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STUDY GUIDE FOR BIOLOGY QUARTERLY FOUR – FINAL EXAM Review MCAS study guide Review all old study guides Review all old tests Chemistry Elements common to Organic Molecules Examples, Structures and Functions of the FOUR biological molecules Describe enzyme structure and function and what will affect the activity of the enzyme. Cells Differences and Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes Organelles: structure and function Different forms of cell transport including energy, concentration gradients Stages of the Cell Cycle, order, what happens in each Overview of and stages of Mitosis, order and what happens in each Overview of and stages of Meiosis, order and what happens in each Similarities and Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis Structure of a virus and why some don’t consider them living Energy Basic process of photosynthesis and cellular respiration Formulas for photosynthesis and cellular respiration Genetics Structure of DNA and base pairing rules What happens in replication? What happens in protein synthesis and in each stage: transcription and translation Similarities and Differences between DNA and RNA Describe a mutation and distinguish between chromosomal and point mutations Terms with Mendelian genetics: homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, alleles, genotype, phenotype How to set up and carry out a Punnett Square Anatomy and Physiology Structure levels (cell organism/body in order) Basics of Skeletal system and what do bones do? Basics of Muscular system and what can muscles do? Structure and Function of organs in digestive system and where absorption, mechanical and chemical digestion occur; what different types of enzymes do; what is peristalsis Basic structure and function of excretory system and organs involved in excretion Basic structure and function of nervous system including the structure and function of neurons and overview of the CNS and PNS Basics of endocrine system Basics of reproductive system including: sex cells, fertilization Basics of circulatory system including: organs, vessels, pathways and structure of the heart Basics of the respiratory system including structures, pathway and exchange of air Evolution How did Darwin develop theory of Natural Selection What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics and why does it not work Describe and give examples of natural selection; know how evolution can occur Know and explain forms of evidence for evolution: fossils, homologous traits, vestigial structures, embryology, comparing macromolecules Distinguish between coevolution, convergent evolution, divergent evolution What is speciation and what types of isolation can lead to speciation What is taxonomy? Binomial nomenclature rules Order of 7 levels of taxonomic classification from levels of inclusiveness Differences in domains and kingdoms Ecology Levels of ecological organization from organism biome Energy flows in a system, food chains, food webs, trophic levels Differences between autotrophs, heterotrophs, decomposers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, producers, consumers and levels of consumers Different types of symbioses: predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalisms Basics of water cycle, nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle Population changes: births and deaths; emigration and immigration Difference between density dependent limiting factor and density independent limiting factor Factors that effect birth and death rates