Download MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The ʺone gene-one polypeptideʺ theory states that A) the synthesis of each enzyme is catalyzed by one specific gene. B) the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide. C) the function of each polypeptide is to regulate the synthesis of each corresponding gene. D) each polypeptide catalyzes a specific reaction. E) the synthesis of each gene is catalyzed by one specific enzyme. 2) Experiments have demonstrated that the ʺwordsʺ of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids are A) single nucleotides. B) nucleotide sequences of various lengths. C) three-nucleotide sequences. D) two-nucleotide sequences. E) enzymes. 3) The directions for each amino acid in a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of ________ nucleotide(s) in an RNA molecule. A) 4 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 5 4) We would expect that a 15-nucleotide sequence will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of A) 2 amino acids. B) 4 amino acids. C) 6 amino acids. D) 3 amino acids. E) 5 amino acids. 5) A base substitution mutation in a gene does not always result in a different protein. Which of the following factors could account for this? A) mutations are usually accompanied by a complementary deletion B) mutation affects only the sequence of the proteinʹs amino acids, so the protein stays the same C) some amino acids are specified from more than one codon D) the double-ring structure of adenine and guanine E) a correcting mechanism that is part of the mRNA molecule 6) Which enzyme catalyzes the linking together of RNA nucleotides to form RNA? A) reverse transcriptase B) tRNA C) RNA ligase D) RNA polymerase E) a ribozyme 7) Which of the following occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA? A) elongation of the growing RNA molecule B) initiation of a new polypeptide chain C) initiation of a new RNA molecule D) termination of the RNA molecule E) addition of nucleotides to the DNA template 8) Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells? A) in the nucleus B) in the cell wall C) in chromatophores D) in the cytoplasm E) on the plasma membrane 9) Where do transcription and translation occur in eukaryotic cells? A) in the nucleus B) in the cell wall C) in chromatophores D) in the cytoplasm E) on the plasma membrane 10) Which of the following takes place during translation? A) the conversion of genetic information from DNA nucleotides into RNA nucleotides B) conversion of genetic information from the language of proteins to the language of enzymes C) the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins D) DNA replication E) the addition of nucleotides to a DNA template 11) Which of the following is a function of tRNA? A) joining to several types of amino acid B) joining to only one specific type of amino acid C) transferring nucleotides to rRNA D) helping to translate codons into nucleic acids E) recognizing the appropriate anticodons in mRNA 12) Which of the following is not needed in order for translation to occur? A) ribosomes B) tRNA C) various enzymes and protein ʺfactorsʺ D) DNA template E) sources of energy, including ATP 13) Which of the following statements is false? A) During the second step of initiation, a large ribosomal subunit binds to a small ribosomal subunit. B) An mRNA molecule transcribed from DNA is shorter than the genetic message it carries. C) During polypeptide initiation, an mRNA, the first amino acid attached to its tRNA, and the two subunits of a ribosome are brought together. D) During the first step of initiation, an mRNA molecule binds to a small ribosomal subunit. E) Translation consists of initiation, elongation, and termination. 14) Which of the following options most accurately lists the sequence of events in translation? A) peptide bond formation codon recognition translocation termination B) codon recognition translocation peptide bond formation termination C) codon recognition peptide bond formation translocation termination D) peptide bond formation translocation codon recognition termination E) codon recognition peptide bond formation termination translocation 15) Which of the following statements regarding the flow of genetic information is false? A) The codons in a gene specify the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide. B) Ribosomes function as factories that coordinate the functioning of mRNA and tRNA. C) Eukaryotic mRNA is processed in several ways before export out of the nucleus. D) Polypeptides form proteins that determine the appearance and function of the cell and organism. E) Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. 16) The idea that genes specify sequences of amino acids in proteins was demonstrated by comparative studies of A) normal and sickle cell hemoglobin B) virus reproduction C) infection of mice with pathogenic bacteria D) genetics of coat color in mice E) all of the above 17) If gene transcription consists of initiation, elongation and termination, what is being elongated? A) DNA B) RNA C) protein D) all of these 18) During the process of transcription, both strands (template and coding) of DNA are read to make a molecule of RNA. A) True B) False 19) In the process of “elongation” during transcription, what is added to the newly forming molecule of RNA? A) RNA specific nucleotides B) DNA specific nucleotides C) proteins D) random nucleic acids 20) The genetic code contains __ codons. A) 4 B) 16 C) 20 D) 64 E) a variable number of 21) One feature of the genetic code is that it is A) redundant B) unambiguous C) floppy D) universal (mostly) E) all of these 22) Which organelle is absolutely essential for protein synthesis? A) ribosome B) golgi body C) mitochondrion D) lysosome 23) If translation of RNA consists of initiation, elongation and termination, what is being elongated? A) DNA B) RNA C) polypeptide D) all of these 24. If translation of RNA consists of initiation, elongation and termination, what synthesis is being terminated? A) DNA B) RNA C) polypeptide D) all of these 25) An essential feature of protein synthesis using mRNA and tRNA is codon‐anticodon pairing between these two types of RNA. A) True B) False 26) How many amino acids would a protein contain if a molecule of messenger RNA with the following sequence of nitrogen bases was used for translation? (Hint: Count the codons!) AUGGCUUCAUCACAG A) 4 B) 5 C) 8 D) 15 E) none 27) What is the minimum number of codons would required for a protein containing five amino acids? (Don’t worry about start or stop codons.) A) 4 B) 5 C) 8 D) 15 E) none 28) What is the minimum number of RNA nucleotides required for a protein containing five amino acids? (Don’t worry about start or stop codons.) A) 4 B) 5 C) 8 D) 15 E) none 29) What is the minimum number of DNA nucleotides required to make a messenger RNA molecule for a protein containing five amino acids? (Don’t worry about start or stop codons.) A) 4 B) 5 C) 8 D) 15 E) none 30) Which of the following statements is true? A) Translation occurs in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. B) Transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. C) Transcription and translation occur in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell. D) A & B E) A, B & C 31) A model of protein synthesis on a ribosome would show ___ transfer RNA molecules interacting to synthesize a polypeptide. A) two B) four C) eight D) a variable number of 32) The information for protein synthesis originates in A) DNA B) RNA C) other proteins 33) Gene expression in eukaryotes requires processing of the primary RNA transcript to form a functional molecule of mRNA. A) True B) False 34) Let’s say a molecule of messenger RNA was just synthesized from eukaryotic DNA. Let’s also assume this mRNA primary transcript could be placed into a bacterial ribosome ready to do protein synthesis. What do you predict would happen? A) a polypeptide would be produced, but it would not be a functional protein since introns were not removed. B) the bacterial ribosome would first remove introns, then proceed to make a functional protein. C) It is not possible for a bacterial ribosome to “read” eukaryotic mRNA under any circumstances. D) a functional polypeptide/protein would be produced. 35) Let’s say a molecule of messenger RNA was just synthesized from prokaryotic DNA. Let’s also assume this mRNA transcript could be placed into a eukaryotic ribosome ready to do protein synthesis. What do you predict would happen? A) a polypeptide would be produced, but it would not be a functional protein since introns were not removed. B) the eukaryotic ribosome would first remove introns, then proceed to make a functional protein. C) It is not possible for a eukaryotic ribosome to “read” prokaryotic mRNA under any circumstances. D) A functional polypeptide/protein would be produced. 36) One consequence of alternative splicing of mRNA in eukaryotic cells is that more than one protein can be synthesized. A) True B) False