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Slide 1 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Living In Territorial Utah: culture, business, transportation, and mining ___________________________________ Chapter 8 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 ___________________________________ Timeline • 1850 – The University of Deseret (U of U) opens. Utah’s first newspaper, the Deseret News, is published. • 1860 – Abraham Lincoln is elected U.S. President. • 1860 – The Pony Express begins delivering mail. • 1861 – The Pony Express ends. Eastern and western telegraph lines link at Salt Lake City. The Civil War begins in South Carolina. • 1865 – The Civil War ends. President Lincoln is shot. • 1869 – (May 10) Transcontinental Railroad joins in Utah. • 1871 – The Salt Lake Tribune is established. • 1872 – Salt Lake City Gas Company opens. St. Mark’s Hospital opens. • 1873 – Catholic Bishop Lawrence Scanlan comes to Utah. • 1875 – Holy Cross Hospital opens. Westminster College opens. • 1879 – Utah’s first telephone call is made. • 1880 – Utah’s first electric light is demonstrated. • 1890 – Free Public School Act is passed. Slide 3 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Schools in Utah Territory • The first schools in Utah were LDS Church schools ▫ Later, other religions developed schools to help the non-Mormon children as well as to influence the Mormon children The Presbyterians, for example, started 36 schools for younger children and 4 academies for older children • Some of the early Utah schools run by the Mormon church experimented with the Deseret Alphabet ▫ The Deseret Alphabet Phonetically friendly system of reading and writing ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 4 ___________________________________ Utah’s First Universities • 1850 – University of Deseret (University of Utah) Salt Lake City • 1874 – Timpanogos University (Brigham Young University) Provo • 1875 – Salt Lake Collegiate Institute (Westminster College) Salt Lake City • 1886 – Salt Lake Stake Academy, then LDS College and LDS High School, then LDS University (LDS Business College) Salt Lake City • 1888 – Agricultural College of Utah (Utah State University) Logan • 1888 – Dixie Academy (Dixie College) St. George • 1888 – Snow Academy (Snow College) Ephraim • 1889 – Weber Stake Academy, then Weber State College (Weber State University) Ogden • 1897 – Branch Normal School, then Branch Agricultural College, then College of Southern Utah (Southern Utah University) Cedar City Slide 5 Utah’s First Universities ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 6 ___________________________________ Newspapers in Utah Territory • The first Newspaper in Utah was the Deseret News, published in 1850. • Later, in 1871, The Salt Lake Daily Tribune and Utah Mining Gazette started, later merging into The Salt Lake Tribune. ▫ This paper became the “opposition voice” in the territory. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 7 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 8 ___________________________________ The Pony Express… • In March 1860, western newspapers ran the following add: ▫ WANTED – YOUNG, SKINNY, WIRY FELLOWS NOT over 18. Must be expert riders, willing to risk death daily. Orphans preferred. WAGES $25 per week. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 9 ___________________________________ The Pony Express… ___________________________________ • A new company called the Pony Express placed the ad ___________________________________ • The company had a bold plan – to carry mail from Missouri to California in only 10 days ___________________________________ • At the time, it took months for mail to reach the West by ship or stagecoach • The Pony Express built relay stations about every ten miles along the route. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 10 ___________________________________ The Pony Express… • Purpose: provide the fastest mail delivery between Missouri and California ▫ They also hoped to gain a million dollar government mail contract • Date: April 3, 1860, to late October 1861 • Mechanics: Relay of mail by horses and riders ▫ The Pony Express ran day and night, summer and winter • • • • Rider Relay: New riders took over every 75 to 100 miles Horse Relay: Riders got a fresh horse every 10 to 15 miles Speed: Horses traveled an average of 10 miles per hour. Riders: 183 men are known to have ridden for the Pony Express during its operation of just over 18 months. • Horses: 400 horses purchased to stock the Pony Express route. Thoroughbreds, mustangs, pintos, and Morgans were often used. Slide 11 The Pony Express… • Stations: Approximately 165 stations • Trail Length: Almost 2,000 miles • Route: St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California. ▫ Through present day states of Kansas, Nebraska, northeast corner of Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California. • Departure: Once a week from April 3 to mid-June 1860. Twice a week from mid-June, to late October 1861. Departures were from both the east and the west. • Schedule: 10 days in summer. 12 to 16 days in winter. • Fastest Delivery: 7 days and 17 hours between telegraph lines. Lincoln's Inaugural Address. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 12 ___________________________________ The Pony Express • Failures: Owners spent $700,000 on the Pony Express and had a $200,000 deficit ▫ The company failed to get the million dollar government contract due to the Civil War • Successes: Improved communication between east and west. ▫ Captured the hearts and the imagination of people all over the world • Longest Drive: Pony Bob Haslam rode 370 miles (Friday's Station to Smith Creek and back in present-day Nevada.) • Cost of Mail: $5.00 per 1/2 ounce at the beginning. By the end of the Pony Express, the price had dropped to $1.00 per 1/2 ounce. • Telegraph Completed: October 24, 1861. Official end of the Pony Express. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 13 ___________________________________ Pony Express Mochila ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 14 ___________________________________ Pony Express Monument just west of “This Is The Place Heritage Park” ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 15 ___________________________________ The Telegraph • The electric telegraph is an outdated communication system that transmitted electric signals over wires from location to location that translated into a message. • In 1830, an American, Joseph Henry (1797-1878), demonstrated the potential of William Sturgeon's electromagnet for long distance communication by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet which caused a bell to strike. • It was Samuel Morse (1791-1872) that successfully exploited the electromagnet and bettered Joseph Henry's invention. Morse invented a telegraph system that was a practical and commercial success. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 16 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 17 ___________________________________ The Railroads ___________________________________ • To Indians, the railroad or “iron horse” was often terrifying • To miners and others in towns, the railroad was a God send, bringing supplies and people very quickly • Railroads changed how people lived, their way of life ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 18 ___________________________________ The Transcontinental Railroad • In 1863, two companies began a race to build the first transcontinental railroad • A transcontinental railroad is one that stretches across a continent from coast to coast • The Union Pacific Railroad started building a rail line westward from Omaha, Nebraska • The Central Pacific Railroad began in Sacramento, California, and built eastward • Both companies received government financial aid or subsidies, for the government felt the railroads would benefit the nation ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 19 Working on the Railroad • Both companies had trouble getting workers ▫ Labor was scarce during the Civil War ▫ The work was hard and the wages low ▫ Mostly immigrant workers were hired, for they accepted low wages • The Central Pacific brought in thousands of workers from China • The Union Pacific hired newcomers from Ireland ▫ African Americans, Mexican Americans, and former Civil War soldiers also worked for each line Slide 20 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 21 ___________________________________ A Daunting Task • The Central Pacific had to carve a path through the rugged Sierra, Nevada • The Union Pacific had to cut through the towering Rocky Mountains • Snowstorms and avalanches killed workers and slowed progress • At times, crews cutting tunnels through rock advanced only a few inches a day ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 22 ___________________________________ Railroads Promote Growth • The Central Pacific and Union Pacific met at Promontory, Utah, on May 10, 1869 • Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific, dropped a solid-gold spike into a pre-drilled hole in the rail • In doing so, he joined the two tracks and united the country • The nation’s first transcontinental railroad was complete ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 23 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 24 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 25 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 26 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 27 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 28 ___________________________________ Celebration • With the Civil War fresh in their minds, people cheered this new symbol of unity. • The words that were engraved on the golden spike expressed their feelings: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ▫ “May God continue the unity of our Country as the Railroad unites the two great Oceans of the world.” ___________________________________ • Other railroads soon joined areas creating a new way of life, a new way of shipping, and a new way of traveling—all in a faster, more comfortable way. ___________________________________ Slide 29 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ New States • Because people could travel to places easier, territories grew and were able to apply for statehood. ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Nevada (1864) Colorado (1876) North Dakota (1889) South Dakota (1889) Montana (1889) Washington (1889) Idaho (1890) Wyoming (1890) Slide 30 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Golden Spike National Historic Site ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 31 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 32 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 33 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 34 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 35 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 36 ___________________________________ Quiz (10 points) 1. 2. 3. For how long (in months) did the Pony Express last? (1 point) What was the purpose of the Pony Express? (1 point) What new invention made the Pony Express obsolete (unnecessary)? (1 point) 4. What university today, was the first in Utah? (1 point) 5. What newspaper was the first to be printed in Utah? (1 point) 6. In what year were both (the first newspaper and university) started? (1 point) 7. What two companies completed the transcontinental railroad? (1 point) 8. In what Utah city did the railroads meet? (1 point) 9. In what year was the transcontinental railroad finished? (1 point) 10. For what purpose was the Deseret Alphabet established? (1 point) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________