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102. animals - multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs 103. daphnia - microscopic animal, Phylum = Arthropoda - eat (with mouth) = plankton, algae, bacteria, yeast - reproduction = asexual (parthenogenesis) & sexual (male/female) - bilateral symmetry 104. hydra - microscopic animal, Phylum = Cndiaria - eats = daphnia, cyclops, algae, plankton - reproduction = asexual (budding) and sexual (sperm/egg released in water) - hermaphrodites,able to regenerate, polyp shape, 1-12 tentacles - nematocysts = use to sting - radial symmetry 105. planaria - microscopic worm, Phylum = Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) - eats (uses pharynx) = dead things - reproduction = asexual (regeneration), sexual (internal fertilization) - hermaphrodites - able to regenerate, 1st animal with a head and eyespots 106. sexual reproduction - sperm fertilizes egg, can be internal or external - can happen with male/female or hermaphrodites 107. asexual reproduction - single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to itself 108. fragmentation (asexual) - the parent breaks into pieces and each piece can develop into an adult animal (sponges) 109. budding (asexual) - offspring develops as a growth on the body of the parent (hydra) 110. regeneration (asexual) - regrowing a new organism from a lost body part (planaria) 111. parthenogenesis (asexual) - a female animal produces eggs that develop without being fertilized (daphnia) 112. hermaphrodite - animals that produce both sperm and egg - generally produce sperm and egg at different times so another individual of the same species is needed for sexual reproduction 113. internal fertilization - sperm and egg combine inside the animal’s body 114. external fertilization - sperm and egg combine outside the animal’s body - requires an aquatic environment for the sperm to swim 115. invertebrate - 95% - 99% of all animals, includes 8/9 phyla - animals without backbones - many have an exoskeleton 116. exoskeleton - hard or tough outer coverings that provide support for some animals - shed and grow new 117. vertebrate - animals with endoskeletons and backbones - all are in Phylum Chordata (birds, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals) 118. endoskeleton - internal skeletons 119. asymmetry - animals have an irregular shape, no symmetry or balance among body structures (Porifera: sponges) 120. radial symmetry - animals can be divided along any plane through a central axis into roughly equal halves (Cnidarians: hydra, jellyfish) 121. bilateral symmetry - animals can be divided into mirror image halves only along one plane through the central axis - animals have a gut to digest food: 1. sac 2. tube 1. sac = 1 opening for food and waste 2. tube = 2 openings: 1 for food, 1 for waste (Examples: Worms, Arthropods, Chordates) 122. cephalization - animals with a head and tail - tendency to concentrate nervous tissue and sensory organs at the head 123. posterior - tail end 124. anterior - head end 125. dorsal - backside of animals with bilateral symmetry 126. ventral - underside or belly of animals with bilateral symmetry 127. coelom (coelomates) - fluid-filled body cavity, lines and encloses the organs - most animals with bilateral symmetry have this = people, insects, fishes 128. pseudocoelom (pseudocoelomates) - fluid-filled body cavity, not as developed as a coelom - limits tissue, organ, and system development 129. acoelom (acoelomates) - no coelom: solid bodies without a fluid-filled body cavity between the gut and the body wall 130. Phylum Porifera (sponges) - 1st animals, over 9,000 species, sessile (adults do not move) - hermaphrodites, asymmetry - no tissues, no organs, no nervous system - able to regenerate - reproduction = asexual (fragmentation, budding, gemmules) - reproduction = sexual (most are hermaphrodites and most common) - filter feeders, digestion of nutrients takes place within each cell - habitat for other animals, beneficial to humans 131. Phylum Cnidarians (sea anemone, hydra, & jellyfish) - 1st animals to move, over 9000 species most are hermaphrodites, radial symmetry simple nervous system uses nematocysts to sting and prey digestion takes place in gastrovascular cavity no blood vessels, no respiratory system, no excretory organs reproduction = asexully (budding during the polyp stage) reproduction = sexually (male and females release sperm and egg) polyp shape = hydra, medusa shape = adult jellyfish 132. Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms) - 1st animals to have a head (cephalization) - ~20,000 species, examples: planaria, tapeworms - hermaphrodites, bilateral symmetry - no heart, no blood vessels, no blood - simple nervous system, brain, and eyespots - reproduction = asexual (regeneration) - reproduction = sexual (must mate, internal fertilization, fencing) - many are parasites (tape worm) - 1 body opening (food and waste) - takes in oxygen through skin, no formal respiratory system 133. Phylum Annelids (earth worms, leeches) - segmented worms, ~11,000 species, most live in the sea - hermaphrodites, bilateral symmetry - bristles on each segment called setae (help them move) - eats dirt, digests plant and animal matter and eliminates the rest crop (stores food) gizzard (grinds the food down) - esophagus intestines (food passes and gets nutrients) anus (waste comes out) - nervous system with a simple brain and nerve cord - has blood and blood vessels with multiple (5) hearts - no respiratory organ = takes in oxygen directly through its skin and gives off CO2 - Its skin is always moist, able to regenerate - reproduction = sexual: eggs must be fertilized by the sperm of another worm, lays a batch of eggs at one time - waste helps fertilize the soil 134. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms/parasites) - ~ 20,000 species - bilateral symmetry - definite digestive system that runs the length of their bodies - pharynx, intestine and anus - about ½ are parasites and live off other animals and plants - simple nervous system - no heart, no blood vessels, no respiratory organ - takes in oxygen directly through its skin and gives off CO2 - skin is always moist - reproduction = sexual = female / male, internal - pseudocoelomate - cylindrical - most are < 1mm in length - found in marine and fresh H2O, land 135. Phylum Mollusca - ~110,000 species - coelomates (fluid-filled body cavity) - habitats = marine, fresh water, moist land - foot = muscle, used for movement - mantle = outer membrane, surrounds organs, makes CaCO3 (shell) - digestive tract = 2 openings, stomach, intestine, digestive glands - many have a radula = tongue-like with rows of teeth - many help clean water/ecosystems - aquatic mollusks = take in water, get O2 from water - land mollusks = remove O2 from the air - circulatory system = heart - slow movers = open circ. system, blood pumped open spaces - fast movers = closed circ. system, blood pumped through vessels - nervous system = some have brains (octopus), most have eyes (detect light) - bilateral symmetry - reproduction = sexual: male/female, external fertilization, sperm/egg released into water at same time - 3 groups = 1. bivalves 2. gastropods 3. cephalopods Examples = clam, oyster, mussel, scallop, nudibranch, octopus, bivalve, whelk, conch, snail, slug, periwinkle, limpet, nautilus, cuttlefish 136. Phylum Arthropods - 70% - 85% of all animals - segmented bodies - exoskeletons = made of nonliving material (chitin), molting (shedding) - jointed appendages - bilateral symmetry - need oxygen = 1. gills 2. tracheal tubes 3. book lungs - reproduction = most species have males/females, most reproduce sexually exception = barnacles (hermaphrodites) - metamorphosis = series of major changes from larval to adult form larva pupa adult most insects = eggs - different types of 1. mouths and ways to eat 2. eyes 3. antennae 4. wings 5. exoskeletons (thickness varies) 6. legs Examples: daphnia, crabs, lobsters, copepods,beetles, praying mantis, butterflies,ants, flies, bees, spiders