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ID: A
ch 18 Clasification v2
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally accepted name in the system known as
a. traditional classification.
c. binomial nomenclature.
b. the three domains.
d. cladistics.
2. For many species, there are often regional differences in their
a. common names.
c. taxa.
b. scientific names.
d. binomial nomenclature.
3. The second part of a scientific name is unique to each
a. order in its class.
c. genus in its family.
b. family in its order.
d. species in its genus.
4. Which two kingdoms did Linnaeus recognize?
a. bacteria and animals
c. plants and animals
b. plants and fungi
d. protists and animals
5. Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily
a. extinct organisms.
c. DNA similarities.
b. RNA similarities.
d. general similarities in appearance.
6. Sometimes organisms that are not closely related look similar because of
a. convergent evolution.
c. mutations.
b. molecular clocks.
d. reclassification.
7. In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should
a. be more similar to each other than they are to other species.
b. not be similar in appearance.
c. be limited to species that can interbreed.
d. have identical genes.
8. An analysis of derived characters is used to generate a
a. family tree based on external appearance.
b. family tree based on DNA structure.
c. cladogram.
d. traditional classification system.
9. What is true about dissimilar organisms such as a cow and a yeast?
a. They are not related at all.
b. Their degree of relatedness cannot be evaluated.
c. Their degree of relatedness can be determined from their genes.
d. They can interbreed and thus are the same species.
10. Scientists have found that humans and yeasts
a. have similar genes for the assembly of certain proteins.
b. share all aspects of cellular structure.
c. have nothing in common.
d. cannot be evaluated for degree of relatedness.
11. What kingdoms composed the three-kingdom classification system used by scientists in the
1800s?
a. animals, plants, fungi
c. animals, fungi, protists
b. animals, plants, bacteria
d. animals, plants, protists
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12. Which of the kingdoms in the six-kingdom system of classification was once grouped with
plants?
a. Animalia
c. Fungi
b. Carnivores
d. Protista
13. The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two groups of
a. prokaryotes.
c. protists.
b. eukaryotes.
d. multicellular organisms.
14. Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom
called
a. Animalia.
c. Monera.
b. Fungi.
d. Eukarya.
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement.
15. In taxonomy, different classes of organisms might be grouped into the next larger category, a(an)
____________________.
16. A(An) ____________________ is a group of closely related species.
17. A model known as a(an) _________________________ uses DNA comparisons to estimate the
length of time that species have been evolving independently.
Short Answer
18. Why might a particular kind of organism have more than one common name?
19. How do you know that the groups Ursus maritimus and Ursus arctos are closely related?
20. According to the cladogram in Figure 18-1, what two characteristics do crabs and barnacles share
that limpets do not?
Figure 18–1
21. What recently developed technology allows scientists to compare the DNA of different kinds of
organisms to determine classification?
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ID: A
Essay
22. How does traditional classification differ from evolutionary classification?
23. Briefly explain the history of how microorganisms have been classified, beginning with the early
systems of classification and leading to the modern six-kingdom system.
24. Identify a major source of evidence used by scientists who advocate the adoption of the
three-domain system for classifying living things.
Other
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
CELL TYPE
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
CELL
STRUCTURES
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in some;
some have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or
chloroplasts
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial; some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium, slime
molds, giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects,
fishes,
mammals
Figure 18–2
25. Using Tables and Graphs According to Figure 18-2, what is the main difference between the
domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea?
26. Applying Concepts If you know an organism has a cell wall and is a multicellular autotroph,
could you use Figure 18-2 to determine in which kingdom it belongs? Why or why not?
27. Using Tables and Graphs Considering the data presented in Figure 18-2, which characteristic
seems more important in assigning an organism to a specific domain—the presence or absence of
a nucleus or its mode of nutrition? Why?
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ch 18 Clasification v2
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
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14.
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C
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D
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D
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D
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C
REF:
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REF:
p. 448
p. 448
p. 448
p. 449
p. 451
p. 452
p. 452
p. 453
p. 454
p. 454
p. 457
p. 457
p. 458
p. 458
COMPLETION
15. ANS: phylum
REF: p. 449
16. ANS: genus
REF: p. 448
17. ANS: molecular clock
REF: p. 455
SHORT ANSWER
18. ANS:
The name might be different in different locations or different languages.
REF: p. 448
19. ANS:
Their scientific names show that they both belong to the same genus.
REF: p. 449
20. ANS:
segmentation and a molted exoskeleton
REF: p. 452
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21. ANS:
the ability to “read” the information coded in DNA
REF: p. 454
ESSAY
22. ANS:
Traditional classification places organisms into categories based mainly upon similarities in body
structure. Evolutionary classification, on the other hand, places organisms into categories that
represent lines of evolutionary descent, rather than just physical similarities.
REF: p. 452
23. ANS:
When scientists realized that microorganisms differed from plants and animals, they grouped
them all in the kingdom Protista. Later, the fungi (which includes microscopic yeasts) were placed
in their own kingdom. Later still, prokaryotes were separated from single-celled eukaryotes and
placed in their own kingdom, Monera. Monera have been divided into two kingdoms, Eubacteria
and Archaebacteria.
REF: p. 457, p. 458
24. ANS:
Scientists have performed comparative studies of a small subunit of ribosomal RNA present in all
living things. Using these data to establish a molecular clock, scientists have grouped modern
organisms according to how long they have been evolving independently, resulting in three
domains.
REF: p. 458
OTHER
25. ANS:
Bacteria have cell walls with peptidoglycan, while Archaea cell walls lack peptidoglycan.
REF: p. 459
26. ANS:
No; it could belong to Protista or Plantae.
REF: p. 459
27. ANS:
The presence or absence of a nucleus is more important. All three domains contain both
autotrophs and heterotrophs.
REF: p. 459
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