Download Chapter 9: The Era of Thomas Jefferson

The
Jefferson
Era
1800 – 1815
US Timeline 1801-1815
1801 Thomas Jefferson is elected president.
1803 Louisiana Purchase is made.
1804 Jefferson is reelected. Lewis and Clark
expedition begins.
1807 Embargo Act is passed.
1808 James Madison is elected president.
1811 Battle of Tippecanoe is fought.
1812 War of 1812 begins.
1814 British attack Washington, D.C.
1815 Battle of New Orleans is fought.
World Timeline 1801-1815
1801 Tripoli declares war on the United States.
1803 Europe’s Napoleonic wars resume after
brief peace.
1805 British win at Trafalgar.
French win at Austerlitz.
1810 Hawaiian Islands are unified by
King Kamehameha the Great.
1814 Napoleon is defeated and exiled to Elba.
1815 Napoleon returns and is defeated at Waterloo.
Terms and People
• Thomas Jefferson – third President of the
United States, elected in 1800
• Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s running mate in the
1800 election
• laissez faire – the idea that the government
should not interfere in the economy
• John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court under President Jefferson
• judicial review – the authority of the
Supreme Court to strike down
unconstitutional laws
The Talented Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson was a truly talented
man. A skilled lawyer, writer, and
musician, Jefferson was also a gifted
architect. The design for Monticello,
his Virginia home included unique
features such as a seven-day clock and
a dumbwaiter. He also invented a
copy machine, a portable desk, and
had a large library.
Monticello
A Complicated Love Life
Martha Jefferson (1748 - 1782) was musical and highly educated, a
constant reader. She played the keyboard and the guitar, and was
accomplished at needlework. Martha was in frail health for much of her
marriage to Thomas. She is believed to have suffered from diabetes, the
cause of her childbearing problems. They had six children but their
daughter Martha Jefferson-Randolph was the only one to live to
adulthood . Martha died following the birth of their sixth child in 1782.
Throughout their 10-year marriage, they appeared to have been wholly
devoted to each other. According to slaves who attended her in her final
days, Jefferson promised his wife that he would never remarry.
Jefferson was inconsolable in his loss. It was said that he collapsed just
before she died. After the funeral, he refused to leave his room for three
weeks.
Jefferson is alleged to have had a long-term, intimate relationship with
one of his slaves, Sally Hemings. She was also a half-sister to
Jefferson's late wife Martha. Hemings and Jefferson had six children,
four of whom survived to adulthood and were freed by Jefferson. After
Jefferson died, Hemings left Monticello and lived with her sons.
This silhouette is
the only known
image of Martha
Jefferson.
Jefferson’s Philosophy
“
“Most bad government has grown out of too
much government.”
“I predict future happiness for Americans if
they can prevent the government from wasting
(their) … labors under the pretense of taking
care of them.”
“The United States…will be more virtuous,
more free and more happy employed in
agriculture than as carriers or manufacturers.”
“The man who reads nothing at all is better
educated than the man who reads nothing but
newspapers.”
.”
The Election of 1800
The presidential campaign of 1800 was
tarnished by nasty and vicious personal
attacks. When election day came,
Thomas Jefferson defeated John Adams
in the electoral college. The problem
was that vice presidential candidate
Aaron Burr received the same number
of electoral votes as Jefferson.
.
Finally,
and the election
was settled.
To avoid this situation in the future, Congress
passed the Twelfth Amendment.
From 1804 on, electors would
vote separately for President and
Vice President.
Marbury v. Madison
Before leaving office in 1801, President
Adams appointed a Federalist, John Marshall,
as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He
made a number of other “last-minute”
judicial appointments, including William
Marbury. The new Secretary of
State, James Madison, refused to
install Marbury. Marbury sued and the
case went before the Supreme Court.
John Marshall
William Marbury
James Madison
In
,
.
Under
The
ruling
the Judiciary
stated
that the Supreme
Act,
Court’s
power came
Court’s
powerfrom
came
the Constitution,
from
Congress. not
Congress.
Supreme Court
Congress
Constitution
The Court also ruled that Marbury was entitled to his
commission, but that according to the Constitution,
the Court did not have the authority to require
Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury in this
case. Chief Justice John Marshall used this case to
establish the principle of
.
Jefferson Makes Changes
Changes Made by Jefferson and his Party
1. Repealed unpopular taxes
2. Reduced the number of federal employees
3. Reduced the size of the military
4. Reduced the amount of money owed by the
government
Reaction to Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson’s policies were
repeatedly attacked by
Federalists. In this cartoon
Jefferson and the Devil are
shown pulling down the pillars
of the federal Government.
STRANGE
but
True
The most famous duel in
American history climaxed
a longstanding conflict
between two of the most
important men in the
country.
On July 11, 1804, Alexander
Hamilton and Aaron Burr
met on the dueling grounds
at Weehawken, New Jersey,
to fight the final skirmish of
a long-lived political and
personal battle.
When the duel was over,
Hamilton would be mortally
wounded, and Burr would
be wanted for murder.
Aaron Burr
Alexander Hamilton
Terms and People
• expedition – a long and carefully organized
journey
• Meriwether Lewis – army captain chosen by
Jefferson to lead the exploration of the West
• William Clark – Lewis’s co-leader
• continental divide – the place on the
continent that separates river systems
flowing in opposite directions
• Zebulon Pike – explored the southern part of
the Louisiana territory from 1805–1807
Louisiana Purchase
By 1800, more than one million settlers lived
between the Appalachian Mountains and the
Mississippi River.
Most western settlers were farmers who relied on
the Mississippi River.
Farmers shipped goods
down the Mississippi to
the port of New Orleans.
From there, goods were
loaded on ships and
carried to markets
across the Atlantic.
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson learned that Spain had secretly
given its Louisiana Territory to France.
French territory
Jefferson feared
that France
would become
dominant in
America, as it
was becoming in
Europe.
If this happened,
westward expansion of
the United States
would be blocked.
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans
from the French.
He sent James
Monroe and
Robert Livingston
to Paris to make
a deal.
.
When they arrived in
France, they
discovered that the
situation had shifted
yet again.
Revolution in Haiti
In 1801 and 1802,
Toussaint L’Ouverture led
a successful revolt against
the French in Haiti. The
French suffered disastrous
losses at a time when
Napoleon needed money
to fund his war in Europe.
Louisiana Purchase
Without Haiti, France would have trouble
defending Louisiana in the event of a war.
Because of this situation, France offered to sell
the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States.
Factors that led Napoleon to sell the
Louisiana Territory
Causes
Determination of
Americans to use
port at New Orleans
Effect
Losses suffered by
France in Caribbean
colonies
Napoleon sells the
Louisiana Territory
Costly war in
Europe
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson hesitated to approve the purchase.
In the end, Jefferson decided that the purchase
was constitutional because the President is able
to make treaties with foreign countries.
Discuss 
Why is the Louisiana Purchase considered as one of the
most significant events of the 19th century?
Lewis and Clark
On January 18, 1803, President Jefferson
sent a confidential message to Congress,
stating in part, “The river Missouri and t
he Indians inhabiting it, are not as well
known as is rendered desirable by their
connection with the Mississippi, and
consequently with us.”
Jefferson went on to propose that an
“intelligent officer with ten or twelve
chosen men might explore the whole
line, even to the Western Ocean.”
Jefferson chose a young officer, Captain
Meriwether Lewis, to lead the
expedition. Lewis asked his old friend,
Lieutenant William Clark, to select and
oversee a group of volunteers, which
they called the Corps of Discovery.
Jefferson’s Letter to Lewis
“To Meriwether Lewis, esquire, captain of the first regiment of
infantry of the United States of America: The object of your mission
is to
.”
Lewis and Clark
.
.
.
Goals of the western
expedition
Interact with History
Journal 
You have been chosen to participate in an expedition to the West in the
early 1800s. You are excited and curious, but also a little anxious. You
know that you will see and experience many new things, but you know
there are risks involved too.
What type of people would be chosen for an expedition like this?
Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804
and explored the northern part of the Louisiana
Territory.
Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark’s expedition lasted for over two
years.
July 1804
The party
reached the
mouth of the
Platte River,
which feeds into
the Missouri
River.
August 1804
October 1804
The expedition
followed the
Missouri River from
St. Louis to the
Rocky Mountains.
Lewis and Clark
July 1804
August 1804
They met with
Native
Americans for
the first time.
October 1804
The Americans
promised to give
the tribes military
support and trading
rights in exchange
for peace.
Lewis and Clark
July 1804
August 1804
They were joined
by Sacagawea, a
Shoshone
translator.
October 1804
They camped in
what is now
North Dakota
for the winter.
Lewis and Clark
August 1805
The party
reached the
continental
divide.
November 1805 March 1806
They did not find a
waterway to the
Pacific. Instead, they
had to navigate rapids
in their canoes.
Lewis and Clark
August 1805
November 1805 March 1806
They reached
the Pacific
Ocean by way
of the Columbia
River.
They began the
return journey,
which took
about half a
year.
From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the
southern part of the Louisiana Territory.
EFFECTS: Exploration of the West, 1804-1807
1.
Accurate Maps
Lewis & Clark and Pike produced the first good maps of the
Louisiana Territory. Later travelers would use these maps to
make their way west.
2.
Growth of Fur Trade
Exploration boosted interest in the fur trade. Hunters and
trappers would add knowledge of the West.
3.
Mistaken view of the Great Plains
Pike inaccurately described the treeless Great Plains as a
desert. This led many Americans to believe that the Plains were
useless for farming.
Terms and People
• tribute – money paid by one country to
another in return for protection
• Stephen Decatur – led a group of American
sailors in a battle to protect the warship
Philadelphia against pirates
• embargo – a government order that
forbids foreign trade
• smuggle – the act of illegally importing or
exporting goods
• Tecumseh – organized western Native
American tribes to resist American expansion
• William Henry Harrison – governor of the
Indiana Territory who sent soldiers to fight
Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe
Problems with Pirates
Pirates from the North African Barbary States
began attacking American ships.
At first, America paid tribute, as other nations
did.
America paid money
to the rulers of the
Barbary States.
The Barbary pirates
stopped attacking
American ships.
Problems with Pirates
Jefferson stopped paying tribute. He sent
warships to protect American merchant ships.
Pirates from the
Barbary State of
Tripoli captured
the American
ship, Philadelphia.
American sailors
led by Stephen
Decatur burned
the Philadelphia
so the pirates
could not use it.
This victory and others inspired confidence in
America’s ability to deal with foreign threats.
W
a
r
w
i
t
h
T
r
i
p
o
l
i
Problems with France & England
A greater threat to America came from the
continuing war between Britain and France.
Britain and France weakened each other by cutting
off each other’s foreign trade.
U.S.
France
Britain
U.S.
France seized American ships trading with Britain.
Britain did the same to ships trading with France.
Problems with France & England
By 1805, France and England were
seizing American merchant ships.
Britain was also
, or
. In
1807, the HMS Leopard attacked the
USS Chesapeake, off the coast of
Virginia.
Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo
Many Americans wanted to go to war with Britain, but
Jefferson knew that the American Navy fleet was too small
and weak. In response, Jefferson convinced Congress to
pass the
. An embargo is
. Some merchants turned to
smuggling when they could not trade. Lost markets hurt
farmers and merchants lost their main sources of income.
foreign trade
Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo
The embargo hurt America in many ways.
Prices of American
crops declined.
American
exports
declined.
Many
Americans lost
their jobs.
Merchants turned to
smuggling to survive.
Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo
Thomas Jefferson’s Embargo
Congress repealed the Embargo Act in 1809,
just before Jefferson left office.
Congress passed a new law that reopened
trade with all countries except France and
Britain.
America would reopen trade with those
countries when they started respecting
America’s neutrality.
Problems with Native Americans
Native Americans suffered as a result of
American expansion.
• Many died from new diseases.
• They lost their hunting grounds.
• Animals they hunted were driven
away.
• The power of their leaders declined.
Problems with Native Americans
Shawnee leader
.
western tribes
Tecumseh
U.S.
Expansion
Problems with Native Americans
William Henry Harrison took action against
Tecumseh’s activities.
Tippecanoe
River
Harrison sent
soldiers against
Shawnee
villages while
Tecumseh was
away.
At the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison defeated the
Native Americans. After the battle, Harrison found
the Shawnee were using British muskets.
.
Terms and People
• nationalism – pride in one’s country
• war hawk – one who is eager for war;
specifically, an American who favored war with
Britain in 1812
• blockade – the action of shutting a port or
road to prevent people or supplies from
coming into an area or leaving it
• Oliver Hazard Perry – commander of American
troops that fought the British on Lake Erie in 1812
• Andrew Jackson – took command of American
forces in Georgia in the summer of 1813
• secede – to withdraw
Tensions with Britain were high when
James Madison took office in 1809.
Britain armed Native
Americans…
…and continued impressment
of U.S. sailors.
American
anger toward
Britain
To
To
&
To take Florida from
Spain, Britain’s ally
Why did
War Hawks
want war
with Britain?
To demonstrate the
strength of the
United States
To
in the West
The War of 1812
Westerners and Congressmen who called
for war against Britain were known as War
Hawks. Urged on by War Hawks like
Henry Clay of Kentucky and Andrew
Jackson, James Madison asked Congress
to declare War on Britain on June 18, 1812.
The British did not really want a war with
the U.S. because they were already
involved in a war with France.
The British offered to stop interfering with
American shipping, but the news didn’t
reach the U.S. in time to stop hostilities.
when war was declared. The army had
fewer than 7,000 men – most of whom
were
– and
was led by inexperienced officers. The
U.S. navy had less than 20 ships.
Military Events of the War of 1812
FIRST PHASE
SECOND PHASE
Americans win
important victories
on the high seas.
British fail to capture Baltimore.
Perry defeats British
fleet on Lake Erie.
Jackson’s army defeats
British forces at the Battle of
New Orleans.
British also involved
in a war with
France.
American fleet defeats British
fleet on Lake Champlain.
The War of 1812
The War of 1812 had two main
phases. From 1812 to 1814,
Britain was preoccupied with its
war against Napoleon in Europe.
Early in the war, US ships such
as the Constitution and the
United States won stirring
victories against the British navy.
These victories boosted
American confidence.
An important US naval
victory took place on Lake
Erie in September of 1813.
Commodore Perry’s inspired
leadership led to the British
surrender. American forces
followed up the victory by
defeating the British at the
Battle of the Thames.
Old Ironsides
The USS Constitution has thick wooden planking and a heavily
reinforced frame. Skilled carpenters measured, cut, and fit each piece
individually. Paul Revere supplied copper plating and fasteners that
protected the ship’s bottom from wood rot. Sailors claimed to see
British cannonballs bounce off its thick hull. This led to the ship’s
popular nickname, “Old Ironsides.”
Despite the
victory of the
Constitution,
Britain was
able to set
up a
blockade of
the American
coast.
Britain had closed off all American ports
by the war’s end.
The War of 1812
After defeating Napoleon
and the French, Britain
turned its full attention to
the United States. The
British army defeated
American forces and burned
Washington DC, the Capitol
building, and the president’s
mansion.
The British also sent a force from
Canada to push south and cut off
New England. The plan failed
when the Americans defeated the
British at the Battle of Lake
Champlain in September of 1814.
The War of 1812
Battle for Washington
• The British invaded Washington, D.C. in 1814.
• British soldiers burned the Capitol, the White House, and
other public buildings.
• Before the British burned the White House,
.
The Battle of
Fort McHenry
And the rockets’ red glare,
the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the
night that our flag was
still there.
As the war
dragged on,
Federalists
expressed their
opposition by
calling it “Mr.
Madison’s War.”
Many New Englanders opposed the war,
because the British blockade was hurting their trade.
In 1814, opposition was so high that delegates at
the Hartford Convention suggested that New
England secede from the United States.
The War of 1812
Britain had tired of war. On Christmas Eve,
1814 the two sides signed the Treaty of
Ghent.
Treaty of Ghent
• Ended the war
• Returned things
to the way they
had been before
the war
Before this news
reached the U.S.,
Americans won a
final victory in the
Battle of New
Orleans in January
1815.
The Battle of New Orleans
The British moved against the strategic port of
New Orleans in January of 1815. 7,500 British
soldiers attacked a patchwork American army
under the command of General Andrew Jackson.
Protected by earthworks, American artillery and
riflemen mowed down the advancing redcoats.
The British suffered 2,000 casualties, compared
to the American’s 71. Ironically, the Treaty of
Ghent, which ended the war, was signed two
weeks earlier, on December 24, 1814.
The Battle of New Orleans
The War of 1812
interrupted trade and
Americans were
forced to make many
goods they had
previously imported.
This
.
Journal 
Was the War of 1812
justified?
When, if ever, is war
justified?