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Download Principles of Cow/Calf Nutrition - University of Maine Cooperative
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Principles of Cow/Calf Nutrition By: Colt W. Knight, PhD Assistant Professor of Extension – State Livestock Specialist • BACKGROUND South Charleston, WV – Coal mining family – Show Stable – Raised poultry, goats, donkeys, mules, and horses • Education – University of Kentucky • BS – Animal Science – Angelo State University • MS – Animal Science – University of Arizona • PhD – Animal Science • New Mexico State University • Post Doctoral Fellow 2 BACKGROUND • University of Kentucky – Animal Research Center – Swine in Versailles, KY – Thoroughbred Consignment Farm and Cow/calf operation – Paris, KY – Coal mining • Angelo State University – – – – – – – – University Ranch Cow/calf – Registered Angus Bulls - Registered Angus Wool and Hair Sheep Ram Test Mohair and Meat Goats Wildlife Teaching Assistant BACKGROUND • University of Arizona – Interim Feedlot Manager – Teaching Farm Herdsman – 2013 WSASAS Academic Quadrat halon Coach – Instructor – Genetics Lab (Spring 2014) – Co-instructor – Animal Handling (Spring 2014 ) – Teaching Assistant – Genetics (Spring 2014) – Teaching Assistant – Human and Animal Interrelationships (2014 and 2015) RESEARCH • Mature cow grazing activity – Use of pedometers and GPS tracking collars • Comparing GPS technology • Cow herd efficiency – Feed intake – Reproduction – Herd Longevity • • • • Heifer intake and Reproductive Efficiency Sire Intake Utilizing small ruminants as biological/cultural controls Rangeland ecology and management BACKGROUND • New Mexico State University – Post Doctoral Fellow – Further development of lower cost GPS tracking collar – Creating faster methods to analyze tracking data – Generating a manual on the building and utilizing GPS tracking collars – Advising new graduate students Outline • Six Basic Nutrients • What are ruminants • Anatomy • Rumen Microflora • Calf rumen development • Young calves are not ruminants yet!!! • Dry Matter Intake (DMI) • Body Condition Scoring (BCS) • What does manure tell us about nutrition? Six Basic Nutrients • Water • Protein • Carbohydrate(CHO) • Lipid(fat) • Vitamin • Mineral Water Protein • Animal age↑, protein requirement↓ • Excess protein creates – Muscle – Fat • Made up of Amino Acids(AA) – – – – – Basic structural unit Metabolism Hormone Antibody DNA production Carbohydrate(CHO) • Energy Source • Building block of other nutrients – Crude Fiber • Cellulose – Nitrogen free extract • Starch and Soluble Sugar • Excess stored as FAT Lipid(fat) • Energy – Stored in higher concentrations than CHO • • • • Heat Insulation Body Protection Source – Oils (soybean oil) – Animal byproducts (tallow) Vitamins • Water soluble – B & C • Fat soluble – A, D, E, K • Function – Metabolism – Enzyme reactions Minerals • Major minerals – Ca, P, Na, Cl, Mg, K, S • Minor (Trace minerals) – Co, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn • Function – – – – – skeleton, protein synthesis, oxygen transport, fluid and acid-base balance in body, enzyme reactions What is a ruminant? Four chambers of ruminant stomach • Rumen – Fermentation and VFA absorption – – – – 25-30 gallons Bacteria Protozoa Fungii • Reticulum – Pouch – Rock, nails, wire • Omasum – Water and some nutrient absorption • Abomasum – True stomach – HCL Rumen Reticulum Omasum Other anatomy • Small Intestine – 20x the length of animal – Fat absorption – Most left over nutrients absorbed • Cecum – Fiber digestion – Human appendix • Large Intestine – Water absorption Rumen Microflora • Bacteria – Produce Volatile Fatty Acids (70% of energy needs) • Butyric • Acetic (More on forage diet) • Propionic (more on concentrate diet) • Protozoa – Up to 50% – Limit bacteria overgrowth • Fungi – Up to 8% – Help break down forage Types of bacteria • • • • • • • • • Cellulolytic – digest cellulose Hemicellulolytic – digest hemicellulose Amylolytic – digest starch Proteolytic – digest protein Sugar utilizing Acid Utilizing Ammonia Producers Vitamin synthesizers – B and K vitamins Methane producers – forage fed produces more methane Products of Rumen fermentation • Volatile Fatty Acids – Butyric, propionic, and acetic – Absorbed through rumen and converted to energy in liver • Gas – CO2, methane • Heat – Microflora that consume forage produce more heat. Aid in ruminant heat regulation in the winter Calf Rumen Development • Rumen is undeveloped – Starts developing at ~3 weeks old • Milk bypasses rumen – Esophageal groove • Rumen develops as calf begins eating solid food – At first mimicking mother – Picks up bacteria from food/environment • Develops microflora in the rumen Proper nutrition is key to rumen development Dry Matter Intake (DMI) • Mature cow – 1-3% of body weight(BW) • Age – younger animals eat more in relation to BW • Maintenance – 50% – Energy needed to maintain herself • Reproduction – 20% • Lactation – 30% Dry Matter Intake • Poor quality forage – 1-2% DMI • High quality forage – 2-3% DMI • Protein falls below 6-8% – DMI decreases • Reduce access to fresh water – DMI decreases Body Condition Scoring What does manure tell us about nutrition? Score2:>20%CP;>68%TDNofdiet manurescore3 Score3:12-15%CP;62-70%TDNofdiet Score5:<6%CP;<55%TDNofdiet QUESTIONS University of Maine Cooperative Extension County Office Here Address City, ME XXXX 207.XXX.XXXX • Email Address Website Address The University of Maine is an equal opportunity/affirmative action institution.
