirit That Is Beneficial for Women 153
Mahadev Govind Ranade: Pioneer Maharashtrian Reformer 156
Revivalism Versus Reform 157
Jotirao Phule: Radical Reformer 160
The Tyranny of a Brahman-Dominated History 161
Letter to Mahadev Govind Ranade 164
Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati: Pioneering Feminist and Reformer 165
The Plight of Indian Women 166
An Autobiographical Account 169
Tarabai Shinde and a Feminist Defense of Women 171
The Treachery of Men 171
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D. K. Karve and Anandibai Karve: Living with Widow Remarriage 173
Marrying a Widow: Memoirs 174
Ashraf Ali Thanawi: Instructing the Respectable Muslim Woman 177
The Evils of Going Out 177
Nagendrabala Dasi and the New Companionate Marriage 180
Advice for a New Patriarchy 181
4. Liberal Social and Political Thought in the Late Nineteenth and Early
Twentieth Century: The Moderates 183
Dadabhai Naoroji: Architect of Indian Nationalism 187
The Pros and Cons of British Rule 188
The Blessings of British Rule 191
The Moral Impoverishment of India 192
Sir Surendranath Banerjea: Bengali Moderate 194
The Need for Indian Unity 195
Faith in England 197
Faith in Social Progress 198
Mahadev Govind Ranade: Economic Proposals 199
India’s Need: State Guidance of Economic Development 199
Hindu-Muslim Cooperation 202
Gopal Krishna Gokhale: Servant of India 203
Taxation Without Representation 204
Improving the Lot of Low-Caste Hindus 205
The Servants of India Society 208
Romesh Chunder Dutt: Pioneer Economic Historian 210
The Causes of India’s Poverty 211
Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan: An Anti-Congress Speech 216
The Indian National Congress as a Danger and a Folly 216
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Badruddin Tyabji and Rahmatullah Sayani: Why Muslims Should Join
the Congress 224
The Congress Presidential Address by Tyabji 225
The Congress Presidential Address of Sayani 229
Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain: A Feminist Utopia and the Challenge to
Women’s Seclusion 237
Men in the Zenana 238
The Secluded Ones: Stories of Purdah 240
Cornelia Sorabji: India’s First Woman Barrister 241
Advocating for Women 242
Sarojini Naidu: Congress Nightingale and Champion of Women’s
Rights 246
Equality of Sexes 247
5. Radical Politics and Cultural Criticism, 1880–1914:
The Extremists 250
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee: Nationalist Author 252
Hail to the Mother 254
Bal Gangadhar Tilak: “Father of Indian Unrest” 262
The Gita Versus the Penal Code 264
The Tenets of the New Party 265
Agitation Against the Bengal Partition and for Swadeshi:
The Position of Surendranath Banerjea 268
Swadeshi in the Air 268
Aurobindo Ghose: Mystic Patriot 271
The Doctrine of Passive Resistance 272
The Morality of Boycott 279
Nationalism Is the Work of God 280
India’s Mission: The Resurrection of Hinduism 281
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Sarala Devi Chaudhurani and the Revival of
Revolutionary Feeling 282
Reminiscences Political and Personal 283
The Development of Linguistic Consciousness: Hindi vs. Urdu 287
[Vakil Ratnachand]: Hindi and Urdu in the Courtroom 287
Lala Lajpat Rai: “Lion of the Punjab” 289
An Open Letter to Sayyid Ahmad Khan 291
Reform Versus Revival 293
The Coming Political Struggle 294
Untouchability Must Go 296
Addressing the British Public 297
Why India Is in Revolt Against British Rule 299
Rabindranath Tagore: Poet, Educator, and India’s
Ambassador to the World 301
“The Exercise Book” 303
Tagore’s Congress “Presidential Address” 307
“The Problem of India” 310
Where the Mind Is Without Fear 313
The Renunciation of Renunciation 314
To Yone Noguchi 314
The Sunset of the Century 317
Muhammad Iqbal: Poet and Philosopher of Islam 318
Songs for Children 320
Indian Song 321
Song of the Religious Community 321
Love 322
Time 323
Muslims Are One in Soul 323
The Need for Understanding Islam in the Light of Modern Knowledge 324
From Prophecy to Individual Judgment of One’s Inner and
Outer Experience 325
Muslim Legislatures as a Means for the Evolution of Islamic Law 326
Fragments from Kashmir 327
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Art for the Nation 328
Art and Swadeshi: The Contribution of Ananda Coomaraswamy 329
Swadeshi: True and False 329
The “Oriental Art” of Abanindranath Tagore 332
When Artists Can Take Liberty 332
The Death-knell of Orientalist Art: Amrita Sher-Gil and
the “True” India 335
My Destiny as a Painter 335
6. Mahatma Gandhi and Responses 338
Writings of Mahatma Gandhi
Hind Swaraj and the Proper Relationship Between Means and End,
Power, and Freedom 345
A Disagreement with B. G. Tilak Over Swaraj 349
Gandhi Before the British: At the Disorders Inquiry
Committee of 1920 350
The Crime of Chauri Chaura 355
The Great Trial: March 1922 357
Constructive Work in the Mid 1920s 360
Hindu-Muslim Tension, Its Cause and Cure:
Tired of Non-Violence 360
Untouchability and Swaraj 362
The Sin of Untouchability 363
Untouchability, Women, and Swaraj 364
The Salt Satyagraha of 1930: The Letter to Lord Irwin 365
From the Gandhi-Irwin Pact to Quit India 369
Gandhi’s Responses to India’s Civil War in His Last Year 371
True Altruism 375
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Responses to Gandhi
The Heir Apparent: Jawaharlal Nehru 376
“Be Not Afraid” 377
Salt, the Word of Power 381
Sarojini Naidu: Colleague and Devotee 384
The First Meeting 384
The Rowlatt Bills Controversy 385
Gandhi—My Master 386
The Challenge of Rabindranath Tagore 387
Non-Cooperation as Political Asceticism 388
“The Call of Truth”: Tagore’s Critique of Gandhi 390
“The Great Sentinel”: Gandhi’s Response to Tagore 393
Communist Responses to Gandhi 396
M. N. Roy’s Analysis of Gandhi’s “Reactionary” Movement 398
Rajani Palme Dutt: An Indian Communist’s View from Britain 402
Muslim Responses to the Mahatma: Mohamed and Shaukat Ali—Allies
Then Adversaries 407
Mohamed Ali: To Self-Government Through Hindu-Muslim Unity,
Nonviolence, and Sacrifice 409
Mohandas Gandhi: Response to the Ali Brothers’ Critique 411
Terrorism Versus Non-violence 414
A Manifesto Against Gandhi, the Impossible Visionary 415
Gandhi’s Reply: The Cult of the Bomb 416
Kartar Singh’s Rejoinder: “The Philosophy of the Bombs” 418
The Gandhi-Ambedkar Debate 421
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar: The Evils of Caste 423
Mohandas Gandhi: Responses to Dr. Ambedkar’s Indictment 426
Periyar Responds to Gandhi on Caste 429
On How Gandhi’s Program Initially Differed from Those of Other Congress
Leaders 430
On Gandhi’s Lunacy or Strategy to Build Consensus at the Cost
of Compromising His Commitment to Social Reform 431
On Gandhi’s Apotheosis and Assassination 431
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Subhas Chandra Bose: Fervent Nationalist and Socialist 432
The Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Indian History 434
Address to Mahatma Gandhi Over the Rangoon Radio on July 6, 1944 437
Nathuram Godse: Gandhi’s Assassin 439
Trial Speech 440
Nirad Chaudhuri’s Critique of Gandhi’s Non-Violence 443
The Old and New Militarisms of Hindu History 444
Jayaprakash Narayan: From Marxist to Gandhian 446
A Plea for a Communitarian Polity and Economy 448
7. To Independence and Partition 453
The Congress-Muslim League Scheme of Reforms,
or Lucknow Pact, 1916 462
Sarojini Naidu: Hindus, Muslims, and Indian Unity 466
In Support of the Lucknow Pact 466
For the Evolution of National Life 467
Rabindranath Tagore on Hindus and Muslims 469
A Letter to Kalidas Nag 469
The Bengal Pact: A Provincial Effort at Communal Rapprochement,
1923–1924 471
Lala Lajpat Rai: A Plan to Divide the Punjab and Bengal 473
The Hindu-Muslim Problem, 1924 473
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: Hindu Nationalist 483
The Glories of the Hindu Nation 484
Muhammad Iqbal: Political Spokesman for India’s Muslims 488
A Separate State for Muslims Within India 488
Letters to Jinnah 491
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Choudhary Rahmat Ali: Giving a Name to Pakistan 494
“The Fatherland of the Pak Nation” 494
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Founder of Pakistan 496
“We Have to Live Together . . . We Have to Work Together” 499
Hindus and Muslims: Two Separate Nations 500
The Push Toward a New Muslim Nation 503
C. Rajagopalachari’s Approach to Congress-League Settlement,
and the Gandhi-Jinnah Letters, 1944 505
Letter to M. A. Jinnah 505
The Gandhi-Jinnah Correspondence on Rajagopalachari’s Formula 507
G. D. Adhikari and the Views of the Communist Party of India 511
National Unity Now! 511
Subhas Chandra Bose: On the Rani of Jhansi Regiment
and Congress-League Negotiations 518
“The Rani of Jhansi Regiment” 518
On the Gandhi-Jinnah Meeting 520
The Cabinet Mission, May 16, 1946, and Congress’s Response 522
The Last British Offer 522
Congress’s Response to the Plan 527
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Considers Partition 528
Must There Be a Pakistan? 528
Gurbachan Singh and Lal Singh Gyani: The Sikhs’ Dilemma 536
Demanding a Sikh State 537
Sarat Chandra Bose Takes the Lead: Efforts for a United Bengal 542
Proposing a Bengal Free State 543
On the Mountbatten Plan 547
Lord Louis Mountbatten: Negotiations for Independence
and Partition 549
Difficulties with Jinnah and the Imperceptible Nod 550
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Jawaharlal Nehru: The Future Prime Minister of India Reflects 554
“A Time of Trial and Sorrow” 554
Mohandas Gandhi on Partition 556
Speeches at Four Prayer Meetings in June–July, 1947 556
Abul Kalam Azad: Muslim Nationalist 560
The Muslims of India and the Future of India 561
The Steps to Partition 563
Begum Shaista Ikramullah: A Muslim League View of Partition 574
Cherished Encounters with Jinnah 574
Urvashi Butalia: Survivors’ Oral Accounts 583
Stories of Flight, Abduction, and Honor Killing 583
8. Issues in Post-Independence India 591
Giving Birth to the Nation 594
Rabindranath Tagore: India’s National Anthem 594
Prime Minister Nehru: India’s “Tryst with Destiny” 595
Constituent Assembly, 1947–1950 596
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Law Minister 597
Defending the Nation 597
Looking to the Future in Light of the Past 598
The Constitution of India 600
The Unity and Integrity of the Nation 604
V. P. Menon and the Integration of the Indian States 604
The States Reorganization Commission 608
Self-Determination and Succession: Threats to Unity and Integrity 611
Kashmir 611
The Treat y of Amritsar 611
India’s Appeal to the United Nations Securit y Council 613
The Council’s Resolution 614
Article 370 of the Constitution 615
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Sheikh Abdullah: K ashmiri Patriot 615
Home Minister G. B. Pant: Rethinking the Plebiscite 617
Punjab 619
Jarnail Singh Bhindr anwale’s Call “For our Faith, For the Sikh
Nation, For the Oppressed” 619
Nagaland 621
A. Z. Phizo: The Demand for Self-Determination 621
Democracy and Education 624
B. R. Ambedkar: Can Democracy Survive in India? 625
“Anonymous” on Nehru as Possible Dictator 626
The Rule of Indira Gandhi (1966–1977, 1980–1984) and the Emergency: Threats
to Indian Democracy 627
Prime Minister Gandhi: Broadcast to the Nation 628
Prime Minister Gandhi: Promises for the Future and the Twenty-Point Program 630
J. P. Narayan: Total Revolution and Denouncing the Emergency 631
The Shah Commission: Report on the Emergency 633
Children, Education, Labor, and the State 635
Myron Weiner: Dialogues on Education 635
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh: The Fundamental Right of Children to
Elementary Education 638
Amartya Sen: Democracy, Economic Development, and Human Rights 639
Socialism, Economic Development, and Poverty 644
Jawaharlal Nehru’s Vision: Socialism and Its Alternatives 644
Government Action: The First Five-Year Plan, 1952 646
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya: The Fusion of Socialism,
Nationalism, and Art 648
Jagdish Bhagwati: The Results of Government Control of the Economy 649
Nandan Nilekani: India Entering a New Era of Growth 652
Mira Kamdar: Some Despair on Planet India 655
Toward Equality and Social Justice 659
Vinoba Bhave: Get Rid of Institutions 659
Communist Insurgencies: Telangana and Naxalbari 662
Leftward Move of the CPI, and the Telangana Rebellion 662
Uprising in Naxalbari: Declarations of the Revolutionaries 664
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Ranajit Guha and the Subaltern School: Challenging Received
Interpretations 668
Smitu Kothari: The Narmada Movement, National Planning, and Popular
Resistance 670
The Continuing Oppressions of Caste 673
The Mandal Commission and the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) 673
Viramma: The Life of a Rural Dalit Woman 677
Kumud Pawde: A Dalit Women Professor Describes Her Professional Life 681
Kancha Ilaiah: The Shudra Critique of Hindu Cooption 685
Dalit Poems of Resistance, Rejection, and Hope for Reconciliation 688
Seeking Women’s Rights: Fulfilling Constitutional Guarantees 690
Toward Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women 691
Madhu Kishwar: Reality for Women in Politics 696
Asghar Ali Engineer: An Indian Muslim Reformer on the Plight
of Women 698
Muslims in Post-Independence India 700
The Sachar Commission and Indian Muslims 701
Asghar Ali Engineer: A Muslim’s Reactions to Sachar 705
Hindu Nationalism, Communalism, and Secularism 707
Jawaharlal Nehru’s Last Will and Testament 708
S. P. Mookerjee: Hinduism Is “Synonymous with India’s Widest National
Aspirations” 709
The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh: Defining Hindu Nationalism 710
M. S. Golwalkar: The Central Core of Nationhood 711
The Hindu Way of Life 711
Dharma Awakens the Common Inner Bond 712
The Dangers of Muslims, Christians, and Communists 713
Balraj Madhok: The Indianization of All Aspects of National Life 715
Bipan Chandra: What Is Communalism? 717
Mushirul Hasan: Secularism, Communalism, and the Religious Symbol
of the Babri Masjid 718
The BJP Perspective: The Babri Masjid Was a Symbol of Conquest,
Not Religion 719
Sumit Sarkar: Secularism, Nationalism, and the Right to Conversion 720
Arun Shourie: Missionaries in India 722
Cassette Culture and the Provocation of Religious Violence 723
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Partha Chatterjee: Secularism and Tolerance 723
Aijaz Ahmad: The Rise and Power of the Hindu Right 727
Foreign Policy: Sovereignty 732
Prime Minister Nehru: Avoiding Foreign Entanglements 733
Krishna Menon: Bandung, and the Origin and Meaning of the Term
“Non-Alignment” 734
Prime Minister Nehru: The Betrayal of India by the Chinese 736
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi: India and the World 738
Nuclear Power and Foreign Policy: After 1974 742
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi: “Buddha Smiled” 742
Dr. Raja Rasmanna: “Noises of Protest” 744
Prime Minister A. B. Vajpayee: Evolution in India’s Nuclear Policy 745
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh: On the Nuclear Treaty with the
United States 746
Postscript: Who Speaks for India? 748
Amartya Sen and the Indian Plurality of Identities 748
9. Pakistan, 1947 and After: The Struggle for National Identity 750
Birth of a Nation: Literary Reflections by Faiz Ahmad Faiz 753
1947–1958: Parliamentary Democracy and Islamic Identity 756
Visions of Pakistan 759
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: The Vision of Secular Pakistan 759
Liaquat Ali Khan: The Objectives Resolution 762
The Munir Report: Can There Be an Islamic State? 764
Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi: The Islamist Vision of an Islamic System 767
The Kashmir Dispute 774
Prime Minister Chaudhri Muhammad Ali: The Origins of the Dispute 774
Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan: The Cause of Freedom 776
Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan: Pakistan’s Reply to India’s Complaint to
the United Nations 778
Pakistan’s Answer to the Security Council Resolution 780
American Ambassador Horace Hildreth: Pakistan Becomes a “Tolerable Risk” 780
1958–1971: The Hegemony of the Military 783
General Ayub Khan: Why Military Rule Was Necessary for Pakistan 783
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General Ayub Khan: The Conservative Religious Perspective and the Modern
State 785
The Yahya Military Regime and the Separation of East Pakistan 788
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: The Great Tragedy 789
Hasan Zaheer: The Separation of East Pakistan 790
Asif Farrukhi: The 1971 War from a Child’s Perspective in Pakistan 792
1972–1977: Civilian Rule by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Democracy
and Islamic Socialism 795
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Marching Toward Democracy 796
Mahbub ul-Haq: 22 Families Own 66 Percent of Pakistan 797
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: The Myth of Independence 800
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: The Death Cell and History 801
1977–1988: Military Rule and Islamization: The Zia Years 803
General Zia: The Cold War Redux 804
The Women’s Movement in Pakistan 805
The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, 1961 805
Asma Jahangir and Hina Gilani: The Hudood Ordinances, 1979, and Opposition
by Women’s Activists 808
Farida Shaheed and Tahmina Rashid: Women and the Women’s Movement in
Pakistan 810
Kishwar Naheed and Fahmida Riaz: Mothers and Daughters, in Urdu Poetry 812
1988–1999: Restoration of Civilian Rule 815
Benazir Bhutto: The Return to Democracy 815
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif: Nuclear Explosions 816
1999–2008: The Military Rule of General Pervez Musharraf and Its
Later Civilianization 817
President Pervez Musharraf: A General Reflects 818
President Pervez Musharraf: The Symbiosis of Religion and Terrorism 819
Education in Pakistan 821
Shahid Javed Burki: Causes for a Deteriorating Educational System 822
Usman Ali Isani and Latif Virk: Education at All Levels:
The National Reports 823
Pervez Hoodbhoy: Religion, Science, and Education:
The Battle for Rationality 824
A. H. Nayyar: Religious Schools as Alternatives: The Madrasa Issue 826
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2008 and Beyond: Questions of Pakistan’s National Identity 829
10. Bangladesh: Independence and Controversies Over the Fruits
of Freedom 833
Two National Songs 833
Rabindranath Tahore: The National Anthem 834
Kazi Nazrul Islam: “March on, March on, March on!” 834
The Formative Historical Context, 1905–1947 836
Life in East Pakistan, 1947–1971: Moving Toward the Split 838
The Language Movement 839
Dhirendra Nath Dutta’s Historic Plea and Jinnah’s Address in Dhaka 839
Abdul Gaffar Chaudhuri’s Famous Elegy for the February 1952 Martyrs 840
Political Jockeying and the Redressing of Perceived Wrongs: 1952 to 1958 841
The Twenty-One Point Program of the United Front Party 842
The Argument for Joint Electorates 844
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy: Speech Before the Dacca Provincial Assembly 844
The Transition to Military Rule and the Escalation of Bengali
Nationalism: 1958 to 1971 846
Sheikh Mujib: The Awami League’s Six Points 848
Moving Toward Civil War: The Horror, the Victory 850
Jahanar a Imam’s Wartime Diary 852
Poetic Laments: Shamsur R ahman, Jasim Uddin, Sufia K amal 858
After 1971: The Awami League Government and the Failure
of an Ideal 862
Abul Masnur Ahmad: The Lahore Resolution Restored 862
Badruddin Umar: A Leftist Critique of the Constitution 864
Maulana Bhashani: Islamic Socialism and the Example of Mao Tse Tung 866
Nirmalendu Goon: Lamenting the Fall of Sheikh Mujib 868
Military Rule and the Move to Bangladeshi Nationalism, Islamization,
and the Rehabilitation of “Collaborators” 870
Syed Ali Ahsan: The Failed Chance of Pakistan 872
Ziaur Rahman: The Nineteen-point Program 873
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Khondakar Abdul Hamid: Bengali Versus Bangladeshi Nationalism 874
Changes to the Constitution of Bangladesh 876
The Jamaat-e Islami and the Critique of Secularism 878
Ghulam Azam: The Threat of a Secular West Bengal 879
The Defense of Secularism in Bangladesh 882
Maulana Bhashani Warns His Country 883
Anisuzzaman: A Statement for Secularism in Bangladesh 884
The Return to Democracy, and Continuing Challenges for
Civil Society 887
The Chittagong Hill Tracts and the Defiance of “National Integrity” 889
Jana Samhati Samiti: The Chittagong Hill Tracts Guidelines 890
Literary Critiques of Bangladeshi Society 891
Taslima Nasrin and the Injustices of Abuse 891
Humayun Azad: A Prayer for Forgiveness 893
Muhammad Yunus: Micro-credit and the Bangladeshi Miracle 895
Notes 899
Bibliography 909
Credits 925
Index 931
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 6/15/17 9:11 AM
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 6/15/17 9:11 AM