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Energy Conservation 6.P.3A.2 Law of Conservation of Energy • The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed. • Energy can be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Mechanical Energy Transformations • When water is behind a dam, it has potential energy. • The potential energy of the water changes to kinetic energy in the movement of the water as it flows over the dam. Mechanical Energy Transformations • When a rubber band is stretched, kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. • The further back you stretch the rubber band, the greater potential energy, and the more energy that will be transferred as kinetic energy. • When a stretched rubber band is released its potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy as the rubber band moves. Mechanical Energy Transformations • When a book is lifted to a shelf, kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy. • If the book falls off the shelf the potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy. Conserved Energy • Energy is conserved during energy transformations: • Transformations may occur between any of the various types of energy but energy itself is never lost. • The potential energy that a book on a shelf has is from the kinetic energy it took to lift the book to the shelf. Pendulum • A swing pendulum (such as a Newton’s cradle) also demonstrates how energy is conserved as it changes forms. • Kinetic energy is used to pull a ball back; this energy is transformed into potential energy. • The ball is released and the ball swings back toward the other three balls (kinetic energy). • The moving ball strikes the stationary ball and the kinetic energy is transferred from one ball to the next. • The last ball swings away from the others because of the kinetic energy that was transferred to the ball. • If this experiment is repeated by pulling back two balls, then two balls will swing off of the other end. • This shows conservation of energy because one ball has enough potential energy to cause one ball to move; two balls cause two to moves, and so on. Transformations • Although energy is not lost during energy transformations, some is transformed into heat and friction. • This means that all of the potential energy stored in a book is not going to be transformed into kinetic energy.