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BOTSWANA 1. 2. 3. 4. GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT ENERGY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE ORGANIZATIONS, SOURCES, REFERENCES 2 (27) BOTSWANA report -1GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Basic Facts & Geography 1.2 People & Society 1.3 Culture & Business Culture 1.4 Infrastructure & Logistics 1.5 Government & Legislation 1.6 Economy 1.7 International Trade, Botswana & Finland 1.8 Education 1.9 General Operating Environment - Summary 3 (27) BOTSWANA report 1.1 BASIC FACTS & GEOGRAPHY Location Area Borders Climate Terrain Natural hazards Southern Africa 581 730 km2 (97 % land, 3 % water) West, North: Namibia (1 360 km) North: Zambia (0,2 km) North East: Zimbabwe (813 km) South East, South: South Africa (1 840 km) Semiarid (warm winters, hot summers) Flat Dry & dusty winds, droughts Source: CIA, World Bank, OECD Botswana is landlocked country located in Southern Africa region and neighbouring Namibia, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Zambia (CIA) Botswana was formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, it adopted its new name upon independence in 1966 (CIA) Botswana has predominantly sub-tropical climate. The peak of the rains is January which seems to have shifted to February in the recent years. About 99% of the rains occur in localized thunderstorms, which tend to be erratic and unpredictable could be destructive in nature. The average daily maximum temperature in summer is about 32 degrees Celsius in January while the extreme can reach about 42 degrees Celsius. The winter is dry with peak of the winds in August. The average daily maximum temperature in winter is about 21degrees Celsius in July while the extreme can fall to less than negative 5 degrees Celsius. (MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, BOTSWANA) Botswana is dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers up to 70 % of its land surface. The Okavango Delta, the world's largest inland delta, is in the northwest. The Limpopo River Basin, the major landform of southern Africa, lies partly in Botswana Botswana is one of the world’s great development success stories. A small, landlocked country of two million people, Botswana was one of the poorest countries in Africa with a per capita GDP of about US$70 when it gained independence from Britain in 1966. In the nearly five decades since, Botswana has transformed itself, moving into the ranks of upper middle-income status to become one of the fastest growing economies in the world (WB) 4 (27) BOTSWANA report 1.2 PEOPLE & SOCIETY Population, total Population, growth Population, density Urban population Rural population Population (0-14 years) Population (15-64 years) Population (65 years and above) Life expectancy at birth Major cities(2009) 2009 2010 1,98 mil. 2,01 mil. 1% 1% 2 3/km 4/km2 60 % 61 % 40 % 39 % 40 % 39 % 33 % 33 % 63 % 63 % 53 53 Gaborone - capital (0,2 million) Francistown (0,1 million) 2011 2,03 mil. 1% … 62 % 38 % … 32 % 64 % 53 Source: CIA, World Bank The total population and population density of Botswana is relatively small in comparison to other African countries The population is concentrated in the eastern part of the country. The largest city in Botswana is the capital Gaborone with population of about 200 000 (CIA) Life expectancy at birth was 55 in 2009. Botswana has been hit very hard by the AIDS pandemic; in 2006 it was estimated that life expectancy at birth had dropped from 65 to 35 years. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Botswana was estimated at 24% for adults. Approximately one in six Batswana has HIV, giving Botswana the second highest infection rate in the world after nearby Swaziland (UN) 1.3 CULTURE & BUSINESS CULTURE Language Ethnic groups Religion Official: English, Setswana Tswana/Setswana (79 %), Kalanga (11 %) Christian (72 %), Badimo (6 %), None (20 %) Source: CIA, OECD Botswana's main ethnic groups are Tswana/Setswana and Kalanga. Other groups of ethnicities in Botswana include whites and Indians, both groups being roughly equally small in number. Botswana's Indian population is made up of many Indian-Africans of several generations, from Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Mauritius, and South Africa. The white population is native to Botswana or from other parts of Africa including Zimbabwe and South Africa. The white population speaks either English or Afrikaans and makes up roughly 3% of the population. Since 2000, because of deteriorating economic conditions in Zimbabwe, the number of Zimbabweans in Botswana has risen into the tens of thousands. Fewer than 10,000 Bushmen are still living the traditional hunter-gatherer style of life (UN) The official language of Botswana is English although Setswana is widely spoken across the country An estimated 70% of the country's citizens identify themselves as Christians. Anglicans, Methodists, and the United Congregational Church of Southern Africa make up the majority of Christians. Approximately 20% of citizens espouse no religion 5 (27) BOTSWANA report 1.4 INFRASTRUCTURE & LOGISTICS Railways: Roads: Ports: Waterways: Airports: 900 km (southern region) 30 000 km (total) Landlocked country Okavango Delta, Makadikadi Basin Total: 76 Gaborone, Francistown, Maun, Orapa, Jwaneng Source: CIA, WB Botswana made significant progress toward improving its infrastructure in recent years. Botswana has posted a strong investment record in the road and water and sanitation sectors, and has successfully increased rural access to power. The country’s power and water utility post some of the highest levels of operational efficiency to be found in Africa. Botswana has also made strides in expanding mobile telephony, with the number of cellular subscriptions exceeding the number of inhabitants for the first time in 2010 (WB) Botswana railways’ single main line runs along the north-south corridor and currently transports only freight. It serves to provide access to the South Atlantic coast when connecting to the Trans-Kalahari railway (WB) Botswana has a strong record of road network expansion, quality, and to much lesser extent maintenance. The quality of roads is comparable to that found in the African middle income countries and only second to South Africa and Mauritius. 80 % of the main road network and 73 % of the rural network are in good or fair condition. Other indicators, such as network density and road traffic, are below the typical levels for lowincome countries. The low network density is correlated to the desert geography of much of the country rather than to a lack of connectivity (WB) The aircraft fleet of Air Botswana, the main airline of the country, is one of the newest on the continent. The country is taking full advantage of its proximity to one of the most important air transport hubs in Africa: Johannesburg. Botswana does well to provide short local and regional links to South Africa, which in turn serves as the international gateway to the country (WB) Botswana has scarce water resources compared to countries occupying similar climatic zones. The most important drainage basins are the South Interior, Limpopo, Orange, Okavango, and Zambezi basins (CIA) 6 (27) BOTSWANA report 1.5 GOVERNMENT & LEGISLATION Official name Conventional short form Form of state Regions and districts Government Legal system Independence Corruption perception index (2011) Republic of Botswana Botswana Parliamentary republic 9 districts and 5 town councils President: Seretse Khama Ian Khama (since April 2008) Parliament: advisory 35-member body + 27 non-permanent members Major Party: Botswana Democratic Party Mixed (Civil/Roman-Dutch model/Customary/Common) 1966 (from UK) 32 (out of 183 countries) Source: CIA, World Bank, OECD Botswana is one of Africa’s most politically stable countries. The ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) is expected to continue its dominance in Botswana’s politics in the medium term. Although BDP has dominated Botswana's politics since the country's independence from the UK in 1966, the elections are considered free and fair (RABOBANK) The politics of Botswana take place in a framework of a representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Botswana is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Parliament of Botswana. The most recent election, its tenth, was held in 2009 Botswana is the least corrupt country in Africa and ranks similarly close to Portugal and South Korea. Nevertheless the country is considered to have the most secretive public institutions in Africa (TI) 1.6 ECONOMY World bank ranking Currency GDP (current US$) (billions) Structure of the economy (% of GDP) - Agriculture - Industry - Services GDP growth (annual %) GNI per capita, PPP (current intl.) Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) Ease of doing business ranking Upper-Middle Income Pula (BWP) 2009 11,54 bil. 3% 40 % 57 % -5 % $ 12 900 8% 38 (out of 181) 2010 14,90 bil. 2011 17,63 bil. 2% 45 % 53 % 7% $ 13 640 7% 45 (out of 178) 2% 47 % 51 % 5% $ 14 560 9% 52 (out of 183) Source: CIA, World Bank, OECD Botswana’s economy remains one of Africa’s success stories, having transformed itself from a Least Developed Country at the time of independence in 1966 to a Middle Income Country within three decades (AfDB)- The country remains very dependent on diamond mining, which accounts for roughly a third of GDP and 70% of exports (RABOBANK) 7 (27) BOTSWANA report As a result of the weaker global demand for and lower prices of diamonds, Botswana’s economy grew by 5% last year, compared with a 2011 forecast of 6%. Growth is expected to further slow to 4% in 2012, which is somewhat lower than last year’s forecast of 6% (RABOBANK) IMF forecasts show that Botswana’s diamond reserves will reach a peak of 31mln carats in 2017 and will begin to decline sharply from 2020 onwards. Diamond reserves are forecast to be depleted by 2029 The government is anticipating the depletion by diversification within the mining sector (beyond diamonds) and towards the services sector. Within the mining sector, the government targets diversification into coal and uranium mining (RABOBANK) Botswana suffers a persistently high unemployment rate. Most recent official figures are from 2009/10 and place the unemployment rate at 17.8%. However, according to unofficial estimates it stands at 40-50% currently (RABOBANK) Botswana’s tax system is considered robust and non-distortionary. The VAT currently at 12 %, is lower to that of its comparators in the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) region. Income tax rates are progressively applied in relation to income levels ranging from 5 % to 2 5% for the high earning bracket and tax refund mechanism does exist (AfDB) Botswana’s public debt has always been minimal and sustainable. The global financial crisis and the resulting lower demand for diamonds contributed to sharp decline in government mineral revenues. This combined with a significant rise in public spending resulted in a widened fiscal deficit to 11 % in 2009/10, leading to a sharp rise in the Botswana’s public debt from 6.7 % of GDP in 2008/09 to 21 % in 2010/11 (AfDB) 1.7 INTERNATIONAL TRADE, BOTSWANA & FINLAND Export of goods and services ($) Import of goods and services ($) Net export ($) FDI net inflows (% of GDP) 2009 3,75 bil. 32 % of GDP 4,93 bil. 42 % of GDP -1,19 bil. 7,14 % 2010 4,92 bil. 33 % of GDP 5,96 bil. 40 % of GDP -1,04 bil. 1,78 % 2011 6,78 bil. 38 % of GDP 7,68 bil. 44 % of GDP -0,90 bil. … Source: CIA, World Bank, OECD Botswana is a contracting member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), hence goods exported and imported to and from South Africa, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland enjoy free movement without payment of customs duties and quantitative restrictions (AfDB) Botswana is also a member of the 15-country Southern African Development Community (SADC) and enjoys free movement of goods under the SADC Trade Protocol on Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) on goods traded between the member states (AfDB) The country also belongs to the seven-country SADC Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) group, and was one of the four members who signed an interim EPA with the European Union (EU) in June 2009. By signing this interim agreement, Botswana and the EU will now work towards a full EPA covering services and investment (AfDB) 8 (27) BOTSWANA report In 2011 Botswana imported mostly manufactures from EU (97 %), and exported mostly semi-manufactures (92 %) and agricultural products & raw materials (5 %) (IMF) Embassy of Finland in Pretoria (South Africa) is also handling issues for Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius and Namibia. Current Finnish ambassador is Tiina Myllyntausta (MFAF) Honorary Consulate of Finland is located in Gaborone and represented by Samuel Akuna Mpuchane (MFAF) Botswana’s closest embassy is in Stockholm, Sweden (Botswana Government) BOCCIM is a Business Association of Employers representing employers in all sectors of the Botswana economy in an advocacy capacity (BOCCIM) The Botswana Export Development and Investment Authority (BEDIA) is an autonomous private sector led organization mandated by an act of parliament to encourage, promote and facilitate the establishment of export-oriented enterprises and selected services which will result in economic diversification, rapid economic growth and creation of sustained employment opportunities (BEDIA) Botswana Development Corporation Limited (BDC) was established in 1970 to be the country's main agency for commercial and industrial development. The Government of Botswana owns 100 percent of the issued share capital of the Corporation (BDC) 1.8 EDUCATION Literacy rate, % of people ages 15 and above, 2009 Primary school enrolment, % net, 2009 Higher education: Largest universities: 84 % 87 % (88 % female, 87 % male) Public universities Vocational Colleges Private Tertiary Education University of Botswana (Gaborone) Botswana College of Agriculture (Gaborone) Source: World Bank, Herana Gateway The main provider of tertiary education programs in the country has been the University of Botswana which was established in 1982 from being a campus of the then University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland (UBLS) which was discontinued as such in 1975 (UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA) Other major players in tertiary education in Botswana are the Colleges of Education offering diploma and certificate courses, Institutes of Health Sciences, Botswana Accountancy College, and Botswana College of Agriculture (HERANA GATEWAY) For the 18–24 age group, Botswana’s tertiary education compares unfavorably with other countries in the region at similar levels of development (HERANA GATEWAY) 9 (27) BOTSWANA report 1.9 GENERAL OPERATING ENVIRONMENT - SUMMARY Botswana is one of few countries in Africa belonging to upper-middle income group (others include e.g. South Africa, Namibia, Seychelles). Botswana’s government is aware of depletion of diamond reserves, therefore is taking steps to diversify into other sectors and supporting also renewable energy industry. th Looking at “Ease of doing business index”, Botswana is positioned on the 4 place in Sub-Sahara African region. This shows country’s positive attitude towards business environment. nd Botswana is the least corrupted country in Africa. Together with Portugal and Taiwan it was placed 32 in the world looking at CPI. With population just over 2 million, Botswana’s market might be viewed as insignificant. Botswana is a landlocked country, which (taking into account African continent) might be considered as obstacle in international trade development. 10 (27) BOTSWANA report -2ENERGY & RENEWABLE ENERGY 2.1 General Situation in Energy Sector 2.2 Energy Policy 2.3 Renewable Energy Resources 2.4 Supply & Demand for Energy Solutions 11 (27) BOTSWANA report 2.1 GENERAL SITUATION IN ENERGY SECTOR Total energy consumption Energy consumption per capita Electricity consumption Electricity consumption per capita Access to electricity Access to electricity rural population Energy imports (% of energy use) Electricity imports (% of electricity use) Power production capacity Renewable power production capacity Electricity production Share of population using solid fuels Fossil fuels % of total energy 2009 23,8 TWh 12,0 MWh/capita 2970 GWh 1 503 kWh/capita 45 % 44 % 54 % 87 % 217 MW 0 MW 906 GWh 40 % 64,3 % 1990 14,7 TWh 7,4 MWh/capita 990 GWh 28 % 217 MW 444 GWh 66 % Sources: IEA, World Bank, IRENA, UN data) Major sources of commercial energy in Botswana are coal and petroleum. 40 % of population use traditional solid fuels such as fuel-wood and charcoal in residential sector for heating, light and cooking. Compared to many African countries, having 80-90 % of population using traditional solid fuels, Botswana is relatively developed country in Africa. Electricity generation has been dominated by an overdependence on coal as a primary source of energy. Self-sufficiency In 2009 Botswana’s own power production covered only 13 % of electricity demand (small 25-year-old coal power plant Morupule A, 4 x 33 MW). Botswana has relied on imports to meet its growing demand for electricity. In recent years, around 80% of electricity is imported, of which 70% is from the national electric utility of South Africa, Eskom. In 2008 its peak demand reached 500MW and is projected to be around 600MW in 2012. All of Botswana's refined oil needs are supplied by South Africa, except for a small supply to the western part of the country by Namibia. (Reegle Country Profile) Electricity availability Botswana more than doubled its electrification rate between 2006 and 2008 from 22% to 50%; a remarkable achievement. According to the National Development Plan (NDP), the target is to reach 80% national power access and 60% rural access by 2016. Between 2004 and 2007, rural access to electricity also doubled, to 44%; which is a major improvement even though still falling short of national targets. (Reegle Country Profile) Electricity capacity Since South Africa and other neighbouring countries have faced challenges to produce enough electricity to meet their own demand power sale commitments has been reduced for the 2008-2012 period and imports BOTSWANA report 12 (27) are expected to be totally discontinued by 2013. Load shedding has been occurring in Botswana since 2008. Lack of sizeable new domestic generation capacity to substitute for rapidly declining imports, Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) will be unable to meet the bulk of domestic electricity demand as of 2013. Botswana’s electricity demand was about 3660 GWh in 2008 (peak load of 500MW). Electricity demand is projected to grow 6% per annum reaching 5300 GWh by 2017 (peak load of 850MW) and 6890 GWh by 2026 (peak load of 1130MW). Botswana will face major challenges to restructure its energy sector but there will be huge market potential for different energy solutions (Reegle Country Profile) BOTSWANA report 13 (27) Source: IEA Country Energy Balance, 2009 14 (27) BOTSWANA report 2.2 ENERGY POLICY Energy policy publications Organizations responsible for energy policies Targets to increase use of renewable energy Subsidies/ Incentives for Renewable Energy The National Energy Policy in 1996, updated in 2004 The Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources All targets under review Feed-in Tariffs for renewables Botswana Vision 2016 (link) The National Development Plan 10 (2009-2016) underscores the need to achieve national “energy security” in light of the region-wide power deficit. In addition, “self-reliance” is one of the four National Principles outlined in Vision 2016, the country’s development roadmap Vision 2016 aims at 100% electrification to support the broader development goals of access to education, health and employment opportunities for the rural and the disadvantaged population. Capital investment is seen as the bedrock for achieving this vision. Thus, Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) in 2007 and 2008 invested 343.4 million pula ($45.4 million USD) and 17.3 million pula ($2.2 million USD) respectively in electricity infrastructure. A privatization program has been put in place with the creation of Government’s Public Enterprises Evaluation and Privatization Agency (PEEPA) although no plan currently exists for privatization of the electricity industry. The National Energy Policy in 1996, which was revised and updated in 2004, is one of the main policy documents. The Botswana Energy Master Plan (1996, reviewed 2003) is another important policy and planning document. Botswana Energy Master Plan (link) National programs are in place to facilitate the sustainability of the energy sector including the Rural Electrification Program (REP) and the Rural Collective Scheme (RCS). The government policy aims to electrify 14 villages per annum, with 101 villages having been electrified to date. Energy Efficiency activities have been initiated at government level since 2000. Energy conservation activity began through the Work Improvement Team in the Energy Affairs Division. An on-going project, funded by DANIDA, deals with the improvement of energy efficiency in the building sector, establishing norms for energy efficient building design. An energy audit program has been launched for the industrial sector. National Energy Policy Strategy Implementation Plan 2009 (link) National Energy Policy for Botswana 2009 (link) Subsidies/ Incentives for Renewable Energy In 2011, it was announced that Botswana will introduce renewable energy feed-in tariffs for electricity generation in 2012. Under the scheme renewable energy suppliers will be paid for generating electricity for the country's national grid. Independent power projects in the programme will range from tiny schemes to 5MW. All projects above this will be implemented through power purchase agreements with the state-owned 15 (27) BOTSWANA report Botswana Power Corporation. Renewable energy is expected to be generated from biogas and biodiesel. Companies from Mauritius, China and South Africa have shown interest in clinching the power deals. Loan programs run by the Rural Industries Innovation Centre (RIIC) allow rural households to purchase PV lighting systems. The program is currently under revision. Camco working with governments to develop feed in tariffs (link) Botswana Energy Master Plan (BEMP) which emphasizes rural electrification with solar energy. Botswana government, in collaboration with Botswana Power Corporation, has launched the Renewable Energy-Based Rural Electrification Programme (link) for Botswana in 2005. It is aimed at improving people’s livelihoods by easing their access to modern energy services and its affordability. The programme is financed through Global Environmental Funds (GEF). The activities of the project are focused on introducing different PV-based technology packages in 66 selected villages. These include solar home and centralised PV battery charging systems, or PV mini-grid systems which can also be hybridised with wind generators. Despite the financial support through GEF, the take-off for the programme is still considered relatively low, and concern has been expressed that the donor may pull out. (Reegle Country Profile) 2.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Significant renewable energy resources Proven oil reserves Excellent solar energy resources 0 BBL Source: OPEC Solar energy Average solar radiation is excellent at 6.1 KWh/m2 per day. A number of PV pilot projects have been started in Botswana since 1990. The first was the Manyana PV project which started in 1992. The Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) PV solar pilot project is the most recent in Botswana, launching in 2003 at Kudumatse, Motlhabaneng, and Lorolwana villages. The primary objective: access the viability and sustainability of solar technology as an alternative energy source, especially for rural based communities. Such projects were also intended to be replicated in other parts of the country. Despite substantial efforts by the government of Botswana and donor agencies, the use of PV solar systems for power generation in Botswana, particularly within isolated communities, remains low. Wind energy Wind energy potential in Botswana is moderate. According to average wind speed at the height of 100 meter is 5-7 m/s. Renewable Energies in Africa (link) Other Biomass production resources are low due to Kalahari Desert covering large areas of Botswana. Hydro and geothermal energy potential in Botswana is unknown. (Reegle Country Profile) BOTSWANA report 16 (27) 2.4 SUPPLY & DEMAND FOR ENERGY SOLUTIONS Households Heat for cooking and warm water Power for lighting, communication and electronics Commercial and public services - including healthcare, education, administration, business Power, heat and cooling Infrastructure - including water supply, sanitation, communication, waste management Power, heat and fuels Traffic and transportation Fuels and power for vehicles Agriculture fuels for vehicles Fertilizer Power and heat for processing crop Industry Heat, cooling and power Tourism - including resorts, lodges etc. Heat, cooling, electricity, warm water Competition Government owned monopoly with vertical integration. Most of the electricity is supplied by Botswana Power Corporation, especially in urban areas. In the remainder of the country diesel generators are estimated to supply over 20 MW of energy to villages, rural schools, hospitals, police stations and prisons. In addition, the BPC controls the network of transmission and distribution lines to transport electricity from the power station, or point of import to eventual consumers. In 2007, the government amended the energy supply act to facilitate the participation of independent power producers (IPPs) in the electricity sector. (Reegle country profile) 17 (27) BOTSWANA report -3ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE 3.1 Description of Environmental Governance 3.2 Environmental & Social Requirements for Projects BOTSWANA report 18 (27) 3.1 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE The Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism has four departments: Waste management and pollution control, Environmental Affairs, Corporate services and National museums and monuments. Energy issues are under the Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources. The Energy Affairs Department (EAD) is responsible for the formulation, direction and coordination of the national energy policy. The overall policy goal for the energy sector is to provide affordable, environmentally friendly and sustainable energy services in order to promote social and economic development. Department services include information and advice on renewable energy. According to the African Development Bank Country Governance Profile (2009), perhaps the greatest challenge to the continued good progress in Botswana in the area of governance is human capacity. The country has good policies, institutions and procedures, but lacks the relevant skills. The HIV/AIDS pandemic has worsened the capacity problem. The National Development Plan (NDP) 10 mentions an Environmental Governance Programme (p. 276) that “will address challenges which require concerted efforts in the development of skills, capacity and institutional arrangements.” Sustainable environment key result area in NDP 10 covers environmental conservation and protection, environmental policy and management, meteorological services, wildlife and forestry. Special attention is paid to the development of rural economy. The problems faced include: the technical capacity for waste management and overexploitation of forest and range resources. One of the goals of NDP 10 is to mainstream environment and climate change into development processes. (NDP 10, 267.) Also climate change adaptation is brought up in NDP 10 with relation to the vulnerability of the poorest part of population. The Government, UNDP and UNEP are implementing the Poverty and Environment Initiative in Botswana. 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PROJECTS The Environmental Impact Assessment legislation came into force in 2005. The objective of the EIA Act is to provide for the establishment and strengthening of EIA in decision-making processes, and to ensure that the environmental implications of policies, programmes, plans and projects are evaluated before their implementation. It is mandatory that all proponents of development projects subject their developments to the EIA process and commit to the prevention and mitigation of negative impacts on the environment. (National Development Plan 10, 269). Botswana government has detailed guidelines for the EIAs. The guidelines are meant to support the incorporation and consideration of environmental issues already in the planning stage of the projects. The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) is the competent authority for EIAs. DEA receives applications, determines if an EIA is required, advises the Minister, superintends the conduct of the public participation exercise, and evaluates the adequacy of the TOR BOTSWANA report 19 (27) considering the issues raised, evaluates the EIA, and issues the environmental permit. (Government of Botswana, no date). The need for EIA is determined by a Preliminary Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS). Public participation is a part of the EIA process. The EIA provides for the involvement of the public during different stages of the EIA process including the scoping, conducting, reviewing, and approving EIA statements. The stakeholders involved include: DEA as the competent authority. Government Departments. Licensing authorities such as Land Boards, Department of Mines, etc. Planning authorities such as local authorities, town and city councils. Representatives of international organizations with interest in the proposal such as the World Conservation Union. Donors and Funding organizations such as African Development Bank, CEDA, SADC. Local NGOS such as Kalahari conservation Society, Somareleng, Tikologo. Research Institutions such as BOTEC, University of Botswana, Botswana College of Agriculture. Various Interest Groups such as the Botswana Youth Council, Hotel and Tourism Association of Botswana (HATAB), farmer groups. Community Based Organisations (CBOs). Traditional Institutions such as Dikgosi, Village Development Committees. Individual members of the community may be directly impacted by the project. Members of the public who, though not directly affected by the project, have a general interest in the health of the environment. Concerns identified with the EIA include: lack of institutional capacity to facilitate the implementation of EIA by other sectors and to facilitate the implementation of EIAs, gaps in the EIA Act and emerging issues such the need to regulate the conduct of consultants registered, lack of legal basis (regulations) to adequately enforce the EIA Act, and concerns that EIA is costly and delays projects implementation. Solutions to concerns are sought, for example, by the amendments to the EIA Act, and training and awareness raising. Also a professional body of Environmental Assessment Practitioners will be established. (DEA 2011). 20 (27) BOTSWANA report -4ORANIZATIONS, SOURCES, REFERENCES 4.1 Organizations & Funding Possibilities 4.2 Sources of Information, References & Links BOTSWANA report 21 (27) 4.1 ORGANIZATIONS & FUNDING POSSIBILITIES ENERGY Energy Affairs Division The role of the Energy Affairs Division is to provide policy direction on energy issues for rapid and effective development of the Renewable Energy–Based Rural Electrification Programme, particularly in remote areas. Energy Efficiency Unit of the Energy Affairs Division (link) The Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources (MMEWR) Is responsible for formulation, direction and coordination of the national energy policy through the Energy Affairs Division (EAD). There is no independent regulator. The Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources currently performs certain regulatory functions, including licensing and ensuring compliance with quality of supply and service standards. The Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) A parastatal under MMEWR, is responsible for electricity generation and supply. The following ministries, parastatals and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) share energy portfolio responsibilities with MMEWR: The Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism is responsible for forestry and environmental conservation. Excessive harvesting of fuel-wood and high greenhouse gas emissions are some of its main concerns. The Department of Forestry and Rangeland Resources and the Department of Environmental Affairs. The Forestry Association of Botswana (FAB) engages in long-term research on fuel-wood, productivity of natural woodlands and in the promotion and implementation of fuel-wood programmes. The Ministry of Works and Transport is responsible for off-grid power supply and installation. As well as the maintenance of solar energy equipment in government institutions in rural and urban areas through its Department of Electrical and Mechanical Services (DEMS). The Renewable Energy Information Network - Botswana (REIBO) (link) Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) Most electric power is generated thermally in installations run by the Botswana Power Corporation (BPC), a public enterprise established in 1970. 22 (27) BOTSWANA report OTHER The African Development Bank (link) and The World Bank (link) Active in Botswana. Energy projects supported by them include the extension of the on the Morupule Power Station and the feasibility study for the solar energy plant. The World Bank has an office in Gaborone. United Nations' Organizations in Botswana (link) UNEP does not have an office in Botswana but implements biodiversity and conservation related projects there. UNDP Botswana has an office in Gaborone and supports programmes in: HIV / AIDS, environment management, economic / poverty reduction and governance. Environmental work focuses on: Global environmental concerns and commitments integrated in national planning and policy, Improved awareness and understanding among decision makers and the public of linkages between environmental sustainability and human poverty and well-being, Improved national capacity to negotiate and implement global benefits. The Global Environment Facility (link) Major source for environmental project funding in Botswana. GEF funded projects include three projects related to climate change, one of which is on rural electrification. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (link) There have been also some CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) activities in Botswana and several projects are in the pipeline. Project implementation has, however, been difficult as there is a lack of strong project proponents in Botswana. (EECG Consultants 2011). Energy and Environment Partnership (EEP) (link) The programme promotes renewable energy, energy efficiency and clean technology investments. It provides part financing for pre-feasibility- and feasibility studies or pilot- and demonstration projects. Botswana Chamber of Commerce and Industry (link) Located in Gaborone. Work Improvement Team in the Energy Affairs Division The Botswana Technology Centre (link) Finland does not have an embassy in Botswana, but the nearest representation is in South Africa. BOTSWANA report 23 (27) NGOs in Botswana focusing on environmental issues are listed on NGO Environment Botswana webpage. The listed NGOs are mostly conservation organisations. Few of them have any information on the Internet. Of international NGOs, IUCN works in Botswana. Also IUCN focuses mostly on conservation and biodiversity issues. Two on-going projects in Botswana are The Botswana CBNRM (Community based natural resources management) Support Programme: empowering local communities and The Okavango Delta Management Plan. http://www.envngo.co.bw/ http://www.iucnbot.bw/ 24 (27) BOTSWANA report 4.2 SOURCES OF INFORMATION, REFERENCES & LINKS Botswana: De Beers moves diamond sorting to Gaborone BBC Article about world's leading diamond producer in Botswana Business Link Botswana Energy Master Plan IEA The Botswana Energy Master Plan sets out various goals for rural electrification involving the use of RE Government Link Published: December 2007 Environmental Governance National Development Plan Government Link Renewable Energy in Botswana Presentation at a workshop on Biofuels: R&D and technologies for sust. development in Africa Kgathi Vision 2016 Potential impacts of biofuel development on food security in BOT: Contribution to energy policy Environmental assessment as a planning tool for sustainable development - The case of Botswana Kgathi, Mfundisi, Mmopelwa, Mosepele Okavango Research Institute, Uni. of BOT Ecotori Planners, Gaborone Technology Park Environmental Governance Link David Aniku Department of Environmental Affairs Environmental Governance Link Peter Zhou EECG Consultants Environmental Governance Link Government of Botswana Environmental Governance Link Business Association of Employers Business Link Business Link Economy Link Environmental Governance Link Economy Link Economy Link Economy Link International Monetary Fund Economy Link OECD Economy Link Education Link University of Botswana Education Link Botswana College of Agriculture Education Link Country Profile Rabobank General Link Botswana at a Glance World Bank General Link Country Profile CIA General Link Capacity building for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) General Guidelines For Conducting EIA and SEA Studies Under the EIA Act 2005 Botswana Export Development & Investment Authority Botswana Technology Centre The World Conservation Union (IUCN) Botswana Trade Statistics EU Private sector led organization promoting exportoriented enterprises BOTEC supports the national development goals by aligning research, science and technology products and services with the Vision 2016 ideals and the National Development Plans The IUCN Botswana Programme has been involved in drafting env. policies, strategies and legislation; formulating mgmt. plans; identifying the env. Interests and needs of the business sector EU – Botswana trade overview Botswana Chamber of Commerce Botswana economy set to sparkle after diamond deal HE Financing in East and Southern Africa Robyn Curnow Happy Siphambe CNN Herana Gateway Article about diamond industry in Botswana African higher education research 25 (27) BOTSWANA report The Energy and Environment Partnership Africa Project funding General Link NGO Environment Botswana NGO information General Link Government Link Government Botswana Country Specific Information Botswana's Infrastructure A Continental Perspective US Department of State International travel information Government Link Botswana Development Corporation Limited Government agency for commercial and industrial development Government Link World Bank Infrastructure Link United Nations Society Link United Nations Society Link Business Link International Tax Deloitte Country Energy Information Developing Renewables Business Link Doing Business World Bank Business Link Economic Outlook AfDB, UN, OECD Economy Link Country Risk Classification Finnvera Economy Link Corruption Perceptions Index Transparency International Society Link Country BTI Transformation Level BTI Group Economy Link International Energy Association General Link International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) General Link Renewable Energy Country Profiles Taxation highlights in Botswana 2012 BTI analyzes and evaluates the quality of democracy, a market economy and political mgmt. in 128 developing and transition countries National Energy Policy Strategy Implementation Plan Jeffrey Fabre Gloria Magombo AECOM International Development Government Link National Energy Policy for Botswana Cornelius Mzezewa AECOM International Development Government Link Camco working with governments to develop feed-in-tariffs Camco Government Link National Development Plan 10 The Ministry of Finance and Development Planning Botswana Government Link Renewable Energy Botswana Programme Government Link United Nations Botswana Society Link The Renewable Energy Information Network Business Link Energy Efficiency Unit of the Energy Affairs Division Government Link General Link Renewable energy-based rural electrification Open Energy Info Philimon Dhafana Country profile, energy maps, tools, programs, organizations & institutions 26 (27) BOTSWANA report Country Energy Profile & Information Reegle Renewable Energies in Africa European Commission, Joint Research Centre Global Environment Facility Clean Development Mechanism Clean energy info portal The GEF unites 182 countries in partnership with intl. institutions, civil society organizations, and the private sector to address global env. issues United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change General Link Government Link Environmental Governance Link Environmental Governance Link The Energy and Environment Partnership Africa Project funding Business Link MBendi Economy, Risks, Industry, Business, Energy and a lot of other information Business Link African Development Bank (AfDB) Contains structured and analysed information on economic, political and social status General Link Directory of Development Organizations Contains list of development organizations in the country Society Link United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Un-political information on country's status on environmental, social and financial situation General Link Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) The members of SAPP have created common power grid between their countries and a common market for electricity. SAPP was founded in 1995 Business Link African Energy Supplying solar, wind and power backup equipment on a wholesale basis Business Link Alternative Energy Africa Information portal about alternative energy in Africa Business Link Inforse-Africa International network for sustainable energy Business Link Business Link Business Link Business Link Business Link Cleantech Knowledge Hub Business Link The World Council for Renewable Energy Business Link International Network for Sustainable Energy Business Link African Wind Energy Association Renewable Energy World Conferences & Expo in Africa Renewable Energy Africa How We Made It in Africa Insight into business in Africa Herana Gateway African higher education research Education Link African Rural Energy Enterprise Development Community-based organization developing a strategy for improved access to energy Government Link African Center for Economic Transformation An economic policy institute supporting the longterm growth with transformation of African economies Government Link Nordic Development Fund Project funding Business Link Government Link Government Link Africa and Europe in Partnership The Foundation for the Development of Africa Non-profit organization supporting sustainable development 27 (27) BOTSWANA report European Biomass Industry Association Business Link Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development GNESD is a knowledge network facilitated by UN Environmental Programme Government Link Global Village Energy Partnership GVEP works with local businesses in developing countries to increase access to modern energy Business Link World Resources Institute WRI works with governments, companies, and civil society to build solutions to urgent env. Changes Government Link Economy Link The World Bank