Download Living In Territorial Utah: culture, business

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Living In Territorial Utah: culture,
business, transportation, and
mining
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Chapter 8
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Timeline
• 1850 – The University of Deseret (U of U) opens. Utah’s first newspaper,
the Deseret News, is published.
• 1860 – Abraham Lincoln is elected U.S. President.
• 1860 – The Pony Express begins delivering mail.
• 1861 – The Pony Express ends. Eastern and western telegraph lines link at
Salt Lake City. The Civil War begins in South Carolina.
• 1865 – The Civil War ends. President Lincoln is shot.
• 1869 – (May 10) Transcontinental Railroad joins in Utah.
• 1871 – The Salt Lake Tribune is established.
• 1872 – Salt Lake City Gas Company opens. St. Mark’s Hospital opens.
• 1873 – Catholic Bishop Lawrence Scanlan comes to Utah.
• 1875 – Holy Cross Hospital opens. Westminster College opens.
• 1879 – Utah’s first telephone call is made.
• 1880 – Utah’s first electric light is demonstrated.
• 1890 – Free Public School Act is passed.
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Schools in Utah Territory
• The first schools in Utah were LDS Church schools
▫ Later, other religions developed schools to help the
non-Mormon children as well as to influence the
Mormon children
 The Presbyterians, for example, started 36 schools for
younger children and 4 academies for older children
• Some of the early Utah schools run by the Mormon
church experimented with the Deseret Alphabet
▫ The Deseret Alphabet
 Phonetically friendly system
of reading and writing
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Utah’s First Universities
• 1850 – University of Deseret (University of Utah) Salt Lake City
• 1874 – Timpanogos University (Brigham Young University) Provo
• 1875 – Salt Lake Collegiate Institute (Westminster College) Salt
Lake City
• 1886 – Salt Lake Stake Academy, then LDS College and LDS High
School, then LDS University (LDS Business College) Salt Lake City
• 1888 – Agricultural College of Utah (Utah State University) Logan
• 1888 – Dixie Academy (Dixie College) St. George
• 1888 – Snow Academy (Snow College) Ephraim
• 1889 – Weber Stake Academy, then Weber State College (Weber
State University) Ogden
• 1897 – Branch Normal School, then Branch Agricultural College,
then College of Southern Utah (Southern Utah University) Cedar
City
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Utah’s First Universities
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Newspapers in Utah Territory
• The first Newspaper in Utah was the Deseret
News, published in 1850.
• Later, in 1871, The Salt Lake Daily Tribune and
Utah Mining Gazette started, later merging into
The Salt Lake Tribune.
▫ This paper became the “opposition voice” in the
territory.
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The Pony Express…
• In March 1860, western
newspapers ran the following
add:
▫ WANTED – YOUNG,
SKINNY, WIRY FELLOWS
NOT over 18. Must be expert
riders, willing to risk death
daily. Orphans preferred.
WAGES $25 per week.
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The Pony Express…
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• A new company called the
Pony Express placed the ad
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• The company had a bold plan
– to carry mail from Missouri
to California in only 10 days
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• At the time, it took months for
mail to reach the West by ship
or stagecoach
• The Pony Express built relay
stations about every ten miles
along the route.
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The Pony Express…
• Purpose: provide the fastest mail delivery between
Missouri and California
▫ They also hoped to gain a million dollar government mail
contract
• Date: April 3, 1860, to late October 1861
• Mechanics: Relay of mail by horses and riders
▫ The Pony Express ran day and night, summer and winter
•
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Rider Relay: New riders took over every 75 to 100 miles
Horse Relay: Riders got a fresh horse every 10 to 15 miles
Speed: Horses traveled an average of 10 miles per hour.
Riders: 183 men are known to have ridden for the Pony
Express during its operation of just over 18 months.
• Horses: 400 horses purchased to stock the Pony Express
route. Thoroughbreds, mustangs, pintos, and Morgans were
often used.
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The Pony Express…
• Stations: Approximately 165 stations
• Trail Length: Almost 2,000 miles
• Route: St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California.
▫ Through present day states of Kansas, Nebraska, northeast corner of
Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and California.
• Departure: Once a week from April 3 to mid-June 1860. Twice a week
from mid-June, to late October 1861. Departures were from both the east
and the west.
• Schedule: 10 days in summer. 12 to 16 days in winter.
• Fastest Delivery: 7 days and 17 hours between telegraph lines.
Lincoln's Inaugural Address.
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The Pony Express
• Failures: Owners spent $700,000 on the Pony Express
and had a $200,000 deficit
▫ The company failed to get the million dollar government
contract due to the Civil War
• Successes: Improved communication between east
and west.
▫ Captured the hearts and the imagination of people all over
the world
• Longest Drive: Pony Bob Haslam rode 370 miles
(Friday's Station to Smith Creek and back in present-day
Nevada.)
• Cost of Mail: $5.00 per 1/2 ounce at the beginning. By
the end of the Pony Express, the price had dropped to
$1.00 per 1/2 ounce.
• Telegraph Completed: October 24, 1861. Official end
of the Pony Express.
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Pony Express Mochila
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Pony Express Monument just west of
“This Is The Place Heritage Park”
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The Telegraph
• The electric telegraph is an outdated
communication system that transmitted
electric signals over wires from location to
location that translated into a message.
• In 1830, an American, Joseph Henry (1797-1878),
demonstrated the potential of William Sturgeon's
electromagnet for long distance communication by
sending an electronic current over one mile of wire
to activate an electromagnet which caused a bell to
strike.
• It was Samuel Morse (1791-1872) that successfully
exploited the electromagnet and bettered Joseph
Henry's invention. Morse invented a telegraph
system that was a practical and commercial
success.
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The Railroads
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• To Indians, the railroad or “iron horse” was often
terrifying
• To miners and others in towns, the railroad was a
God send, bringing supplies and people very
quickly
• Railroads changed how people lived, their way of
life
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The Transcontinental Railroad
• In 1863, two companies began a race to
build the first transcontinental railroad
• A transcontinental railroad is one that
stretches across a continent from coast to coast
• The Union Pacific Railroad started building a rail
line westward from Omaha, Nebraska
• The Central Pacific Railroad began in
Sacramento, California, and built eastward
• Both companies received government
financial aid or subsidies, for the
government felt the railroads would
benefit the nation
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Working on the Railroad
• Both companies had trouble getting workers
▫ Labor was scarce during the Civil War
▫ The work was hard and the wages low
▫ Mostly immigrant workers were hired, for they
accepted low wages
• The Central Pacific brought in thousands of
workers from China
• The Union Pacific hired
newcomers from Ireland
▫ African Americans, Mexican
Americans, and former Civil
War soldiers also worked
for each line
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A Daunting Task
• The Central Pacific had to carve
a path through the rugged
Sierra, Nevada
• The Union Pacific had to cut through the towering
Rocky Mountains
• Snowstorms and avalanches killed workers and
slowed progress
• At times, crews cutting tunnels through rock
advanced only a few inches a day
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Railroads Promote Growth
• The Central Pacific and Union Pacific met at
Promontory, Utah, on May 10, 1869
• Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific,
dropped a solid-gold spike into a pre-drilled hole
in the rail
• In doing so, he joined the two tracks and united
the country
• The nation’s first transcontinental railroad was
complete
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Celebration
• With the Civil War fresh in their minds, people
cheered this new symbol of unity.
• The words that were engraved on the golden
spike expressed their feelings:
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▫ “May God continue the unity of our Country as the
Railroad unites the two great Oceans of the world.”
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• Other railroads soon joined areas creating a new
way of life, a new way of shipping, and a new
way of traveling—all in a faster, more
comfortable way.
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New States
• Because people could travel to places easier,
territories grew and were able to apply for
statehood.
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Nevada (1864)
Colorado (1876)
North Dakota (1889)
South Dakota (1889)
Montana (1889)
Washington (1889)
Idaho (1890)
Wyoming (1890)
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Golden Spike National Historic Site
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Quiz (10 points)
1.
2.
3.
For how long (in months) did the Pony Express last? (1 point)
What was the purpose of the Pony Express? (1 point)
What new invention made the Pony Express obsolete
(unnecessary)? (1 point)
4. What university today, was the first in Utah? (1 point)
5. What newspaper was the first to be printed in Utah? (1 point)
6. In what year were both (the first newspaper and university)
started? (1 point)
7. What two companies completed the transcontinental railroad? (1
point)
8. In what Utah city did the railroads meet? (1 point)
9. In what year was the transcontinental railroad finished? (1 point)
10. For what purpose was the Deseret Alphabet established? (1 point)
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