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Fascism
1. invented by italians.
unemployed ex-soldiers will solve problems
democracy not working
2. ultra-nationalist.
state will solve your problems.
3. Highly militaristic = salvation is in war.
4. Mussolini invited by King to form a government, quickly takes over.
5. VERY ANTI-COMMUNIST
response to the failure of the democratic state to do anything.
Germany and the Nazis
1. 1920s good economy = democracy (Weimer Republic)
2. adolf hitler rose to be head of the nazis (national socialists)
on a combination of germanic national-militarist glory
feelings of distrust and betrayal soldiers had
it was also racist and ethnic, it quantified real germans vs fake germans
in 1929 the economy collapsed and hyperinflation (1000s of %) made the money
worthless. people burned it. burning bread cost 2.5 billion marks.
3. Hitler says Nazis will provide for people, very anti-communist.
do well in elections.
4. Hitler invited to form a government.
5. Riksdag burns down = domestic terrorism = communists
6. Hitler needs Army support.
Army wants rearmament + end of SA
(Nazi’s vigilant group)
the night of the long knives
destroy SA
made government anti-homosexual
several SA leaders were known homosexuals.
7. Promised Germans to make them important again
the Jewish Question
1. Hitler promises jobs but no money.
2. borrows, then steals.
a. Jews had large businesses, especially banks and property.
b. Government confiscates Jewish property then resells it at huge profits
= conscription + rearmament.
c. Jews told to flee Germany but no one will take them.
the nazi real enemy wasn’t the jews but was the communists, the soviets.
the next great war would be with USSR
German Jews were seen as untrustworthy, sympathetic to communism
3. After the Jewish money ran out
absorbed Austria 1936
then czechoslovakia in 1937 (Munich Conference)
then demanded Polish territory.
Great Depression
1. 1920s prosperity fueled by debt
2. stock market crash (oct 1929) = banks called in loans
companies called in war debts from Britain and France
B / F called in indemnity from Germany
Germany printed money.
3. Everything Collapsed.
Run on banks = banks went under, no money to loan to businesses.
4. Smoot Hawley (1930) raised US tariffs very high ending imports
- B/F do the same
-end of international trade = lots of people out of work.
World War II
4. Sept 1 Germany invades Poland. B/F declare war
- Russia invades Poland later, then invades Finland
-do so bad vs Fins = Russian army worthless.
5. Sitzkrieg / Phony War = quiet period.
Germany takes over Norway, Denmark, Netherlands.
B/F waiting for Germans to attack, ready to refight WWI.
6. June 1940 - German attack on France.
1. French don’t really want to refight WWI
2. Tanks plus planes = mobility + punch holes in lines.
3. France collapses, conquered in six weeks.
7. Battle of Dunkirk
a. british army trapped, Hitler uses airforce not army
b. British escape on huge fleet (300,000 troops)
= keeps britain in the war.
= air power can not replace soldiers in winning.
8. August 1940 Battle of Britain
a. ariel battle to pave way for invasion.
b. “blood sweat toil and tears”
The coming of war for Britain
what are we fighting for.
Churchill inspired both Britain and the World
Fighting for Britain, we will never surrender
blood sweat toil and tears
June 1941 Operation Barbarossa Germany invades Soviet Union
Largest war in the history of warfare.
It is at first stunningly successful.
But Leningrad hold out and is undersiege.
The Ukraine falls but Moscow pushes back the Germans final lunge.
Germans are welcomed as liberators (Ukrainian, Moldavian, Belorussian, Jews)
until
1. German SS and Einstatsgrupen “clearing” of land of Russians (esp Jews) to
make way for eventual german colonization.
2. A savage war of national survival. Millions are killed by the environemnt and by
their enemies. 10m germans are casualties in the East, 30m Russians
are killed or wounded.
December 1941 - Attack on Pearl Harbor
1. Japan invaded china in 1937. killed millions, but couldn’t get China to surrender.
2. 1940 Attack french in S.E. Asia, stop allied support of China.
3. US oil embargo of Japan
4. Japan needs oil = dutch indonesia
- have to go passed Phillipines
- destroy Pacific Fleet,
take Phillipines, Indonesia, end war with China, negotiate treaty with US
5. very successful
6. Germany declares war on US.
The USS Oklahoma. "You did a little praying and thinking things,"
said Seaman Garlen W. Eslick, who was for a time trapped
aboard the ship. "We could hear the boys, some of them, in this
one compartment next to us, and they were hollering for help for a
good long time. There wasn't anything we could do about it, and
then they became quiet. They evidently drowned."
USS Arizona
Tennessee, Virginia
Pacific War 1942-1945
Combination of Naval and Marines
1. Battle of Midway
- Stops Japanese advance in Pacific
- US goes on the offensive.
3. Island hopping campaign,
1. brutal warfare
2. naval isolate island.
3. assault, landing by marines.
4. bombardment from air.
4. no hope of rescue the Japanese fight to last
5. racism on both sides = brutality.
6. Aug 1942 - Guadalcanal
a. Japan navy on defensive.
b. proves war will be fight of destruction
7. Tarwana 1943 - Japanese civilians kill themselves
rather than be taken prisoner
"Arizona war worker writes her Navy
boyfriend a thank-you note for the Jap skull he
sent her.
When he said goodby two years ago to
Natalie Nickerson, 20 a war worker of Phoenix,
Ariz., a big, handsome Navy lieutenant
promised her a Jap. Last week Natalie
received a human skull, autographed by her
lieutenant and 13 friends, and inscribed: "This
is a good Jap - a dead one picked up on the
New Guinea beach." Natalie, surprised at the
gift, named it Tojo. The armed forces
disapprove strongly of this sort of thing."
"Japanese skulls were much-envied trophies among U.S. Marines in the
Pacific theater during World War II. The practice of collecting them apparently
began after the bloody conflict on Guadalcanal, when the troops set up the skulls
as ornaments or totems atop poles as a type of warning. The Marines boiled the
skulls and then used lye to remove any residual flesh so they would be suitable as
souvenirs. U.S. sailors cleaned their trophy skulls by putting them in nets and
dragging them behind their vessels. Winfield Townley Scott wrote a wartime poem,
'The U.S. Sailor with the Japanese Skull" that detailed the entire technique of
preserving the headskull as a souvenir. In 1943 Life magazine published the
picture of a U.S. sailor's girlfriend contemplating a Japanese skull sent to her as a
gift - with a note written on the top of the skull. Referring to this practice, Edward L.
Jones, a U.S. war correspondent in the Pacific wrote in the February 1946 Atlantic
Magazine, "We boiled the flesh off enemy skulls to make table ornaments for
sweethearts, or carved their bones into letter-openers." On occasion, these
"Japanese trophy skulls" have confused police when they have turned up during
murder investigations. It has been reported that when the remains of Japanese
soldiers were repatriated from the Mariana Islands in 1984, sixty percent were
missing their skulls."
What the German has done to the Jew in Europe, we are doing to the Jap in the Pacific."
-Charles Lindberg, aviator
-most famous american.
July 1943 Allies invade Sicily.
July 12 1943 - Battle of Kursk
- largest tank battle of war
- destroys German army in Russia, Germans army collapses
retreats to Western Poland.
Sept 1943 Allies invade italy and fight slow and constantly up Italy.
Mussolini captured, rescued by Germans, captured again, and
executed.
Nov 1943 - Meeting at Yalta - The Big Three.
Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt meet to discuss the end of the War
and the Post-War World. 1943-1945 strategic bombing of german cities begins
Feb 1944 Dresden, city of no military value but full of cultural history and refugees,
is obliterated by allied bombing.
June 6 1944 Allies land at Normandy and begin to push germans out of France.
Russians advance through Poland.
Then turned south and captured Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Yugoslavia.
Patton is ordered to stop and the Soviets enter Prague
April 12 1945
Roosevelt died, Truman becomes President but knows NOTHING, kept out of loop.
April 1945 - Russians surround Berlin and begin attack to end the war. Germans begin fleeing west.
April 30 Hitler commits suicide
May 7
VE day, Germany surrenders
July Churchill voted out of office, Potsdam Conference
- discusses the post war world. Staling and Truman.
- 1st nuclear explosion
August 6
Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
Aug 8
Soviet Union declares was on Japan
Crushes Japanese army in Manchuria, helps communist chinese,
marches down Korean Penninsula, contemplates invasion Japanese islands
Aug 9
Aug 15
Nagasaki destroyed by Atomic Bomb
Japan surrenders to the United States. VJ day Results
Stalin is the last leader left from 1939 still in power.
Roosevelt is dead, Mussolini dead, Hitler is dead.
Chamberlain humilated, Churchill voted out.
French 3rd republic is humiliated, vichy gov’t was collaborationists
The two largest armies in the world are US and USSR.
US has an overwhelming dominance in the air and the only real navy in the world.
Nuclear Weapons can destroy cities in an instant.
Europe is devastated by six years of war, plunder, murder, bombing and war.
It is prostrate as no time since the end of the Roman Empire in the early 400s AD.
60m are dead from the war and war related causes.
6m Jews
6m catholics
10m russians/slavs have been exterminated by the SS
London was bombed, Dresden obliterated, Paris survives
but a strong France does not,
Every German city is a smoldering heap. Berlin is devastated