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Contents
Articles
List of Christian terms in Arabic
1
Glossary of Islam
5
References
Article Sources and Contributors
37
Article Licenses
License
38
List of Christian terms in Arabic
List of Christian terms in Arabic
The following list consists of concepts that are derived from both Christian and Arab tradition, which are expressed
as words and phrases in the Arabic language. These terms are included as transliterations, often accompanied by the
original Arabic-alphabet orthography. Although Islam is the dominant religion among Arabs, there are a significant
number of Arab Christians in regions that were formerly Christian, such as much of the Byzantine empire's lands in
the Middle East, so that there are over twenty million Arab Christians living around the world. (Significant
populations in Egypt, Lebanon, Brazil, Mexico, Jordan, Syria, Sudan, Iraq, USA, Canada, UK and Australia.)
Christianity has existed in the Arab world since the 1st century. Readers should also note that Arabic is written with
the Arabic alphabet, and that different individuals and Christian groups may transliterate certain Arabic words into
the Latin alphabet in various ways.
: Top · 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
A
al-Āb (‫)ُبآلا‬
God the Father
Allāh (‫)هللا‬
literally "God"; is also used as a religious term by Arab Muslims and Arab Jews.
Roman Catholics in Malta call God Alla in the Maltese language. The name Allah is also used by Christians in
predominantly Islamic countries and countries where both faiths exist side by side regularly such as Indonesia,
Israel (part), Lebanon, Turkey, Syria, Egypt, Iraq and Nigeria.
B
Bābā Nuwayl (‫)ليون اباب‬
Santa Claus (A partial translation and partial borrowing of French "Père Noël")
Bismi l-Ābi wa l-Ibni wa r-Rūḥi l-Qudus (‫ِسُدُقْلا ِحوُّرلاَو ِنْبِالاَو ِبآلا ِمْساِب‬, also spelled ‫ِنْبِالاَو ِبآلا ِمْسِب‬
‫)ِسُدُقْلا ِحوُّرلاَو‬
"In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit" (See also: Trinitarian formula, Basmala). Sometimes
followed by ‫ دحاولا هلإلا‬al-Ilāhu l-Wāḥid "The One God", to emphasize monotheism.
Brūtistāntī (‫)يتناتستورب‬
Protestant (a more foreign-imitating pronunciation is Prōtistāntī)
I
‘Īd Kulli l-Qiddīsīn (‫)نيسيدقلا لك ديع‬
All Saints' Day
‘Īdu l-‘Anṣarah (‫)ةرصنعلا ديع‬
Pentecost
‘Īdu l-Fiṣḥ (‫ )حصفلا ديع‬or ‘Īdu l-Qiyāmah (‫)ةمايقلا ديع‬
Easter
‘Īdu l-Jasad (‫)دسجلا ديع‬
The Catholic feast of Corpus Christi
1
List of Christian terms in Arabic
‘Īdu l-Mīlād (‫)داليملا ديع‬
"Day of the Birth (of Jesus)" Christmas.
‘Īdu ṣ-Ṣu‘ūdi (lil-Masīḥ) (‫)دوعصلا ديع‬
Feast of Ascension
‘Īdu l-Mawtā (‫)ىتوملا ديع‬
All Soul's Day
Injīl (‫)ليجنإ‬
One of the four gospels (from Greek Ευαγγελια "Good News"); Muslims use it to refer to the entire New
Testament, or rather to the hypothetical "uncorrupted" gospel of Jesus.
Iqūna (‫)ةنوقيإ‬
Icon
J
Jaras (‫)سرج‬
Church bell
K
Kanīsa (‫)ةسينك‬
Church, similar to the Hebrew Knesset literally "Assembly". See Alcañiz for a Spanish cognate through
Mozarabic.
Kathūlīkī (‫)يكيلوثاك‬
Catholic
Kātidrā'iyyah (‫)ةيئاردتاك‬
Cathedral
M
Maryamu l-‘Adhra' (‫)ءارذعلا ميرم‬
Virgin Mary
al-Masīḥ (‫)حيسملا‬
Christ (literally "the Messiah" or "the Anointed")
al-Masīḥiyyah (‫)ةيحيسملا‬
Christianity (literally "Messianity")
Masīḥī (‫)يحيسم‬
Christian (literally "of the Messiah")
Mubaššir (‫)رشبم‬
Christian missionary
2
List of Christian terms in Arabic
N
Naṣrānī (‫)ينارصن‬
A traditional Islamic term for Christians (literally "Nazarene"). Arab Christians do not use it to refer to
themselves. It can have a negative connotation in some contexts.
Nāṣirī (‫)يرصان‬
Person from Nazareth (also a follower of Gamal Abdel Nasser)
O
Orthodoksī (‫)يسكذوثرأ‬
Orthodox Christianity
Q
Qibti, Qubti (‫)يطبق‬
Coptic
Quddās (‫)سادق‬
Mass
Qudsi (‫)يسدق‬
Saint, holy, sacred
R
ar-Rūḥu l-Qudus (‫)ِسُدُقْلا ِحوُّرلا‬
The Holy Spirit
S
Ṣalīb (‫)بيلص‬
Cross
Sim‘ān l-Ghayūr (‫)روُيَغْلا ناَعْمِس‬
Simon the Zealot
Sim‘ān Butrus (‫)سرطب ناَعْمِس‬
Simon Peter
T
Tabšīr (‫)ريشبت‬
literally "the Spreading of Good News" - Christian missionary work
Tajassud (‫)دسجت‬
Incarnation (of Jesus Christ)
ath-Thālūth (‫)ثوُلَاثْلا‬
The Holy Trinity
3
List of Christian terms in Arabic
U
Ūrašalīm (‫)ميلشاروأ‬
Christian Arabic version of Jerusalem (as opposed to the Islamic Arabic term al-Quds ‫)سدقلا‬
Ūsquf (‫)فقسأ‬
Bishop (pl. ‫)ةافقاسأ‬, Archbishop (‫)ةفقاسألا سيئر‬
Y
Yasū‘ (‫)َعوُسَي‬
Christian Arabic version of the name of Jesus (as opposed to the Islamic Arabic term Isa ‫)ىسيع‬
Yasū‘u l-Masīḥ (‫)حيسملا عوُسَي‬
Jesus Christ
al-Jum‘atu l-Ḥazīna (‫)ةنيزحلا ةعمجلا‬
Good Friday
al-Jum‘atu l-‘Aẓīma (‫)ةميظعلا ةعمجلا‬
Good Friday
Yuḥanna (‫)انحوي‬
Christian Arabic version of the name of John (as opposed to the Islamic Arabic term Yaḥya ‫)ىيحي‬
External links
• Arabic Christian literature [1]
• American Middle East Christians Congress [2]
References
[1] http:/ / www. al-bushra. org/ arbhrtg/ arbxtn01. htm
[2] http:/ / www. amecc. us/ TEXT%20FILES%20CHURCHES/ arabic_christian_literature. htm
4
Glossary of Islam
Glossary of Islam
The following list consists of notable concepts that are derived from both Islamic and Arab tradition, which are
expressed as words in the Arabic language. The main purpose of this list is to disambiguate multiple spellings, to
make note of spellings no longer in use for these concepts, to define the concept in one or two lines, to make it easy
for one to find and pin down specific concepts, and to provide a guide to unique concepts of Islam all in one place.
Separating concepts in Islam from concepts specific to Arab culture, or from the language itself, can be difficult.
Many Arabic concepts have an Arabic secular meaning as well as an Islamic meaning. One example is the concept of
dawah. One of the complexities of the Arabic language is that a single word can have multiple meanings. The word
Islam is itself a good example.
Readers should also note that Arabic is written in its own alphabet, with letters, symbols, and orthographic
conventions that do not have exact equivalents in the Latin alphabet (see Arabic alphabet). The following list
contains transliterations of Arabic terms and phrases; variations exist, e.g. din instead of deen and aqidah instead of
aqeedah. Most items in the list also contain their actual Arabic spelling.
: Top · 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
‘Abd (‫)دبع‬
servant, worshipper, slave. Muslims consider themselves servants and slaves of God. Common Muslim names
such as Abdullah (Servant of God), Abdul-Malik (Slave of the King), Abdur-Rahmān (Slave of the most
Beneficent), Abdus-Salām (Slave of Peace), all refer to names of Allah.
Adab (‫)بدأ‬
Traditionally describes good manners, as in etiquette. For example, being courteous is good adab. However,
the term can be used very broadly, and the proper translation would be "the proper way to go about
something," as in the example, Aadaab al Qitaal, or, "The Proper Way of Fighting in War," (Qitaal in Arabic
means mortal combat) in which the word "etiquette" does not befit the context. Literally meaning literature.
Ādhān (‫)ناذأ‬
call to salat (prayer), sometimes alternatively spelled and pronounced Azan, Athan and Adhan.
‘Adl (‫)لدع‬
justice, especially distributive justice: social, economic, political, environmental.
AH
anno hegirae The Islamic calendar starts counting years starting from the time when Muhammad had to leave
Mecca and go to Medina, an event known as the Hijra: July 16, 622.
Aḥad (‫)دحأ‬
literally "one." Islamically, ahad means One Alone, unique, none like God. Al-Wahid is one of the names of
God.
Aḥkām (‫)ماكحأ‬
rulings and orders of the Qu'ran and Sunnah. Five kinds of orders: Wajib, Mustahab, Muharram, Makruh, and
Halal. Singular Ḥukm.
Ahl al-Bayt (‫) تيبلا لهأ‬
members of Muhammad's Household. Also known among Shia as the Ma'sumin (infallibles; spiritually pure).
Ahl al-Fatrah ( ‫)ةرطفلا لهأ‬
people who live in ignorance of the teachings of a revealed religion, but according to the "Fitra", the "Natural
Religion" innate to human nature as created by God.
5
Glossary of Islam
Ahl al-Kitāb (‫) باتكلا لهأ‬
"People of the Book", or followers of pre-Islamic monotheistic religions with some form of scripture believed
to be of divine origin which were mentioned in Quran: Jews, Christians.
Ākhirah (‫)ةرخآلا‬
hereafter or eternal life
Akhlāq (‫)قالخأ‬
The practice of virtue. Morals.
Al-Ikhlas (‫)صالخإ‬- Sincerety
Genuine in religious beliefs.
Al-Birr (‫)ربلا‬
Piety and righteousness and every act of obedience to Allah.
‘Ālamīn (‫)نيملاع‬
Literally "worlds", humankind, jinn, angels and all that exists
Alayhis Salam (‫)مالسلا هيلع‬
"Peace be upon him" This expression normally follows after naming a prophet (other than Muhammad), or one
of the noble Angels (i.e. Jibreel[Gabriel], Mikaeel[Michael], etc.)
Al-Ḥamdu Lillāh or Hamdellah (‫)هلل دمحلا‬
"Praise be to God!" Qur'anic exclamation and also same meaning as hallelujah.
Allāh (‫)هللا‬
The Arabic name of God.
Allahumma (‫)َّمُهَّللا‬
"O God."
Allāhu Akbar (‫)ربكأ هللا‬
"Allah is the Greatest." Islamic expression.
‘Ālim (‫)مِلاع‬
One who knows. A scholar (in any field of knowledge); a scientist (who knows science) or a theologian (who
knows religion); similar to Japanese sensei, "teacher".
Amānah (‫)ةنامأ‬
the trust. Of all creation, only human beings & jinns carry the "trust", which is free will.
Āmīn (‫)نيمآ‬
Amen, a supplication meaning, "O God, accept our invocation!".
Amīrul-Mu’minīn (‫)نينمؤملا ريمأ‬
In some countries like Morocco, a Amīrul-Mu’minīn or Commander of the faithful is the religious chief.
Aminah (‫)ةنمآ‬
Muhammad's mother. Aminah fell sick and died in Abwa, near Madina (then Yathrib) when Muhammad was
six years old.
Al Amr Bi'l Maruf
Islamic doctrine of enjoining right.
anfal
Property of the Imam
6
Glossary of Islam
Anṣār (‫)راصنأ‬
"Helpers." The Muslim converts at Medina who helped the Muslims from Mecca after the Hijrah.
‘Aqīdah (‫)ةديقع‬
The Islamic creed, or the six article of faith, which consists of the belief in God, Angels, Messengers and
Prophets, Scriptures, the Day of Judgment, and Destiny.
Aqiqah (‫)ةقيقع‬
Islamic practice of shaving the head of the new born male and contributing the weight in silver for charity as
well as 2 lambs. One lamb is slaughtered for a baby girl.
‘Aql (‫)لقع‬
Intelligence, intellect, mind, understanding
Arkan singular rukn (‫نكر‬/‫)ناكرأ‬
The five rukn "pillars" of Islam. (See rukn)
A.S. ('Alayhis-salaam)
This acronym evokes a blessing and is appended to the names of the prophets who came before Muhammad. It
will also be applied to the mothers of those prophets. When following a woman's name, the feminine form is
'Alayhas-salaam.
Aṣl ( ‫( ) لصأ‬pl. usool)
Root, origin, source; principle.
Aslim Taslam (‫)مَلست مِلسأ‬
"Submit to Islam" (See dawah) (See: lan astaslem)
Asmā’ Allah al-Ḥusnā (‫)ىنسحلا هللا ءامسأ‬
List of God's 99 names. According to a hadith, the one who enumerates them all will enter Paradise.
‘Aṣr (‫)رصعلا‬
The third salat prayer. The time of the day before sunset and after noon. also means "era".
Aṣ-Ṣirāṭ
The bridge on which judgement of where a person's Akhira (afterlife) will lie is passed.
al-Asharatu Mubashsharun bil-Jannah or just Asharatu Mubashsharah (Arabic
‫ةرشعلا‬
‫نورّشبملا‬
‫ةنجلاب‬
or
‫ةرشع‬
‫;رّشبملا‬ Transliteration:
‘Asharatul-mubashshirūn
or
‘Asharatul-mubashshirūne bil Jannah): The ten companions of Muhammad who were promised paradise (only
in Sunni Islam)
‘Āshūrā’ (‫)ءاروشاع‬
Tenth day of the month of Muharram. It is the day God saved Moses and the children of Israel from the
Pharaoh. The grandson of the prophet Muhammad, Imam Hussayn sacrificed his life along with 72 of his
companions on the sand dunes of Karbala. Sunni Scholars recommended to fast during this day. To the Shias,
it is also a day on which they mourn the death of the third Shia Imam, Husayn ibn Ali, along with his family
and companions, who were killed in the famous battle in Karbala. They cry and weep and organize
lamentating programmes where they not only learn how to live a proper Islamic life and improve their
Spiritual Self but also cry at the end of the ritual to show their true love and faith towards imam Hussayn.
As-Salāmu ‘Alaykum (‫)مكيلع مالسلا‬
The Islamic greeting; literally "Peace be upon you"; In addition, wa-Raḥmatullāhi wa-Barakātuhu (‫هللا ةمحرو‬
‫ )هتاكربو‬means "and the Mercy of God and His blessing". The response to this greeting is wa-‘Alaykum
us-Salām wa-Raḥmatullāhi wa-Barakātuhu (‫ )هتاكربو هللا ةمحرو مالسلا مكيلع و‬--"And on you be the Peace
7
Glossary of Islam
and Mercy of God and His Blessing".
Astaghfirullāh (‫)هللا رفغتسأ‬
"I seek forgiveness from God." Islamic expression.
A'udhu billah (‫’ هللاب ذوعأ‬A‘ūdhu billāh)
"I seek refuge in God". This is a paraphrase on the beginnings of the two last suras in the Qur'an.
Awliyā’ (‫)ءايلوأ‬
Friends, protectors, helpers, caretaker, maintainer. (singular: wali)
‘Awrah (‫)ةروع‬
The parts of the body, male or female, must be covered in public but not between spouses, such as, body parts
must be concealed of a woman before non-related men.(non-related men means she can marry those men
lawfully).
Āyah (‫)ةيآ‬, plural āyāt (‫)تايآ‬
A sign. More specifically, a verse in the Qur'an.
Āyatullāh (‫هللا ةيآ‬, also spelled Ayatollah)
Sign of God Title given to highly ranked religious scholars in Sh'ia sect.
B
Baghawat
insurgency against a legitimate government
Bai'a
(‫ )ةعيب‬: pledge
Baatil
see Bātil
Baitullah (‫ هللا تيب‬baytullāh)
A mosque, literally "house of God". Specifically means the Ka'aba at Makkah (Mecca).
Barakah (‫)ةكرب‬
a form of blessing.
BarakAllahu Feekum
may Allah bless you; response to expression of thanks.
Barzakh (‫)خزرب‬
Barrier. Used in the Qur'an to describe the barrier between sweet and salty water. In theology, the one-way
barrier between the mortal realm and the spirit world which the deceased soul crosses and waits for qiyamah
judgment.
Basher (‫)رشب‬
Human(s). Literally means 'face' but generally it refers to a person (man/woman).
Baṣīrah (‫)ةريصب‬
Insight, discernment, perceptivity, deep knowledge. Sometimes used by Sufis to denote the ability to directly
perceive a transcendental Truth.
Bātil
(‫ )لطاب‬: void
8
Glossary of Islam
Batin
The interior or hidden meaning. A person who devotes himself to studying such hidden meanings is a batini.
B.B.H.N.
Blessed be His Name - acronym for S.A.W.S. - see P.B.U.H (Peace Be Upon Him).
Bid‘ah (‫)ةعدب‬
Innovation in religion, i.e. inventing new methods of worship. Bad Bid'ahs in Islam are considered a deviation
and a serious sin by many Muslims.
Bid'ah sayyi'ah
Inquiry prohibited in Islam.
Bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi (‫)ميحرلا نمحرلا هللا مسب‬
"In the name of God, Most Gracious, Most Merciful".
Burda (‫)ةدرب‬
not an Arabic term; means "curtain" in Persian. Means covering or to cover.
Bay‘ah (‫)ةعيب‬
an oath of allegiance to a leader, traditionally the Caliph or Imam.
C
Caliph (‫ ةفيلخ‬khalīfah)
literally successor; refers to the successor of the Prophet Muhammad, the ruler of an Islamic theocracy.
D
Dahri
atheist - from the root ad dahr meaning time. In Islam, atheists are seen as those who think that time only
destroys, hence the term ad dahriyyah for the concept of atheism.
Dajjal (‫)لاّجد‬
an Islamic figure similar to the Antichrist; means "liar" or "deceiver".
Dallal (‫)لالض‬
going astray.
Dar al'Ahd (‫)دهعلا راد‬
the Ottoman Empire's relationship with its Christian tributary states.
Dar al-Amn (‫)نمألا راد‬
means house of safety; refers to status of a Muslim living in some of the Western world.
Dar ad-Dawa (‫)ةوعدلا راد‬
a region where Islam has recently been introduced.
Dar al-Harb (‫)برحلا راد‬
means house of war; refers to areas outside Muslim rule at war with Muslim states.
Dar al-Islam (‫)مالسإلا راد‬
the abode, or land, of Islam.
Dar al-Kufr (‫)رفكلا راد‬
9
Glossary of Islam
means domain of disbelief; the term originally refers to the Quraish-dominated society of Mecca between
Prophet Mohammed's flight to Medina (the Hijra) and the city's conquest.
Dar as-Sulh ( ‫) حلصلاراد‬
domain of agreement
Dar ash-Shahada (‫)ةداهشلا راد‬
See Dar al-Amn
Darūd
blessing
Da‘wah (‫)ةوعدلا‬
the call to Islam, proselytizing.
Darwīš (‫)شيورد‬
an initiate of the Sufi Path, one who practices Sufism
Dhikr
A devotional practice whereby the name of God is repeated in a rhythmical manner
Dhikr (‫ )ركذ‬or zikr (in Persian/Urdu)
remembrance of God; spiritual exercise; Muslims believe that the primary function of prophets is to remind
people of God.
Dhimmi (‫( )يّمذ‬pl. dhimam)
"Protected person"; Jews and Christians (and sometimes others,[1] such as Buddhists, Sikhs, Hindus, and
Zoroastrians), living in an Islamic state whose right to practice their religion is tolerated under Islamic law.
Dhuhr
the second obligatory daily prayer.
Dīn (‫)نيدلا‬
(literally 'religion') the way of life based on Islamic revelation; the sum total of a Muslim's faith and practice.
Dīn is often used to mean the faith and religion of Islam.
Diyyah (‫)ةيد‬
fine for unintentional manslaughter.
Dua (‫)ءاعد‬
personal prayer, supplication
Dhuhr (‫)رهظلا‬
second salat prayer
Dunya (‫)ايند‬
The physical Universe, as opposed to the Hereafter; sometimes spelled Dunia.
10
Glossary of Islam
E
Ehtiaat (‫)طايتحإ‬
Also Ahwat. A Precaution, either obligatory or optional.[2]
Ehtiaat-Mustahabbi
A preferred precaution.[2]
Ehtiaat-Waajib
An obligatory precaution.[2]
F
Fajarah (‫)ةرجف‬
Wicked evil doers. Plural of "Fajir" (‫)رجاف‬.
Fajr (‫)رجف‬
dawn, early morning, and the morning prayer. The time of the day when there is light in the horizon before
sunrise.
Falāḥ (‫)حالف‬
deliverance, salvation, well-being.
Falsafah (‫)ةفسلف‬
"philosophy" The methods and content of Greek philosophy which were brought into Islam. A person who
tries to interpret Islam through rationalist philosophy was called a faylasuf (‫)فوسليف‬, "philosopher".
Fanā' (‫)ءانف‬
Sufi term meaning extinction - to die to this life while alive. Having no existence outside of God.
Faqih (pl. fuqaha)
One who has a deep understanding of Islam, its laws, and jurisprudence. (see fiqh)
Al-Faraj
the return of the Shia Mahdi
Farḍ (‫)ضرف‬, plural Fara’id (‫ )ضأرف‬furud
a religious duty, or an obligatory action: praying 5 times a day is fard Neglecting a fard will result in a
punishment in the hereafter. (See wajib)
Fard ayn ( ‫)نيع ضرف‬
obligatory on every individual Muslim to aid in any way he can.
Fard kifayah (‫)ةيافك ضرف‬
an obligation on the Muslim community as a whole, from which some are freed if others take it up such as for
jihad.
Fāsiq (‫)قساف‬
anyone who has violated Islamic law; usually refers to one whose character has been corrupted (plural
"fasiqun").
Fatiha
the short, opening sura of the Qur'an, which begins "In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate.
Praise be to God, the Lord of the Worlds..." These words hold an important place in Muslim liturgies and
forms the core of the salat.
11
Glossary of Islam
Fatwā (‫)ىوتف‬
legal opinion of an (alim) binding on him and on those who follow his taqlid
Fi Amanillah
May Allah protect you. Said when a person departs.
Fiqh (‫)هقف‬
jurisprudence built around the shariah by custom (al-urf). Literally means "deep understanding", refers to
understanding the Islamic laws. (see faqih)
Fi sabil Allah (‫)هللا ليبس يف‬
for the sake of Allah; common Islamic expression for performing acts such as charity or Jihad and for 'qatlu'
(fighting in mortal combat for the sake of Allah)
Fitna (pl. fitan) (‫)ةنتف‬
trial or tribulation; also refers to any period of disorder, such as a civil war, or the period of time before the
end of the world or any civil strife.
Fiṭrah (‫)ةرطف‬
innate disposition towards virtue, knowledge, and beauty. Muslims believe every child is born with fitrah.
Furqān (‫)ناقرف‬
the criterion (of right and wrong, true and false); for example, the Qur'an as furqan.
Fuwaysiqah
vermin, evil from the root fasaqa meaning to deviate from the right way
G
Ghafara (‫)رفغ‬
(verb in past tense) to forgive, to cover up (sins). A characteristic of God.
Ghaflah (‫)ةلفغ‬
heedlessness, forgetfulness of God, indifference
Ghayb (‫)بيغ‬
the unseen, unknown.
Ghanimah
spoils of war, booty.
Ghasbi (‫)بصغ‬
possessed unlawfully
Ghazi (‫)ىزاغ‬
(archaic) roughly, "raider": a holy warrior; a mujahid
Ghusl (‫)لسغ‬
full ablution of the whole body (see wudu). Ghusl janaba is the mandatory shower after having sexual
discharge.
12
Glossary of Islam
H
Hadath akbar
major ritual impurity which requires Niyyat for cleaning.
Hadath asghar
minor ritual impurity
Hadha min fadhle Rabbi (‫)يِّبَر ِلْضَف نِم اَذَه‬
Qur'anic expression and phrase meaning This is by the Grace of my Lord.
Hādī (‫)يداه‬
a guide, one who guides; A Muslim name for God is The Guide, or Al-Hadi.
Hadith (‫ ثيدح‬ḥadīth) plural ahādīth
literally "speech"; recorded saying or tradition of the Prophet Muhammad validated by isnad; with sira these
comprise the sunnah and reveal shariah
Hadith Mashhoor
Well-known hadith; a hadith which reported by one, two, or more Companions from the Prophets or from
another Companion, but has later become well-known and transmitted by an indefinite number of people
during the first and second generation of Muslims.
Ḥāfiẓ (‫)ظفاح‬
someone who knows the Qur'an by heart. Literal translation = memorizer or Protector.
Haid
menstruation
Hajj (‫ ّجحلا‬haj)
pilgrimage to Mecca. Sunnis regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam
Hajj al Tamattu
performing `Umrah during the Hajj season, and on the Day of Tarwiah a pilgrim gets into the state of Ihram
for Hajj. Before making 'Umrah, approach the Miqat and declare the intention. End by sacrificing an animal.
Hajj al Qiran
At Miqat, declare intention to perform both Hajj and `Umrah together. After throwing the Jamrah of
Al-`Aqabah, and getting hair shaved or cut that take off his Ihram garments and sacrifice animal.
Hajj al Ifrad
At Miqat, declare intention for Hajj only. Maintain Ihram garments up to the Day of Sacrifice. No offering is
required from him.
Hajjaj (‫)ّجاح‬
Pilgrim, one who has made the Hajj.
Ḥākim (‫)مكاح‬
a ruler's or governor's title; in some Muslim states, a judge. See Ahkam.
Hakimiya
(‫ )ةيمكاح‬sovereignty, governance.
Ḥalāl (‫)لالح‬
lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, praiseworthy, honourable. (See mustahabb, mandub)
Halaqa
13
Glossary of Islam
A gathering or meeting for the primary purpose of learning about Islam.
Ḥanīf (‫)فينح‬
pre-Islamic non-Jewish or non-Christian monotheists. Plural: ḥunafā' (‫)ءافنح‬.
Haqq (‍‫)قح‬
truth, reality, right, righteousness. Al-Haqq is one of 99 names of God.
Ḥarām (‫)مارح‬
forbidden. An individual is rewarded for keeping away from haram done out of obedience, (rather than out of
fear, shyness or the inability to do it.) Antonym: halal. (See mazur, makrouh)
Ḥaram (‫)مرح‬
sanctuary.
Ḥasan (‫)نسح‬
Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other
categorizations include authenic and fabricated).
Hawaa (pl. ahwaa')
Vain or egotistical desire; individual passion; impulsiveness.
Hidāyah (‫)ةياده‬
guidance from God.
Ḥijāb (‫)باجح‬
literally "cover". It describes the self-covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a
prescribed system of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity. (See abayah, al-amira, burnuk,
burqa, chador, jilbab, khimar, milfeh, niqab, purdah, shayla)
Hijra (‫)ةرجهلا‬
Muhammad and his followers' emigration from Mecca to Medina. Literally, "migration". This holiday marks
the beginning of the Muslim New Year on the first day of the month of Muharram. See Rabi Al-Awwal and
abbreviation AH.
Hikmah
Literally this means "wisdom" and refers to the highest possible level of understanding attainable by a Muslim.
In particular, it refers to the illuminative, mystical sort of wisdom that a Gnostic or Sufi might accomplish.
Ḥimā (‫)ىمح‬
wilderness reserve, protected forest, grazing commons, important to khalifa
Ḥizb (‫)بزح‬
One half of a juz', or roughly 1/60th of the Qur'an
Houri (‫ ةيروح‬ḥūrīya; pl. ḥūrīyāt ‫)تايروح‬
beautiful and pure young men and women, that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven.
Hudā (‫)ىده‬
Guidance.
Hudna (‫)ةنده‬
Truce. Cease-fire (often temporary)
Ḥudūd (‫( )دودح‬sing. hadd)
Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by Allah on man; penalties of the Islamic law
(sharia) for particular crimes described in the Qur'an - intoxication, theft, rebellion, adultery and fornication,
14
Glossary of Islam
false accusation of adultery, and apostasy. (See ta'zeer)
Ḥukm (‫)مكح‬
ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah. Also spelled Hukum.
I
‘Ibādah (‫)ةدابع‬
submission, worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit of
knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah.
Iblīs (‫)سيلبإ‬
a jinn banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Satan : derived from the Greek Diabolos or
Devil He is the equivalent of Lucifer.
‘Id (‫)ديع‬
festival or celebration. Alternatively tranliterated Eid.
‘Id ul-Adha (‫)ىحضألا ديع‬
"the Festival of Sacrifice." The four day celebration starting on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijja.
‘Id ul-Fitr (‫)رطفلا ديع‬
"the Festival of Fitr (Breaking the fast)." A religious festival that marks the end of the fast of Ramadan.
I'dad Al-'oda (‫)ِةَّدُعلا دادعإ‬
"preparation for battle" according to Qur'an
Ifṭār (‫)راطفإ‬
a meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset during the month of Ramadan.
Iḥrām (‫)مارحإ‬
state of consecration for hajj. Includes dress and or prayer.
Iḥsān (‫)ناسحإ‬
perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see
Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over them.
Ijaz (‫)زاجعإ‬
miracle, the character of the Qur'an in both form and content.
Ijazah (‫)ةزاجإ‬
a certificate authorizing one to transmit a subject or text of Islamic knowledge
Ijmā‘ (‫)عامجإ‬
the consensus of either the ummah (or just the ulema) - one of four bases of Islamic Law. More generally,
political consensus itself. Shi'a substitute obedience to the Imam; opposite of ikhtilaf
Ijtihād (‫)داهتجا‬
During the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical problem. Has not been
allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages. However, Liberal movements within Islam generally
argue that any Muslim can perform ijtihad, given that Islam has no generally accepted clerical hierarchy or
bureaucratic organization. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid (‫)ديلقت‬, Arabic for "imitation".
Ikhtilaf (‫)فالتخا‬
disagreement among the madhhabs (scholars) of a religious principle; opposite of ijma.
Ikraam (‫)ماركإ‬
15
Glossary of Islam
honouring, hospitality, generosity - Dhul jalaali wal ikraam is one of the 99 names of Allah.
Ikrah (‫)هاركإ‬
mental or physical force.
Ilāh (‫)هلإ‬
deity, a god; including gods worshiped by polytheists.
‘Ilm (‫)ملع‬
all varieties of knowledge, usually a synonym for science
Imām (‫)مامإ‬
literally, leader; e.g. a man who leads a community or leads the prayer; the Shi'a sect use the term only as a
title for one of the twelve Allah-appointed successors of Prophet Muhammad.
Imamah (‫ )ةمامإ‬or imamate
successorship of Prophet Muhammad and the leadership of mankind.
Imān (‫)ناميإ‬
personal faith
Innaa Lillaahi Wa Innaa Ilayhi Raaji'oon
To Allah we belong and to Him is our return - said to mourners
Infāq (‫)قافنإ‬
the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity
Injīl (‫)ليجنإلا‬
Arabic term for the holy book called The Gospel said to have been given to Jesus, who is known as Isa in
Arabic; Muslims believe the holy book has been lost and the New Testament gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke,
and John) are not the word of Allah, only Christian stories about Jesus.
Insha'Allah (‫)هللا ءاش نإ‬
If it is God's will; Inshallah is "resigned, accepting, neutral, passive. It is neither optimistic nor
pessimistic."[3][4]
Iqamah (‫)ةماقإ‬
the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan.
Irtidad (‫)دادترا‬
apostasy (see murtadd). Also riddah ‫ةدر‬
‘Īsā (‫)ىسيع‬
Jesus - 'Isa ibn Maryam (English: Jesus son of Mary), a matronymic (since he had no biological father. The
Qur'an asserts that Allah has no sons and therefore, 'Isa is not the son of Allah. Muslims honor 'Isa as a nabi
and rasul.
‘Ishā' (‫)ءاشع‬
night; the fifth salat prayer
Islam (‫)مالسإلا‬
"submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity.
Isnād (‫)دانسإ‬
chain of transmitters of any given hadith
Isra (‫)ءارسإلا‬
16
Glossary of Islam
the night journey during which Muhammad (‫)دّمحم‬is said to have visited Heaven. See miraj.
Istighfar (‫)رافغتسا‬
requesting forgiveness
Istihada (‫)ةضاحتسا‬
vaginal bleeding except Haid and Nifas
Istislah (‫)حالصتسا‬
public interest - a source of Islamic Law.
Istish'hād (‫)داهشتسا‬
martyrdom.
Itaqu
The faithful who fear Allah.
Ithim (‫)مثإ‬
Negative reward for bad deeds that is tallied on qiyamah(judgment day.) Opposite of thawab.
Itikaf
seclusion in the masjid for the purpose of worship usually performed during the last 10 days of Ramadan.
Itmām al-hujjah (‫)ةجحلا مامتإ‬
clarification of truth in its ultimate form.
J
Jaa'iz (‫)زئاج‬
That which is allowed or permissible. As a rule, everything that is not prohibited is allowed. (See halal,
mustahabb, mandub)
Jahannam (‫)منهج‬
the Hell-fire; Hell
Jāhiliyyah (‫)ةّيلهاجلا‬
the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions.
Jahl (‫)لهج‬
ignorance, arrogance.
Jalsa - sitting.
Jāmi‘ah (‫)ةعماج‬
"gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association.
Janaba(‫) ةبانج‬
A state of spiritual impurity that occur due to sexual intercourse or ejaculation and necessitates major ritual
ablution (ghusl),
Janaza (‫)ةزانج‬
funeral prayer
Jannah (‫)ةنج‬
Paradise, Heaven, the Garden
Jazakallahu Khayran (‫)ريخ هللا كازج‬
"May God reward you for the good." Islamic expression of gratitude.
17
Glossary of Islam
Jihād (‫)داهج‬
struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of God, involving personal, physical, for righteousness and against
wrong-doing;
Jihād al Saghir
Offensive jihad declared by caliph.
Jihād al talab
Offensive jihad.
Jihād al daf’a
Defensive jihad.
Jihād bil mal
Financial jihad.
Jihād bis saif ( ‫)فيسب داهج‬
literally 'struggle by the sword'; holy war.
Jilbāb (‫)بابلج‬
(pl. jalabib) a long, flowing, garment worn by some as a more conservative means of fulfillment of sartorial
hijab. (See also: abaya. burka, chador)
Jinn (‫)ّنج‬
An invisible being of fire
Jizya (‫)ةيزج‬
A tax specified in the Koran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control.
Juhud
To deny. Jaahid (the denier). Disbelief out of rejection. When there comes to them that which they [should]
have recognized, they refuse to believe in (kafaru) it. ( 2:89) Accordingly, juhud includes rejection (kufr
at-taktheeb) and resistance (kufr al-‘inaad)
Jumu‘ah (‫)ةعمج‬
Friday prayer
Junub
an unclean state of body as in breaking Wudu
Janabat
an unclean state of body caused by discharge of semen or sexual intercourse
Juz' (‫)ءزج‬
one of thirty parts of the Qur'an
18
Glossary of Islam
K
Ka‘bah (‫)ةبعكلا‬
cube-house; the cube-shaped building i.e. in Mecca toward which Muslims pray.
Kāfir (‫ رفاك‬kāfir sing.; ‫ راّفك‬kuffār pl.)
from the word kafara - "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who
is ungrateful. Plural: Kāfirūn. Extreme care ought to be taken with this word, as it is was (and is) occasionally
misused as an offensive term for black people by white South Africans.
Kalam (‫)ملكلا ملع‬
Literally, “words” or “speech,” and referring to oration. The name applied to the discipline of philosophy and
theology concerned specifically with the nature of faith, determinism and freedom, and the nature of the divine
attributes.
Khair (‫)ريخ‬
Every kind of good
Khalīfah (‫)ةفيلخ‬
Caliph, more generally, one performing the duties of khilafa.
Khalil (‫)ليلخ‬
devoted friend
Khalq
Creation - the act of measuring; determining, estimating and calculating. Khalq is the noun form of the verb
khalaqa (see bara, sawwara).
Al-khaliq
The Creator, Allah.
Khamr (‫)رمخ‬
Intoxicant, wine.
Khāṭib (‫)بيطخ‬
the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer.
Khatm
Complete recitation of the Qur'an.
Kharāj (‫)جارخ‬
a land tax.
Khayr
goodness. See birr (righteousness) See qist (equity) See 'adl (equilibrium and justice) See haqq (truth and
right) See ma'ruf (known and approved) See taqwa (piety.)
Khilaaf
Controversy, dispute, discord.
Khilāfah (‫)ةفالخ‬
Man's trusteeship and stewardship of Earth; Most basic theory of the Caliphate; Flora and fauna as sacred
trust; Accountability to; God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in
which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of haram to protect water, hima to protect other
species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in jihad.
Khalīfāt Rashīdūn
19
Glossary of Islam
four first caliphs, believed by most Muslims to be most righteous rulers in history
Khimār (‫( )رامخ‬pl. khumur)
headcovering (Q. 24:31).
Khitan (‫)ناتخ‬
Male circumcision.
Khuluq
ethics
Khushu' - humility, devotion, concentration (especially in prayer).
Khuṭbah (‫)ةبطخ‬
the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer.
Kibr - pride, arrogance
Kibar - old age
Kitāb (‫)باتك‬
book; The Qur'an is often referred to as "Al-Kitāb" (The Book).
Kufr (‫)رفك‬
In Arabic - ungratefulness and disbelief in God and denial of the truth. See Kafir and Kuffar
Kufrul-hukmi
Disbelief from judgment.
Kufrul-'Inaad
Disbelief out of stubbornness
Kufrul-Inkaar
Disbelief out of arrogance and pride.
Kufrul-Istibdaal
Disbelief because of trying to substitute Allaah's Laws.
Kufrul-Istihaal
Disbelief out of trying to make HARAM into HALAL.
Kufrul-Istihzaha
Disbelief due to mockery and derision
Kufrul jahli
Disbelief from not being aware of or not understanding.
Kufrul-juhudi
Disbelief from obstinacy after being presented with truth.
Kufrul-Nifaaq
Disbelief out of hypocrisy.
Kufrul-I'raadh
Disbelief due to avoidance.
Kun (‫)نك‬
God's command to the universe, 'Be!' is sufficient to create it.
20
Glossary of Islam
L
Lā ilāha ill-Allāh (‫)هللا الإ هلإال‬
"There is none worthy of worship other than God." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the
first pillar of Islam. Also is the message of all the Prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad.
Labbayk Allahuma ()
God, I obey you (said during hajj)
Laghw (‫)وغل‬
Dirty, false, evil vain talk
La‘nah (‫)ةنعل‬
Imploration for withdrawal of God's mercy
Laylat al-Qadr (‫)ردقلا ةليل‬
the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an.
M
Madrasah (‫)ةسردم‬
school, university
Maghrib (‫)برغم‬
the fourth daily salat prayer
Mahdi (‫)يدهم‬
"a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the end
of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with injustice
and aggression. ;Mahdur ad-damm : he whose blood must be wasted
Mahram (‫)مرحم‬
a relative of the opposite gender usually described as being "within the forbidden limits"; a better description
is "within the protected limits". means relatives who one can appear before without observing hijab and who
one cannot marry.
Makrūh
Means "detested", though not haraam (forbidden); something that is disliked or offensive. If a person commits
the Makruh, he does not accumulate ithim but avoiding the Makhruh is rewarded with thawab.
Malā’ikah (‫)ةكئالم‬
angels (Sing. Malak). It was one of these mala'ika, Jibril (Gabriel) who delivered Allah's revelation to
Muhammad.
Ma malakat aymanukum (‫)مكناميأ تكلم ام‬
one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess)
Manasik
the rules specifying the requirements of a legally valid hajj
Mandub
commendable or recommended. Failure to do it would not be a sin. (See halal mustahabb)
Manhaj (‫)جهنم‬
the methodology by which truth is reached[5]
21
Glossary of Islam
Mansukh
That which is abrogated. The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic
revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see naskh.
Manzil (‫)لزنم‬
one of seven equal parts of the Qur'an.
Ma‘rūf (‫)فورعم‬
consensus of the community
Maqaṣid (‫)دصقم‬
goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law
'Masaleh (‫)ةمةحلصم‬: public interests
Masha Allah (‫)هللا ءاش ام‬
Allah has willed it.
Masīḥ (‫)حيسم‬
the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ.
Masjid (‫ )دجسم‬pl. masājid, ‫دجاسم‬
place of prayer; mosque
Masjid al-Haram
the area around the Kaaba.
Math'hab (‫)بهذم‬
(pl. Madhahib) school of religious jurisprudence, school of thought;Mawali or mawala (‫)يلاوم‬: Non-Arab
Muslims
Mawlā (pl. mawli)
protector or supporter.
Mawlānā (‫)انالوم‬
an Arabic word literally meaning "our lord" or "our master". It is used mostly as a title preceding the name of a
respected religious leader, in particular graduates of religious institutions. The term is sometimes used to refer
to Rumi.
Maulvi (‫)یولوم‬
an honorific Islamic religious title often, but not exclusively, given to Muslim religious scholars or Ulema
preceding their names. Maulvi generally means any religious cleric or teacher.
Mecca (‫ ةّكم‬Makkah)
the holiest city in Islam
Medina (‫ ةنيدم‬Madīnah)
"city"; Medinat-un-Nabi means "the City of the Prophet." See Hijra (Islam).
Mi‘ād (‫)داعم‬
the Resurrection; God will resurrect all of humankind to be judged. Shi'as regard this as the fifth Pillar of
Islam.
Mihrab (‫)بارحم‬
a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer
Millah
22
Glossary of Islam
In Arabic, millah means "religion," but it has only been used to refer to religions other than Islam, which is
din.
Millet
In an Islamic state, "Ahl al Kitab" may continue to practice their former religion in a semi-autonomous
community termed the millet.
Minaret (‫)ةرانم‬
a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made
Minbar (‫)ربنم‬
a raised pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons
Minhaj (‫)جهنم‬
methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures.
Miqat (‫) تاقيم‬
intended place
Miraj (‫)جارعملا‬
the Ascension to the Seven Heavens during the Night Journey See also: isra
Mu'adhdhin (‫)نذأم‬
a person who performs the call to prayer
Mu'ahadat (‫)تادهاعم‬
treaties
Mu‘awwidhatayn (‫)نيتذوعملا‬
suras Al-Falaq and an-Nas, the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from Black
Magic)
Mubāḥ (‫)حابم‬
literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral. (See halal)
Mubaligh (‫)غلبم‬
person who recites Qur'an
Mufa’khathat
placing between the thighs
Muftī (‫)ىتفم‬
an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fataawa
(plural of "fatwa").
Muhajabah (‫)ةبجحم‬
woman who wears hijab (polite form of hijabi).
Muhakkamat
unequivocal verses of Qur'an. (See mutashabehat.)
Muharebeh (‫)ةبراحم‬
a person who wages war against God
Muhammadun rasulullah
"Muhammad is the messenger of God." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is the
second most important statement in Islam.
23
Glossary of Islam
Mufsidūn (‫)نودسفم‬
evil-doer a person who wages jihad (war) not in accordance with the Qur'an. Plural mufsideen.
Muhsin (‫)نسحم‬
a person who performs good deed. Plural muhsineen. Opposite of Mufsidun.
Muhājirūn (‫)نورجاهم‬
The first Muslims that accompanied Muhammad when he traveled to Medina.
Muhartiq (‫)قطرهم‬
heretic.
Mujāhid (‫)دهاجم‬
a fighter for Islam. Plural mujahidīn.
Mujtahid (‫)دهتجم‬
a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue.
Plural: Mujtahidun.
Mullah (‫)الم‬
are Islamic clergy. Ideally, they should have studied the Qur'an, Islamic traditions (hadith), and Islamic law
(fiqh).
Mū’min (‫)نمؤم‬
A Muslim who observes the commandments of the Qur'an.
Munafiq (‫)قفنم‬
hypocrite. Plural: Munafiqun
Muntaqabah (‫ )ةبقتنم‬pl. muntaqabāt (‫)تابقتنم‬
woman who wears niqab
Murabaha
a type of sharia-compliant mortgage (see Ijara)
Murshid (‫)دشرم‬
a Sufi teacher
Murtadd (‫ )دترم‬female apostate is Murtadah
apostate (see irtidad see mahdur ad-damm.)
Mushaf
a copy, codex or redaction of the Qur'an.
Mushrik (pl. mushrikoon)
One who associates others in worship with God; a polytheist.
Muslim (‫)ملسم‬
a follower of the religion of Islam. One who submits their will to Allah (God)
Mustaḥabb (‫)ّبحتسم‬
commendable or recommended. (See halal, mandub)
Mut‘ah (‫)هعتم‬
literally joy; a type of temporary marriage practiced only by the Shī‘ah; or a practice between ‘Umrah and Ḥajj.
Mutashabehat
equivocal verses of Qur'an. (See Muhakkamat.)
24
Glossary of Islam
Muta'sibūn (‫)نيبصعتم‬
fanatics
Mutaween (‫( )نيعوطم‬singular mutawa)
Religious police.
Mutawātir (‫)رتاوتم‬
"agreed upon"--used to describe hadith that were narrated by many witnesses through different narration
chains (isnads) leading back to Muhammad
N
Nabī (‫)يبن‬
literally, prophets. In the Islamic context, a Nabi is a man sent by God to give guidance to man, but not given
scripture. The Prophet Abraham was a Nabi. This is in contrast to Rasul, or Messenger. Plural: Anbiya. See:
Rasul.
Nafs (‫)سفنلا‬
soul, the lower self, the ego/id
Nafila
An optional, supererogatory practice of worship, in contrast to farida
Najāsah
Impurity
Najasat (‫)ةساجن‬, Najis (‫)سجن‬
an unclean thing
Naji
impure
Nakir and Munkar (‫)ركنم و ريكن‬
two malaikah who test the faith of the dead in their graves
Naqîra (‫)اريقن‬
speck on the back of a date stone
Nasīha
advice
Naskh (‫)خسن‬
The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The
principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see mansukh.
Nass (‫)ّصن‬
a known, clear legal injunction
Nifas
the bleeding after childbirth (see Haid)
Nifaq (‫)قافن‬
falsehood; dishonesty; hipocrisy
Nikah (‫)حاكنلا‬
the matrimonial contract between a bride and bridegroom within Islamic marriage
25
Glossary of Islam
Niqāb (‫)باقن‬
veil covering the face
Niyyat (‫)ةين‬
intention
Nubuwwah (‫)ةّوبن‬
prophethood. Shi'as regard this as the third Pillar of Islam.
Nukra
a great munkar - prohibited, evil, dreadful thing.
Nūr (‫)رون‬
light. Muslims believe angels were created from light and jinn from fire.
P
P.B.U.H.
an acronym that stands for "peace be unto him" a blessing which is affixed to Muhammad's name whenever it
is written. In some circles and English writings, Sufis regard PBUH to signify "Peace and Blessings Upon
Him" (the Rasul or Messenger of Allah).[6] These are the primary English explications of the P.B.U.H.
acronym. The Arabic version is S.A.W.
Prophet
A person who has had messages from Allah. (see nabi).
Q
Qadhf (‫)فذق‬
false imputation of unchastity specifically punished by sharia.
Qadar
predestination.
Qādī (‫)يضاق‬
judge of Islamic Law
Qatlu nafsi-hi
suicide is forbidden in Islam
Qiblah
the direction Muslims face during prayer
Qitaal fee sybil Allah ( ‫) هللا ليبس يف اولتاقو‬
fight in the cause of Allah.
Qiyāmah
resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment
Qiṣāṣ (‫)صاصق‬
equitable retribution - a fine for murder if the heirs forgive the perpetrator. (See hudud, tazeer)
Qiyam
to stand, a position of salah prayer
Qiyās (‫)سايقلا‬
26
Glossary of Islam
analogy - foundation of legal reasoning and thus fiqh
Qudsī
classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad from God.
Qurbat
closeness to God. Term is associated with Sufism.
Qur’ān (‫)نآرقلا‬
The word Qur'an means recitation. Muslims believe the Qur'an (Koran) to be the literal word of God and the
culmination of God's revelation to mankind, revealed to prophet Muhammad in the year AD 610 in the cave
Hira by the angel Jibril.
R
Rabb (‫)ّبر‬
Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master.
R. A., Radiyallahu anhu
May Allah be pleased with him. Variants are anha (her) and anhum (them).
Rahman (‫)نمحر‬
Merciful; Ar-Rahman (‫ )نمحرلا‬means "The Most Merciful"
Rahim (‫)ميحر‬
compassionate; Ar-Rahim (‫ )ميحرلا‬means "The Most Compassionate" as in the Basmala
Rajm (‫)مجر‬
the practice of stoning
Raka'ah
one unit of Islamic prayer, or Salat. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of raka'ah.
Ramadhan
month of fasting when the Qur'an was first revealed
Rashidun
Sunnis consider the first four caliphs as the "orthodox" or "rightly guided" caliphs. They were Abu Bakr,
'Umar, 'Uthman and 'Ali.
Rasul (‫)لوسر‬
messenger; Unlike prophets (Nabi), messengers are given scripture. Moses, David, Jesus and Mohammed are
considered messengers. All messengers are considered prophets, but not all prophets are given scripture. See:
Nabi.
Riba (‫)ابر‬
interest, the charging and paying of which is forbidden by the Qur'an
Ribat
Guarding Muslims from infidels
Riddah (‫)ةدر‬
apostasy, in which a person abandons Islam for another faith or no faith at all.
Risalah (‫)ةَلاَسِر‬
literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious context
as divine message.
27
Glossary of Islam
Ruh (‫)حور‬
spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam.
Rukn plural arkan
means what is inevitable. One of the five pillars of Islam. (See fard, wajib)
Ruk'u
the bowing performed during salat.
S
Sabb
blasphemy Sabb Allah, Sabb al-rasul.
Ṣabr
patience, endurance, self-restraint
Sadaqah (‫)ةقدص‬
charity; voluntary alms above the amount for zakat.
Sahabah (‫( )هباحصلا‬sing. Sahābi)
companions of Muhammad. A list of the best-known Companions can be found at List of companions of
Muhammad.
Sahih
"Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith.
Sakina
divine "tranquility" or "peace" which descends upon a person when the Qur'an is recited.
Salaf (‫)حلاصلا فلسلا‬
(righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of
Muslims. Anyone who died after this is one of the khalaf or "latter-day Muslims".
Ṣalah (‫ )ةالص‬sala(t)
any one of the daily five obligatory prayers. Sunnis regard this as the second Pillar of Islam
Salaat al-Istikharah
Prayer for guidance is done in conjunction with two rakaahs of supererogatory prayer.
Salām (‫)مالس‬
peace (see sulh)
Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (‫)ملس و هيلع هللا ىلص‬
"May Allah bless him and grant him peace." The expression should be used after stating Prophet Muhammad's
name. See abbreviation: S.A.W. or S.A.W.S. also P.B.U.H.
Samad
eternal, absolute; Muslims believe Allah is "The Eternal."
Salsabil
a river in heaven (al-firdaus)
Sawa
awakening, revival
S.A.W. (or S.A.W.S.)
28
Glossary of Islam
Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (‫)ملس و هيلع هللا ىلص‬. See P.B.U.H.
Ṣawm (‫)موَص‬
fasting during the month of Ramadhan. The word sawm is derived from Syriac sawmo.
Sayyid (‫)دّيس‬
(in everyday usage, equivalent to 'Mr.') a descendant of a relative of Muhammad, usually via Husayn.
Sema
refer to some of the ceremonies used by various sufi orders
Shahādah (‫)ةداهشلا‬
The testimony of faith: La ilaha illa Allah. Muhammadun rasulullah. ("There is no god but Allah. Muhammad
is the messenger of Allah."). Sunnis regard this as the first Pillar of Islam. Also may be used as a synonym for
the term Istish'hād meaning martyrdom.
Shahīd (‫ )ديهش‬pl. shuhada (‫)ءادهش‬
witness, martyr. Usually refers to a person killed whilst fighting in "jihad fee sybil Allah" (jihad for the sake of
Allah). Often used in modern times for deaths in a political cause (including victims of soldiers, deaths in
battle, et cetera) which are viewed by some Muslims as a spiritual cause not just a political cause. But the real
meaning of Jihad is to defend Islam in any way; thus, it could be in an economic way or could refer to fighting
for the rights of the oppressed or the believers; most often it refers to mastering one's own inclination for evil
and shirk.
Shaykh (‫)خيش‬
a spiritual master, Muslim clergy
Sharī‘ah (‫)ةعيرشلا‬
"the path to a watering hole"; the eternal ethical code and moral code based on the Qur'an and Sunnah; basis of
fiqh
Sharīf (‫)فيرش‬
a title bestowed upon the descendants of Muhammad through Hasan, son of his daughter Fatima Zahra and
son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib
Shaytan (‫)ناطيش‬
Satan, the Devil; also known as Iblis
Shī‘ah (‫)ةعيشلا‬
A branch of Islam who believe in Imam Ali and his sons (Hassan and Hussayn) as custodians of Islam by the
will of the Prophet Mohammed.
Shirk (‫)كرش‬
idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except God and of associating other gods with God.
Shūrā (‫)ىروش‬
consultation
Majlis ash-shūrā (‫)ىروشلا سلجم‬
advisory council in a Caliphate
Sidrat al-Muntaha (‫) ىهتنملا ةردس‬
a lotus tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass.
Sirah (‫)ةريسلا‬
life or biography of the Prophet Muhammad; his moral example - with hadith this comprises the sunnah
29
Glossary of Islam
Sirat al-Mustaqim
the Straight Path
Subah Sadiq
true dawn
Subhanahu wa ta'ala (abbreviated S.W.T.)
expression used following written name or vocalization of Allah in Arabic meaning highly praised and
glorified is He.
Subhan'allah
expression used by Muslims to express strong feelings of joy or relief.
Ṣūfī (‫)يفوص‬
a Muslim mystic; See: Sufism (tasawwuf).
Suhūr
the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn.
Sujud(‫)دوجس‬
kneeling down, a position of salat.
Sukuk (‫)كوكص‬
bond that generates revenue from sales, profits, or leases rather than interest.
Sulh (‫)حلص‬
is derived from the Arabic word musalaha it is a tool at the disposal of an Islamic commander to be offered to
the enemy as a respite from military Jihad. (see hudna)
Sunnah (‫ )ةّنسلا‬or sunnah al-Nabi (‫)يبنلا ةّنس‬
the "path" or "example" of the Prophet Muhammad, i.e., what the Prophet did or said or agreed to during his
life. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example, the best man to follow.
Sunnat
an act which the Prophets performed; not required but carries much reward
Sunni (‫)يّنس‬
the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah (Arabic: ‫)ةنس‬, which means
the words and actions or example of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.
Sūrah (‫)ةروس‬
chapter; the Qur'an is composed of 114 suras
T
Ta'alaa (‫)ىلاعت‬
Almighty
Taba'īn (‫)نيعبات|نوعبات‬
followers of the Sahabah
Tafsīr (‫)ريسفت‬
exegesis, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an
Taghut (‫( )توغاط‬taghout)
originally Aramaic, meaning "false god"; also tyranny.
30
Glossary of Islam
Tahajjud (‫)دُّجهت‬
optional (supererogatory), late-night (pre-dawn) prayer
Taharah (‫)ةراهط‬
purification from ritual impurities by means of wudu or ghusl
Tahir (‫)رهاط‬
pure, ritually clean
Tahlil
Uttering the formula of faith: "La ilaha illa Allah", i.e. (No god but Allah)
Tahnik
'Tahnik' is an Islamic ceremony of touching the lips of a new born baby with honey, sweet juice or pressed
dates.
Taḥrīf (‫)فيرحت‬
corruption, forgery. Muslims believe the Bible Scriptures were corrupted but the Qur'an is in its original form.
Tajdīd (‫)ديدجت‬
to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice, literally meaning to make
new in present tense
Tajdif (‫)فيدجت‬
blasphemy
Tajwīd (‫)ديوجت‬
a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation.
Takaful ( ‫)لقاتكتلا‬
Based on sharia Islamic law, it is a form of mutual insurance. See retakaful.
Takbīr (‫)ريبكت‬
a proclamation of the greatness of Allah; a Muslim invocation.
Takfir (‫)ريفكت‬
declaration of individual or group of previously considered Muslim as kaffir.
Tamaninat (‫)ةنينأمط‬
to be motionless
Takhrīj (‫) ثيدحلا جيرخت‬
The science of hadith extraction and authentication, including validation of chains of transmitters of a hadith
by this science's scholars and grading hadith validity.
Talaq (‫)قالطلا‬
divorce
Taqdir
fate, predestination
Taqlīd (‫)ديلقت‬
to follow the scholarly opinion of one of the four Imams of Islamic Jurispudence.
Taqiyya (‫)ةّيقت‬
a principle that one is allowed to hide his true beliefs in certain circumstances to save himself of being killed
or harmed.
31
Glossary of Islam
Taqwa (‫)ىوقت‬
righteousness; goodness; Piety: Taqwa is taken from the verbe Ittaqua, which means Avoiding, Fearing the
punishment from Allah for committing sins. It is piety obtained by fearing the punishment of Allah.
Tarawih (‫)حيوارت‬
extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer.
Tarkīb (‫)بيِكْرَت‬
the study of Arabic grammar issued from the Qur'an
Ṭarīqah (‫)ةقيرط‬
a Muslim religious order, particularly a Sufi order
Tartīl (‫)ليترت‬
slow, meditative recitation of the Qur'an
Tasawwuf (‫ )فّوصتلا‬or Sufism
Tasbih
Uttering the formula: "Subhan Allah", i.e. (Glory be to Allah)
Tashkīl (‫)ليكشت‬
vocalization of Arabic text by means of diacritical marks. An integral part of the Arabic writing system.
Literally meaning to form or arrange
Taslim (‫)ميلست‬
salutation at the end of prayer
Tatbeer
Shia Ashura ceremony of self-flagellation by hitting head with sword. (See zinjeer)
Tawakul (‫)لُّکوت‬
total reliance on Allah.
Tawassul (‫)لُّسوت‬
asking Allah Almighty through the medium and intercession of another person.
Tawaf (‫)فاوط‬
circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj.
Tawbah (‫)هبوت‬
repentance
Tawhīd (‫)ديحوت‬
monotheism; affirmation of the Oneness of Allah. Muslims regard this as the first part of the Pillar of Islam,
the second part is accepting Muhammad as rasoul (messenger). The opposite of Tawheed is shirk
Tawrat (‫)ةاروت‬
the Torah as revealed to Musa (Moses.)
Tayyib (‫)بِّيط‬
all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib.
Ta'zeer (‫)ريزعت‬
Discretionary punishment - a sentence or punishment whose measure is not fixed by the Shari'ah. (See hudud,
qisas)
Tazkiyah (‫)ةيكزت‬
32
Glossary of Islam
Purification of the Soul.
Thawab (‫)باوث‬
Reward for good deeds that is tallied on qiyamah (judgment day.) Opposite of ithim.
Tilawa (‫)ةوالت‬
ritual recitation of passages of the Qur'an.
U
Ubudiyah
worship
Udhiyah
sacrifice
‘Ulamā’ (‫ )ءاملع‬or ulema
the leaders of Islamic society, including teachers, Imams and judges. Singular alim.
Ummah (‫ )ةّمُالا‬or umma
(literally 'nation') the global community of all Muslim believers
‘Umrah (‫)ةرمع‬
the lesser pilgrimage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, ‘umrah can be performed throughout the year.
Uqubat
the branch of sharia that deals with punishment. (See hudud, qisas, tazeer)
‘Urf (‫)فرع‬
custom of a given society, leading to change in the fiqh
Usul (sing. asl)
Principles, origins.
Usul al-Fiqh
the study of the origins and practice of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh)
W
Wa ‘Alaykum as-Salaam (‫)مالسلا مكيلع و‬
Wa ‘Alaykum as-Salaam!, meaning "and upon you be peace". (see As-Salamu Alaykum)
Wafat
death (Barah-wafat) Muhammad was born on the twelfth day of Rabi-ul-Awwal, the third month of the
Muslim year. His death anniversary also falls on the same day, the word 'barah' standing for the twelve days of
Muhammad's sickness.
Waḥdat al-wujūd (‫)دوجولا ةدحو‬
"unity of being". Philosophical term used by some Sufis. Related to fanaa
Wahy
revelation or inspiration of God to His prophets for all humankind
Wahn
love of this life and hatred of death
Wajib
33
Glossary of Islam
obligatory or mandatory see fard
Wali (‫)يلاو‬
friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper
Waqf
An endowment of money or property: the return or yield is typically dedicated toward a certain end, for
example, to the maintenance of the poor, a family, a village, or a mosque. Plural: Awqaf.
Warrāq (‫)قاّرو‬
traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier
Wasat
the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation
Waseelah
the means by which one achieves nearness to Allah (see tawassul )
Witr (‫)رتو‬
a voluntary, optional night prayer of odd numbers rakaats.
Wudhu` (‫)ءوضولا‬
ablution for ritual purification from minor impurities before salat (see ghusl)
Y
Ya Allah (‫)هللا ای‬
O, God!
Ya Rasool Allah (‫)هللا لوسرای‬
O, Messenger of God!. Term used by companions when interact with Prophet Mohammad.
Yajooj-wa-Majooj (‫) جوجاي و جوجام‬
Gog and Magog
Yaqin (‫)نيقي‬
certainty, that which is certain
Yarhamuk-Allah (‫)هللا كمحري‬
"May God have mercy on you", said when someone sneezes
Allah Yerhamo (‫همحري هللا‬, fem. yerhama)
"May God have mercy of his/her soul", (said when someone dies)
Yaum al-Deen (‫)نيدلا موي‬
Day of Reckoning, Awe
Yaum al-Ghadab (‫)بضغلا موي‬
Day of Rage, Wrath
Yawm ul-Qiyāmah (‫)ةمايقلا موي‬
"Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement
34
Glossary of Islam
Z
Zabur (‫)روبز‬
the Psalms revealed to King Daoud (David)
Zabiha (‫ )ةَحْيِبَذ‬see dhabiha
Islamic method of slaughtering an animal. Using a sharp knife the animal's windpipe, throat and blood vessels
of the neck are severed without cutting the spinal cord to ensure that the blood is thoroughly drained before
removing the head. See halal
Zahir
Exterior meaning
Zaidi (‫)ةيديزلا‬
Islamic sub-sect of Shi'ah, popularly found in Yemen, with similarities to Sunni
Zakat (‫)ةاكز‬, Al-Maal
tax, alms, tithe as a Muslim duty; Sunnis regard this as the fourth Pillar of Islam. Neither charity nor derived
from Islamic economics, but a religious duty and social obligation.
Zakat (‫ )ةاكز‬Al-Fitr
Zalimun (‫)نوملاظ‬
polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust.
Zandaqa (‫)ةقدنز‬
heresy
Zināa (‫ ءانز‬, ‫)ىنز‬
sexual activity outside of marriage (covering the English words adultery and fornication)
Zindiq (‫)قيدنز‬
heretic, atheist
Zulfiqar (‫)راقفلا وذ‬
Sword of Ali, presented to him by Muhammad
Notes
• Arabic words are created from three-letter "roots" which convey a basic idea. For example, k-t-b conveys the idea
of writing. Addition of other letters before, between, and after the root letters produces many associated words:
not only "write" but also "book", "office", "library", and "author". The abstract consonantal root for Islam is
s-l-m.
• Some Islamic concepts are usually referred to in Persian or Turkic. Those are typically of later origin than the
concepts listed here; for completeness it may be best to list Persian terms and those unique to Shi'a on their own
page, likewise Turkic terms and those unique to the Ottoman period on their own page, as these are culturally
very distinct.
• The word "crusade" in English is usually translated in Arabic as "Hamlah Ssaleebiyah" which means literally
"campaign of Cross-holders" (or close to that meaning). In Arabic text it is "‫ "ةيبيلص ةلمح‬and the second word
comes from "Ssaleeb" which means "cross."
• The verses in the Qur'an that Christians usually refer to as jihad verses have the phrase "qitl fee sybil Allah"
(fight/kill for the sake of Allah).
35
Glossary of Islam
References
[1] USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts (http:/ / www. usc. edu/ dept/ MSA/ fundamentals/ hadithsunnah/ bukhari/ 053. sbt. html#004.
053. 384)
[2] "The Islamic glossary: An explanation of names, terms and Symbols" (http:/ / www. al-islam. org/ about/ resources/ glossary. html). .
Retrieved 2007-12-06.
[3] http:/ / www. theamericanscholar. org/ inshallah/
[4] http:/ / www. merriam-webster. com/ dictionary/ inshallah
[5] Quintan Wiktorowicz. Radical Islam rising: Muslim extremism in the West. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. ISBN 0742536416,
9780742536418. Pg 18 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=QSE_I47TtiwC& pg=PA18& dq=manhaj+ methodology& hl=en&
ei=MsIsTZX3BaCInAeXn5DpDA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5& ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q=manhaj
methodology& f=false)
[6] Charles Hu Winstead, B.A. in Writing, University of Tennessee, Editor and Publisher of The American Vampire Horror Writers Group, and
attendee of certain Circles in Kansas City, MO and Seattle, WA.
Further reading
• Suzanne Haneef, What Everyone Should Know about Islam and Muslims, (Kazi Publications, Chicago), popular
introduction
• Muzaffar Haleem, The Sun is Rising In the West, (Amana Publications, Beltsville, MD 1999).
• Ziauddin Sardar, Muhammad for Beginners, Icon Books, 1994, some sloppiness, from very modern Sufi point of
view.
• Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Spoken Language Services, Ithaca, NY, 1976). ed. J. Milton
Cowan. ISBN 0-87950-001-8.
• Islam in the World by Malise Ruthven (Gantra Publications, 2006) ISBN 1-86207-906-4
External links
• (http://www.daadlanguage.com/index.php) free expressions with audio
• Voiced Dictionary of Islamic and Arabic Key Words (http://majalla.org/souaiaia/ethics/dictionary/)
• Glossary of Islamic terms (http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/politics/glossary-of-islamic-terms/2011/
06/07/AGwm2oQH_story.html?nl_headlines)
36
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
List of Christian terms in Arabic Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=436964998 Contributors: A user, Afaprof01, Aminullah, AnonMoos, Antiochian.john, BD2412, Benne,
CambridgeBayWeather, Carlaude, DopefishJustin, Ephilei, Fasouzafreitas, Freestylefrappe, GRRE, Garzo, Heraclius, Hmains, Javabeef, Khalid hassani, Kugland, Kusma, Kwamikagami,
Malhonen, MartinRe, MatthewVanitas, Mlenoirh, Neelix, NewArabicScholar, Ogress, Oldlevantine, Pegship, Picaroon, Rza0305, Snowolf, TShilo12, Vmenkov, 60 anonymous edits
Glossary of Islam Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=439483632 Contributors: AA, Abdullah Geelah, ActiveSelective, AdamRaizen, Adamcaliph, Adampuri, Aeonimitz,
Aeusoes1, Afghana, Ahoerstemeier, Akadruid, Alan Liefting, Alex756, Alexanderj, AliveFreeHappy, Altenmann, Aminullah, Angr, Anjouli, Ankimai, AnonMoos, Anonymous editor, Antandrus,
Anthere, ArglebargleIV, ArnoldReinhold, Asprizwan, Atif.t2, Auntof6, Ayman, BD2412, Badanedwa, Bahador, Balloonguy, Barastert, Basel15, BazookaJoe, Bender235, Bento00, Bihco, Bless
sins, Bobo192, BoogaLouie, Brendan Moody, Briaboru, CambridgeBayWeather, Carnildo, Casimir Declan O'Conchobhar, Chameleon, CharlesHu666, Cherylyoung, Cmdrjameson, Cunado19,
D6, DanMS, Danieliness, Darth Panda, Dcljr, Ddama, DiiCinta, Dinosaurdarrell, Discospinster, Dominic, Dotts378, Drbreznjev, Drexel1, Drstrangeluv25, Dunner99, Dycedarg, Eagleamn,
Editor2020, Efghij, Ekabhishek, Eleassar, EliasAlucard, Enesaydintr, Ephilei, Euryalus, Evil Monkey, Fadesga, Farhansher, Fasiullah, Fastifex, Favonian, FayssalF, Fooladin, Freestylefrappe,
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