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Name: ______________________ Class: _________________ Date: _________ ID: A ch 18 Clasification v2 Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally accepted name in the system known as a. traditional classification. c. binomial nomenclature. b. the three domains. d. cladistics. 2. For many species, there are often regional differences in their a. common names. c. taxa. b. scientific names. d. binomial nomenclature. 3. The second part of a scientific name is unique to each a. order in its class. c. genus in its family. b. family in its order. d. species in its genus. 4. Which two kingdoms did Linnaeus recognize? a. bacteria and animals c. plants and animals b. plants and fungi d. protists and animals 5. Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily a. extinct organisms. c. DNA similarities. b. RNA similarities. d. general similarities in appearance. 6. Sometimes organisms that are not closely related look similar because of a. convergent evolution. c. mutations. b. molecular clocks. d. reclassification. 7. In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should a. be more similar to each other than they are to other species. b. not be similar in appearance. c. be limited to species that can interbreed. d. have identical genes. 8. An analysis of derived characters is used to generate a a. family tree based on external appearance. b. family tree based on DNA structure. c. cladogram. d. traditional classification system. 9. What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and a yeast? a. They are not related at all. b. Their degree of relatedness cannot be evaluated. c. Their degree of relatedness can be determined from their genes. d. They can interbreed and thus are the same species. 10. Scientists have found that humans and yeasts a. have similar genes for the assembly of certain proteins. b. share all aspects of cellular structure. c. have nothing in common. d. cannot be evaluated for degree of relatedness. 11. What kingdoms composed the three-kingdom classification system used by scientists in the 1800s? a. animals, plants, fungi c. animals, fungi, protists b. animals, plants, bacteria d. animals, plants, protists 1 Name: ______________________ ____ ____ ____ ID: A 12. Which of the kingdoms in the six-kingdom system of classification was once grouped with plants? a. Animalia c. Fungi b. Carnivores d. Protista 13. The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two groups of a. prokaryotes. c. protists. b. eukaryotes. d. multicellular organisms. 14. Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom called a. Animalia. c. Monera. b. Fungi. d. Eukarya. Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 15. In taxonomy, different classes of organisms might be grouped into the next larger category, a(an) ____________________. 16. A(An) ____________________ is a group of closely related species. 17. A model known as a(an) _________________________ uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that species have been evolving independently. Short Answer 18. Why might a particular kind of organism have more than one common name? 19. How do you know that the groups Ursus maritimus and Ursus arctos are closely related? 20. According to the cladogram in Figure 18-1, what two characteristics do crabs and barnacles share that limpets do not? Figure 18–1 21. What recently developed technology allows scientists to compare the DNA of different kinds of organisms to determine classification? 2 Name: ______________________ ID: A Essay 22. How does traditional classification differ from evolutionary classification? 23. Briefly explain the history of how microorganisms have been classified, beginning with the early systems of classification and leading to the modern six-kingdom system. 24. Identify a major source of evidence used by scientists who advocate the adoption of the three-domain system for classifying living things. Other USING SCIENCE SKILLS Classification of Living Things DOMAIN Bacteria Archaea KINGDOM Eubacteria Archaebacteria Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia CELL TYPE Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote CELL STRUCTURES Cell walls with peptidoglycan Cell walls without peptidoglycan Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Cell walls of chitin Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts No cell walls or chloroplasts NUMBER OF CELLS Unicellular Unicellular Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Most multicellular; some unicellular Multicellular Multicellular MODE OF NUTRITION Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph EXAMPLES Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Methanogens, halophiles Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Mushrooms, yeasts Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Figure 18–2 25. Using Tables and Graphs According to Figure 18-2, what is the main difference between the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea? 26. Applying Concepts If you know an organism has a cell wall and is a multicellular autotroph, could you use Figure 18-2 to determine in which kingdom it belongs? Why or why not? 27. Using Tables and Graphs Considering the data presented in Figure 18-2, which characteristic seems more important in assigning an organism to a specific domain—the presence or absence of a nucleus or its mode of nutrition? Why? 3 ID: A ch 18 Clasification v2 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: C A D C D A A C C A D C A C REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: p. 448 p. 448 p. 448 p. 449 p. 451 p. 452 p. 452 p. 453 p. 454 p. 454 p. 457 p. 457 p. 458 p. 458 COMPLETION 15. ANS: phylum REF: p. 449 16. ANS: genus REF: p. 448 17. ANS: molecular clock REF: p. 455 SHORT ANSWER 18. ANS: The name might be different in different locations or different languages. REF: p. 448 19. ANS: Their scientific names show that they both belong to the same genus. REF: p. 449 20. ANS: segmentation and a molted exoskeleton REF: p. 452 1 ID: A 21. ANS: the ability to “read” the information coded in DNA REF: p. 454 ESSAY 22. ANS: Traditional classification places organisms into categories based mainly upon similarities in body structure. Evolutionary classification, on the other hand, places organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, rather than just physical similarities. REF: p. 452 23. ANS: When scientists realized that microorganisms differed from plants and animals, they grouped them all in the kingdom Protista. Later, the fungi (which includes microscopic yeasts) were placed in their own kingdom. Later still, prokaryotes were separated from single-celled eukaryotes and placed in their own kingdom, Monera. Monera have been divided into two kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. REF: p. 457, p. 458 24. ANS: Scientists have performed comparative studies of a small subunit of ribosomal RNA present in all living things. Using these data to establish a molecular clock, scientists have grouped modern organisms according to how long they have been evolving independently, resulting in three domains. REF: p. 458 OTHER 25. ANS: Bacteria have cell walls with peptidoglycan, while Archaea cell walls lack peptidoglycan. REF: p. 459 26. ANS: No; it could belong to Protista or Plantae. REF: p. 459 27. ANS: The presence or absence of a nucleus is more important. All three domains contain both autotrophs and heterotrophs. REF: p. 459 2 ch 18 Clasification v2 [Answer Strip] C 12. _____ A 13. _____ C _____ 1. C 14. _____ A _____ 2. D _____ 3. C _____ 4. D _____ 5. A _____ 6. A _____ 7. C _____ 8. C _____ 9. A 10. _____ D 11. _____ ID: A