Download Phylum Cnidaria

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Phylum Cnidaria also called Coelenterata is a phylum containing over
10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic and mostly marine
environments. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells
that are mainly used for capturing the prey.Their bodies consist of mesoglea,
which is a non-living jelly-like substance. They have two basic body forms
swimming medusae and sessile polyps, both are radially symmetrical.
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The phylum Cnidaria are group of aquatic animals. They are large phylum
composed of the most beautiful of the salt and freshwater organisms that
include:
- Jellyfish
- Hydra
- Sea Anemones
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- All are radially symmetrical.
- Has a U-shaped body along with two layers of cells, an outer epidermis, and
an inner gastrodermis layer, which makes them diploblastic.
- Has a fibrous jelly that fills the space between the two layers called
mesoglea.
- Has a simple net-like nervous system and has a single cavity that both serves
as the food consumption and excretion of waste.
Jellyfish
- Jellyfish are semi-transparent and they are only 5% of solid matter and form
the remaining percent is all water.
- Jellyfish live in the sea and are found in all oceans and some even live in
fresh waters. Jellyfish can be large and brightly coloured. Some jellyfish can
be very hard to see and invisible to the naked eye. Jellyfish use their
tentacles to sting. Most are harmless but stings can can kill humans. Jellyfish
are carnivores and feed on plankton, fish eggs, small fish, and other jellyfish.
Both the tentacles and mouth are located on the bottom
Hydra
Hydra are small aquatic animals. Most hydra are tiny, reaching a
maximum of only 30 mm long. They are barely visible to the naked eye. A
microscope is needed to be able to see them properly. Hydra can be found in
freshwater ponds and slow moving rivers, where they usually attach
themselves to plants or rocks. They are green in colour, with shades of
brown. Hydra are carnivores and feed mainly on small crustaceans (water
fleas) and small worms. Both the mouth and the tentacles are located on the
top of the body.
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Sea
Sea anemones usually spend most of their lives in one place. Some have
the ability to move, but they can only travel three to four inches an hour.
Sometimes they have rides on crabs,or they float around in the water. They
eat small fish and shrimp and it captures its prey with its deadly tentacles.
Both the mouth and the tentacles are located on the top of its body.
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Cnidarians have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of
jelly-like material, this part is called mesoglea in Cnidarians.
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Since Cnidarians only have two layers so they have been labeled as
diploblastic along with sponges. This means the condition of the blastula
only have two layers, the outer layer being ectoderm and the inner layer
being endoderm.
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This allows the Cnidarians to have true tissues.
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Cephalization is considered an evolutionary trend. Goes around the nervous
tissue, over many generations, and then it becomes concentrated toward one
end of an organism. This process eventually produces a head region with
sensory organs.
- Cephalization does not take place in Jellyfish
- The Hydra show some degree of cephalization. They have a "head" and that
is where the mouth, photoreceptive cells and a concentration of neutral cells
are located.
- The Sea Anemones have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening to the
outside is both the mouth and the behind.
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Cnidaria have no coelom but they have a gastrovascular cavity (digestive
sac) with only one opening, they have no complex organs.
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Cnidarians are NOT a protostome nor a deuterostome, they are from a
group called Radiata, which develop differently than those in Bilateria.
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Cnidarians are radially symmetrical.
Feeding
Cnidarians have only one digestive opening, which means it's both the
mouth and the anus. The opening is surrounded by tentacles and leads to an
internal digestive cavity called the gastrovascular cavity. They feed by using
tentacles that are placed with stinging nematocysts.
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Respiration is accomplished through diffusion
- There are no respiration organs, and both cell layers absorb oxygen from
carbon dioxide in the water.
- When the water in the digestive cavity becomes stale it must be replaced,
and nutrients that have not been absorbed will be expelled with it.
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Internal
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Cnidarians do not have any defined circulatory system that being said
there is no organized internal transport.
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Instead most have long gastrovascular cavities that help carry partially
digested food throughout their body.
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The excretion process that the Cnidarians do to get rid of wastes is
accomplished through diffusion.
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The wastes go out of the gastrovascular cavity after the nutrients go
directly to the body.
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All known Cnidaria have to be both be using sexual reproduction and
asexual reproduction through various means.
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp32/32020.html
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They have muscle-like fibers in their two cell layers but no true muscles.
They can move with their tentacles.
Most Cnidarians do not have a central nervous system, they rely on sense
organs to determine whether they are near a predator, moving up or
down, and towards or away from light
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Annelids are an important group of animals that lives just about
everywhere on earth. Most can be found in wet environments, while some
live in moist soil underground. There are still many species within this phylum
that we are not familiar with and yet to be discovered.
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- Earthworms: Land/Aquatic
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Earthworms are a tube-shaped, segmented animal
usually found living in soil,that feeds on living and dead
organic matter. Its digestive system runs through the
length of its body. There are about 2,700 species of
earthworms around the world. Earthworms are
invertebrates which means they don't have backbones.
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Annelida are made up of segments that are formed by subdivisions that
partially transect the body cavity. The body wall of annelids is characterized
by being made up of both circular and long muscle fibers surrounded by a
moist acellular cuticle.
Annelids have three tissue layers; the ectoderm, the endoderm and the
mesoderm they also have a closed circulatory system. The annelida is
triploblastic meaning they have all three primary germ layers which all
higher and intermediate animals only have.
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Their nervous system shows a degree of cephalization,
where tissues begins to produce a "head area" over many
generations.
Annelids have a nervous system made up of two
ventral nerve cords and one relatively big cell
concentration in its anterior portion resembling a
primitive brain called a ganglion.
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● Annelids are protostomes and have their coelom in
between their outer body and the gut.
● They also have a coelom which makes them
coelomates.
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The symmetry for the Phylum Annelida is bilateral.
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Earthworms are hermaphrodites where each earthworm contains both
male and female sex organs. The male and female sex organs can produce
sperm and egg. Even though earthworms are hermaphrodites they still need a
mate to reproduce. They reproduce sexually.
Feeding
Earthworms feeds on decaying matter since they live underground. The
material enters the mouth, passes through the worm's digestive system, and
exits behind. The decaying matter is what earthworms need for nutrients and
for energy.
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- Many polychaetes (marine annelids) have gills associated
with most segments.
- Earthworms have no special respiratory organs. Gases
are exchanged through the moist skin and capillaries,
where the oxygen is picked up by the hemoglobin
dissolved in the blood plasma and carbon dioxide is
released.
- Water, as well as salts, can also be moved through the
skin by active transport.
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Internal
In a earthworm, the circulation system is in a series of closed vessels.
There are two main vessels, one is the dorsal vessels and the other one is the
ventral blood vessels. In the dorsal vessel the blood moves towards the
anterior and in the ventral vessel moves towards the posterior.
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Annelids produce two kinds of wastes, solid and metabolism. The solid
wastes are excreted behind and the wastes that comes from the metabolism
are excreted by nephrida. The excretory system in earthworms consists a pair
of nephridia for each segments.
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Annelids move by using the two (major) sets of
muscles they have. The set of muscles that run from the
anterior of the worm to the posterior are called
longitudinal muscles, while the other set is like a coil
inside of the worm. The fluid-filled coelom acts as a
hydrostatic skeleton which helps in locomotion by
supporting the coil inside.
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The Phylum Echinodermata is an extremely large and well-known phylum such
as the star fish. They all have several things in common, making this phylum
easily recognizable. All the echinoderms live in the ocean. They can be found
in every ocean living on the ocean floor. Starfish eat after a sea star locates
potential prey by smell, it usually traps the animal or plant beneath its body.
The sea star might use an arm to carry the prey to its mouth, which is located
on the underside of its body. Sea stars that eat bivalves use their powerful
arms to force the shells open, then extend their stomachs into the shells and
release digestive enzymes that help them absorb the prey.
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Phylum Echinodermata is a Phylum of marine animals such
as:
- Starfish
- Sea urchins
- Brittle stars
Starfish
Marine scientists have had a difficult task of replacing
the starfish's common name with sea star because, the
starfish is not a fish, it is an echinoderm. Some starfish
have a different number of arms, some have 5, 10, 20,
and some even have 40. They have bony, and hard skin,
which protects them from predators.
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Echinoderm starts out as a bilateral larvae but they
eventually take a radical change and become radial with a
five-part symmetry. The bodies of the echinoderms are
made up of hard, calcium-based plates that are often
spiny and is covered by a thin skin. The echinoderms also
have all three germ layers meaning they triploblastic.
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Unlike other bilaterian phyla, echinodermata lack any
cephalization meaning they have no specialized sense
organs.
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Echinoderms are deuterostomes meaning in their
embryonic development the first opening (blastopore) was
the anus, along with the chordates.
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The symmetry for the Phylum Echinodermata is Radial.
Feeding
Starfish mainly eat on mussel, snail, oyster,claims, and
bivalves. Since they are opportunistic, they will take
every chance they get for feeding.
They have a unique ability to digest food outside of
the body as well. This provides the starfish with the
chance to be able to take in food sources that are several
sizes larger than they are.
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The starfish has a water vascular system in which the
exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs. The
tube feet of the starfish act like gills.
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Internal
Water enters the system through a sieve-like structure
called the madreporite.
This overlies a small sac connected to a duct termed
the stone canal.
This runs to a circular ring
canal, from which radial
canals run outwards along
the ambulacral grooves.
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The starfish excretes through the anus or the water
vascular system.
The starfish excretes its nitrogenous waste through its
tube feet. Starfish have no excretory organs. They have
cells that engulf waste particles and move it through tiny
openings.
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Starfish can reproduce asexually or sexually. Most species have
both male and female parts that allows them to create offspring
without the aid of another. For those aren't able to create both eggs
and sperm, they will deposit one or another. The females can lay eggs
and a male will come along to release sperm on them. Maturity for
mating takes place around 5 years of age. The average lifespan for a
starfish is 35 years
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- Echinoderms use tubes and thin layers of muscle latched onto
the plates of the endoskeleton to move around.
- Echinoderms have a very uncomplicated nervous system.
- They have a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth with radial
nerves that connect the central ring to other parts of the body,
which have sensory cells that recognize chemicals released by
potential prey
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria
http://www.ask.com/question/examples-of-phylum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalization
http://tolweb.org/articles/?article_id=57
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelid
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http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Cnidaria/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_anemone
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Does_cephalization_take_place_with_jellyfish
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http://cnidariaf.blogspot.ca/2007/02/movement.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/28751/review/animals/2.html
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Annelida/
http://www.ask.com/question/what-is-the-phylum-annelida-s-cephalization
http://annelidsh.blogspot.ca/2007/03/movement-motile-or-sessile.html
http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/worms.htm
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http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~rlenet/Earthworms.html
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http://annelidsh.blogspot.ca/2007/03/excretion.html
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/starfish/
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http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_do_earthworms_eat
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http://bioexpedition.com/starfish/
http://wiki.hicksvilleschools.org/groups/hsbiology/wiki/6fcaa/
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vascular_system
http://www.biology-questions-and-answers.com/echinodermata.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/177910/echinoderm/25731/Reproduction-and-life-cycle#toc25732
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