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Europe Since 1750 The Crystal Palace of London’s 1851 Great Exhibition. Global History & Geography J.F. Walters 1 Review from 9th Grade: Essential Questions (Page 1 of 2) • What were the major ideas and values of the Scientific Revolution? • What were the major ideas and values of the Enlightenment? • What were the causes of the French Revolution? Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 2 Review from 9th Grade: Essential Questions (Page 2 of 2) • How were Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette generally regarded by the French population? • What were the major stages and developments of the French Revolution? • Who was Napoleon Bonaparte and what did he seek to do? Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 3 Europe in the 18th Century • Enlightenment movement that built upon the values of the ✓ Intellectual Scientific Revolution ➡ ➡ World was rationale, predictable and understandable Valued empiricism (studying, measuring, data collecting) the best form of government for the protection of ✓ Sought man’s basic rights ✓ Key thinkers: ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ John Locke (limited government) Voltaire (freedom of speech) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (popular sovereignty) Adam Smith (laissez-faire economics) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 4 The French Revolution (1789-1815) • Causes ✓ Bankruptcy of the French government ➡ ➡ ➡ Expensive colonial wars Outmoded tax system Extravagant spending of the French royal family and out-of-touch leadership of France’s absolute ✓ Weak monarchy (ex., Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette) failures due to harsh weather conditions in the ✓ Agricultural late 1780s ✓ Ideas of the Enlightenment of the bourgeoisie (business class) to gain more political ✓ Desire power Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 5 Video Spotlight: Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 6 Video Spotlight: Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 7 French Revolution Begins “Everything conspires to render the present period in France critical: the [lack] of bread is terrible; accounts arrive in every moment from the provinces of riots and disturbances, and calling in the military, to preserve the peace of the markets.” ––Arthur Young English writer on agriculture and economics Travels in France During the Years 1787-1789 Arthur Young (1741-1820) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 8 The French Revolution (1789-1815) • Major Stages ✓ On the Eve of French Revolution (1788-89) ➡ ➡ ➡ food prices rose as France dealt with crop failures crisis over finance and taxation intensified political tensions Storming of the Bastille (14 July 1789): attack of Paris’ royal prison that was perceived as the symbol of the monarchy’s oppressive ways ✓ National Assembly (1789-92): Stage 1 of 5 ➡ ➡ ➡ National Assembly: a French parliament that evolved from the Estates General ➡ War began with the rest of Europe as France sought to spread revolutionary ideas (liberty, equality & fraternity) to other countries in Europe, ideas which were deemed by many other countries to be dangerous and destructive Limited government: National Assembly ruled with Louis XVI Implemented many new laws/policies based on the ideas of the Enlightenment (ex., Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 9 The French Revolution (1789-1815) • Major Stages (cont’d) ✓ National Convention (1792-95): Stage 2 of 5 ➡ ➡ ➡ led by Maximilien Robespierre ➡ War with Europe continued most radical stage of French Revolution: executed King Louis XVI and established a republic Reign of Terror: thousands of people were denounced as traitors to the ideals of the French Revolution and, as a result, were executed by guillotine ✓ Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815): Stages 4 & 5 of 5 ➡ ➡ ➡ Bonaparte: celebrated general and war hero who eventually seized control of France ➡ Napoleon’s empire eventually grew too big to manage as Napoleon grew greedier for more conquests (ex., Russia); led to his ultimate defeat in 1815 ➡ Congress of Vienna (1815): ended the Napoleonic Wars; sought to reestablish a balance of power in Europe Initially led France to many military victories and helped France control most of continental Europe Implemented some enlightened policies, but ultimately maintained authoritarian control of government (both at home and in the conquered lands); led to growth of nationalism Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 10 Video Spotlight: The Guillotine Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 11 Video Spotlight: The Guillotine Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 12 Industrial Revolution: Essential Questions (Page 1 of 3) • What was the Agricultural Revolution and how did it impact the Industrial Revolution in Britain? • How did the Population Explosion impact the Industrial Revolution in Britain? • How did geographic factors play a role in the Industrial Revolution in Britain? Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 13 Industrial Revolution: Essential Questions (Page 2 of 3) • What was the “factory system” and how did it impact the Industrial Revolution in Britain? • What was the Transportation Revolution and how did it impact the Industrial Revolution in Britain? • How did Britain’s vast colonial empire and laissez faire economics impact the Industrial Revolution in Britain? Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 14 Industrial Revolution: Essential Questions (Page 3 of 3) • What major economic sectors were affected by the industrial production of goods? • How did child labor become an issue in Britain during the Industrial Revolution and what was done to address the issue? • Besides child labor, what other social consequences of the Industrial Revolution were faced by British society? Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 15 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain • Agricultural Revolution ✓Enclosure Movement ➡ British parliament passed a series of laws allowing common grazing lands to be fenced off, preventing many British peasants from being able to graze their animals ➡ Migration: Enclosure movement led to many peasants migrating to cities where they became cheap labor for burgeoning factories ✓New Farming Technology & Techniques ➡ Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill ➡ Andrew Meike’s Threshing Machine ➡ Use of Three-Field & Four-Field Systems of crop rotation Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 16 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain • Agricultural Revolution (cont’d) ✓ New Crops ➡ ➡ ➡ Potato: high carbohydrate food that grew in just about any soil on the British Isles Maize (corn): fed to animals Turnips (Charles “Turnip” Townshend) Explosion: rapid increase in Britain’s • Population population ✓ Causes ➡ ➡ ➡ end to plagues Nutritional Revolution: people ate more and healthier food Improved medicine increased population increased demand for goods while ✓ Results: driving down the value of labor Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 17 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain Discussion: How did an agricultural revolution contribute to population growth? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 248. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 18 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain rich in natural • Britain resources ✓ Mineral resources ➡ ➡ iron coal ✓ Many navigable rivers ➡ ➡ Thames (London) Mersey (Liverpool) ✓ Many good ports ➡ ➡ ➡ Albert Docks, Liverpool, England Source: Wikipedia Liverpool London Bristol Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 19 Industrial Revolution: Geography & History Discussion: Explain the link between Britain’s natural resources and its rise as an industrial nation. Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 268. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 20 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain • Development of the Factory System System” (by machine) slowly replaced the ✓“Factory “Domestic System” (by hand) of organizing labor and producing goods ✓Characteristics of Factory System ➡ labor was housed on one site (in a factory) ➡ factory was able to utilize power source (factory usually located near water) which allowed factories to have manufacturing equipment which, in turn, resulted in the the faster production of goods that were less expensive to make Factories built near rivers, canals, roads and, ✓eventually, railways Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 21 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain • Transportation Revolution ✓ Canals ➡ ➡ canals connected Britain’s rivers into a vast waterway network canals well suited to the transportation of fragile goods, like British porcelin ✓ Roads (turnpikes) ➡ ➡ Britain built the best roads since the Ancient Romans roads improved with the development of “Macadam” surface ✓ Railways ➡ ➡ impacted by development of steam engine (James Watt & Richard Trevithick) ➡ revolutionized trade and travel in the 19th century first celebrated railway line: “The Rocket” from Liverpool to Manchester bridges, tunnels and viaducts to connect transportation ✓ Iron network Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 22 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain Liverpool & Manchester Railway (1830) Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 23 Video Spotlight: The Impact of Steam Power & Locomotion Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 24 Video Spotlight: The Impact of Steam Power & Locomotion Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 25 Video Spotlight: The Impact of Steam Power & Locomotion Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 26 Video Spotlight: The Impact of Steam Power & Locomotion Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 27 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain Discussion: Why was the development of railroads important to industrialization? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 253. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 28 Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain • Other factors ✓ Britain had the world’s largest colonial empire ➡ source of raw materials (ex., cotton from British India) ➡ source of markets for British finished products (ex., cloth sold to British India) ✓Established banking system and stock market ✓Britain embraced “laissez-faire” economic philosophy ➡ developed out of French Enlightenment along with Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations” (1776) ➡ “laissez-faire”: leave it alone or hands-off: government should keep its hands off the economy; government should only be concerned with protecting citizens and building public infrastructure ➡ factory owners and businessmen embraced what became known as laissezfaire capitalism Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 29 Video Spotlight: Adam Smith Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 30 Video Spotlight: Adam Smith Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 31 The Industrial Revolution in Britain • Major industries (late 18th & ✓textiles early 19th centuries) of coal and ✓mining iron (late 18th and early 19th centuries) (early to mid ✓railways 19th centuries) (mid to late ✓chemicals 19th century) (late 19th ✓electricity and early 20th Textile mill in Lancashire, England Source: Corbis centuries) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 32 Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution • Child Labor ✓ Background ➡ children employed in factories and mines, often due to their small physical stature and ability to perform tasks adults struggled to complete ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ children were less expensive to hire parents needed the money and, therefore, had their children work no government regulation to prevent children from working most famous study of child labor in Britain: the Sadler Commission which issued the Sadler Report (1832-33) to parliament ✓ Consequences ➡ ➡ children were often injured or killed in factories and mines disruption /destruction of childhood eventually governments established child labor legislation ✓ Remedy: and countries adopted compulsory primary education Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 33 Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution • Long hours and dangerous working conditions ✓ Background ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ ✓ almost no safety features on machinery or in mines workers were not educated about or protected from toxic chemicals or dangerous working conditions no government regulation to monitor conditions or hours Consequences ➡ ➡ ✓ workers were often employed 12 hour shifts (or more!) for 6 days a week exhaustion, injury, mutilation and death were common features of factory and mine life people had little time to spend with families or engage in leisure activities Remedies ➡ eventually governments established legislation to regulate factories (ex., Britain’s series of Factory Acts) ➡ ➡ later trade unions were formed/legalized to lookout for the rights/needs of workers/miners eventually workers gained the right to vote (Britain in 1867) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 34 Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution • Women entered workforce in large numbers ✓ ✓ ✓ Background ➡ traditional roles of women in rural Europe: helped manage farms, complete chores, rear children. Some women were employed in the “domestic system” of the textile industry. (ie, did not leave home to work) ➡ urbanization led to many women moving to cities with their families Consequences ➡ many women took jobs in factories or in the domestic service industry to add to the family income; long hours were the norm ➡ women had the “dual burden” of maintaining traditional roles while also holding down a full-time job away from the home ➡ as an economic and social necessity, many children had to take jobs in factories or mines Remedies/Results ➡ Parliamentary reform: government action limiting the number of hours a worker could work and child labor laws helped lessen some of industrial life ➡ “dual burden” remained a reality as social conventions were slow to change to adopt to women working outside the home Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 35 Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution • Urbanization & crowded cities ✓ ✓ ✓ Background ➡ millions of workers moved from the countryside to cities in the course of the early Industrial Revolution (ex., Manchester in Britain) ➡ Britain became world’s first urbanized society by the middle of the 19th century Consequences ➡ living conditions were crowded and unsanitary as unregulated slum housing was quickly built to meet demand ➡ ➡ ➡ major shortages of fresh drinking water sewage systems inadequate to deal with urban society; ventilation and air quality poor disease (ex., cholera) and fire spread quickly as living conditions were often atrocious Remedies ➡ ➡ government began to regulate cities and build infrastructure to address pressures of urban society cities began to hire “city planners” to make cities safer, more functional, more beautiful and to minimize threat of revolts (ex., Paris) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 36 Reactions to Social Consequences of Industrial Revolution • Government reform (especially in Britain) ✓ child labor laws ✓ laws limited the number of hours that could be worked in a day ✓ laws passed making factories safer (relatively!) ✓ governments eventually established compulsory education ✓ some governments allowed workers to vote (Britain, 1867) • Labor Unions: in some countries, workers were allowed to form unions to collectively bargain for higher wages and better working conditions (ex., Britain) • Alternative political//economic philosophies ✓ socialism: government control of major industries and services ✓ Utopian socialism: planned communities (ex., Robert Owen in Britain) ✓ Marx’s communism: no private property and workers share profits Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 37 Video Spotlight: Issues of Urbanization Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 38 Video Spotlight: Issues of Urbanization Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 39 The Irish Potato Famine (1845-52) • Background ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ • • Ireland’s population had soared over the past 100 years Ireland’s peasants owned little land of their own, usually barely enough for subsistence farming Ireland’s dependence on the potato as a staple food Spread of the “Irish Blight” (water mold) in the 1840s The Famine ✓ ✓ By 1846, 75% of the potato crop failed, leaving millions starving and destitute British government was slow to offer assistance (some argued the famine was nature’s population control) but eventually work houses and public works jobs were established Results ✓ ✓ ✓ approx. 775,000 died from starvation or diseases related to the famine Irish Diaspora: mass emigration from Ireland to Britain, the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other counties Increased Irish nationalism to break away from Britain Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 40 Video Spotlight: The Irish Potato Famine Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 41 Video Spotlight: The Irish Potato Famine Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 42 The Irish Potato Famine (1845-52) Discussion: Was the Irish Potato Famine a genocide carried out by the British government against Irish nationals? Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 43 Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism) • Background ✓German journalist exiled from German ✓states, France and Belgium eventually settled in ✓Britain ➡ met Friedrich Engels ➡ Marx greatly impacted by firsthand observations of factory life and industrial capitalism Karl Marx Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 44 Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism) • “The Communist Manifesto” (1848) ✓co-wrote with Engels argued that history had been dominated by a class ✓conflict between the “haves” & “have-nots”, the “oppressors” & the “oppressed” ➡ Patrician vs. Plebeian (Ancient Rome) ➡ Lord vs. Serf (Middle Ages) ➡ Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat (Industrial Age) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 45 Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism) • “The Communist Manifesto” (cont’d) a “Proletarian Revolution” would inevitably ✓ predicted occur in every capitalistic, industrial and urban society once the proletariat (the workers) had reached the breaking point ➡ ➡ ➡ workers would rise up spontaneously (no individual or party relationship) ➡ eventually workers would establish a communist society workers would seize the “means of production” (factories and businesses) workers would temporarily seize control of society: “the Dictatorship of the Proletariat” - classless society everyone would equally share the wealth generated by society conflict would disappear and government would “whittle away” (disappear) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 46 Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism) • Marx’s other ideas ✓religion was the “opiate of the masses” was a necessary evil on the road to ✓capitalism communism • Marx’s impact ideas challenged laissez-faire capitalism and ✓Marx’s became popular among many workers political groups developed that were influenced by ✓many Marx’s writings influenced the revolutions in Russia (1917) and ✓greatly China (1949) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 47 Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 48 Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism) Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 49 Comparing Adam Smith and Karl Marx Discussion: Explain the major differences between Adam Smith’s free market ideas and Karl Marx’s communist (scientific socialist) ideas. Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 268. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 50 Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism) Discussion: After listening to the audio track, discuss what elements of Karl Marx’s ideas can be found in John’s Lennon’s song “Imagine” (1971). Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 51 Reflection: Worker Responses to Industrialism Discussion: Throughout the course of the Industrial Revolution, how did workers attempt to make their lives better politically, socially and economically? Were they successful at improving their lives? Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 52 Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin • Background ✓ British scientist (naturalist) biology and geology on board the HMS Beagle, most notably ✓ studied in the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) • Ideas published in two books: Origin of Species (1859) & Descent of Man ✓ ideas (1871) ✓ all species evolved over time ➡ natural selection: traits that are most valuable to a species’ survival will grow stronger while those that do not help in its survival will slowly disappear ➡ most adaptable species will survive while less adaptable ones will die off (others called this idea “survival of the fittest”) ✓ humans share an ancestry with apes Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 53 Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin • Controversy & Impact a scientific basis to ✓ gave evolutionary theory books became big ✓ Darwin’s sellers as they were translated into many languages some in the religious ✓ outraged community while some religious groups defended Darwin idea of natural ✓ Darwin’s selection was used to justify actions by business leaders and governments: “survival of the fittest” Charles Darwin in an 1871 caricature Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 54 Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 55 Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 56 Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 57 Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 58 Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin Discussion: Why did the ideas of Charles Darwin cause controversy? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 318. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 59 Nationalism Basics • Nationalism Basics ✓ Nationalism: pride and devotion to one’s ethnic group. (ethnic groups often have a shared language, religion, culture, history, geography, etc.) A group that is nationalistic usually does not have its ✓own nation-state (a country made up of all its ethnic nationals and ruled by its own ethnic nationals) Historic Background: Nationalism became a driving ✓force in the world due to the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, which had increased the desire of many ethnic groups to either break free from foreign rule and/or to unify. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 60 Nationalism Basics • Typical Scenarios for Nationalism ✓ Independence ➡ an ethnic group is ruled by a foreign colonial power. Nationalists seek independence to liberate themselves from foreign rule. - Latin America in the early 19th century - Africa, India & Southeast Asia after World War II ➡ an ethnic group is dominated by a neighboring ethnic group in a multi-ethnic state. Nationalists seek an independent nation-state of their own. - Austrian Empire & Ottoman Empire in the late 19th/early 20th centuries - Yugoslavia in the late 20th century Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 61 Nationalism Basics • Typical Scenarios for Nationalism (cont’d) ✓ Unification ➡ ethnic nationals do not have their own nation-state but, instead, are separated into many different states on their ethnic homeland. Nationalists seek to unify all ethnic nationals into one nation-state. - Italy in the 19th century Germany in the 19th century ➡ ethnic nationals do not have their own nation-state but, instead, live as ethnic minorities in many other countries of the world. Nationalists seeks to unify all the ethnic nationals into one country on a selected piece of land, ideally one that has historic and cultural significance to them. - Jews in the 19th & 20th centuries (Zionist movement) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 62 Nationalism: German Unification • Background ✓ Over 350 independent states made up “Germany” ➡ Saxony, Baden, Bavaria, etc. ➡ Most important German state: Prussia (largest physically and most powerful militarily and economically) nationalism (volksgeist) had grown stronger over the ✓ German years ➡ shared ethnicity ➡ shared language ➡ shared history ➡ shared geography ➡ shared religion Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 63 Nationalism: German Unification • Otto von Bismarck ✓ Prussian chancellor (prime minister) important person in the ✓ most unification of Germany unification would not happen ✓ argued through idealism but by the use of “blood & iron” • Unification Process ✓ war against Denmark (1863-64) ✓ war against Austria (1866) ✓ war against France (1870-71) Otto von Bismarck (1871) Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 64 Nationalism: Italian Unification • Background ✓ About 10 independent states made up “Italy” ➡ Papal States, Lombardy, Venetia, Kingdom of Two Sicilies, etc. ➡ Most important Italian state: Piedmont-Sardinia (most powerful militarily and economically) nationalism (risorgimento) had grown stronger over the ✓ Italian years ➡ shared ethnicity ➡ shared language ➡ shared history ➡ shared geography ➡ shared religion Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 65 Nationalism: Italian Unification • Key nationalists ✓ Giuseppi Mazzini: writer Cavour: prime minister of ✓ Camillo Piedmont-Sardinia Garibaldi: professional ✓ Giuseppi revolutionary & leader of 1000 Red Shirts • Unification Process ✓ war with France against Austria (1859) unification of southern Italy ✓ Garibaldi’s (1861) ✓ war with Prussia against Austria (1866) ✓ fall of Rome (1871) Giuseppi Garibaldi (c. 1861) Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 66 Reflection: Unifications in Germany & Italy Discussion: How significant was the role of nationalism in the unifications in Germany and Italy? Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 67 New Imperialism (c. 1850-1914): Basics when one country dominates another country for • imperialism: political, economic, and/or social reasons. of Exploration: earlier period of imperialism (c. 1492 to 1789) • Age where countries such as Spain and Portugal expanded their empires in Latin America and Asia for the purposes of “gold, God & glory.” Imperialism”: the revival of imperialism in the middle of the • “New 19th century due to economic, political, and social reasons. ✓ ✓ imperialists: Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany and, later, Japan and the United States colonies: primarily in Africa and Asia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 68 The New Imperialism: Economic Causes •Industrial Revolution ✓ ✓ need for natural resources - coal iron cotton (India) rubber (Belgian Congo) ivory (Africa and India) diamonds (southern Africa) gold (southern Africa) Desire to expand markets for finished products - textiles chemicals (like soap) •outlets needed for growing populations Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 69 The New Imperialism: Political Causes • bases needed for merchant and naval vessels • • • • national security • Berlin Conference (1885): conference that established “rules” for colonizing Africa; led to the “Scramble for Africa” prestige of global empire strong, centrally-governed nation-states European advances in weaponry and transportation A Punch cartoon depicting Cecil Rhodes and Britain’s desire to control Africa. Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 70 The New Imperialism: Social Causes •“White Man’s Burden” ✓ ✓ ✓ idea based on a poem of the same name by Rudyard Kipling it was the “burden” (duty) of Westerners to spread Christianity, modern technology and western civilization to other parts of the world was Kipling supporting or criticizing imperialism? Social Darwinism: use of •Darwin’s biological theories to justify imperialism •European self-confidence Rudyard Kipling Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 71 The New Imperialism: Case Study of Leopold II’s Congo •Leopold II ✓ ✓ ✓ King of the Belgians (1865-1909) believed a colonial empire was fundamentally important to Belgium’s greatness and success, but Belgium’s civilian government was not interested was the victim of a failed assassination attempt by an Italian anarchist (1902) •Leopold’s private colonialism ✓ personally acquired and founded the Congo Free State Colony, or Belgian Congo, in central Africa - founded under the guise of a scientific research organization called the International African Society - hired British explorer Henry Morton Stanley to explore and secure his private colony - used a private army, the Force Publique, to govern the colony and extract resources for Leopold King Leopold II Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 72 The New Imperialism: Case Study of Leopold II’s Congo •Leopold’s private colonialism (cont’d) ✓ ✓ Mutilated children from Leopold’s Congo Source: Wikipedia The Rubber Boom - demand for rubber increased throughout the world soon after Leopold had acquired the colony in the Congo - rubber was used for the production of tires (bicycles and automobiles), gaskets, medical equipment, etc. - the Congo region was rich in trees that produced natural rubber so Leopold exploited the land and its people the atrocities of the Rubber Boom in the Belgian Congo - Africans became a source of forced labor for the rubber industry - Africans were beaten, whipped, executed and had body parts amputated (most frequently hands) for not meeting what were unrealistic quotas - significant numbers of the African labor force died of small pox and sleeping sickness due to poor conditions Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 73 Video Spotlight: “King Leopold’s Ghost” 17:56 Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 74 Video Spotlight: “King Leopold’s Ghost” Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples 17:56 Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 75 Reflection: Western Imperialism in Africa Discussion: What impact did explorers and missionaries have on Africa? Positive Negative Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 398. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 76 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) •Fundamental Causes ✓Militarism (ex., Anglo-German naval race) ✓Alliances (Triple Alliance & Triple Entente) ✓Imperialism (ex., “Scramble for Africa”) ✓Nationalism (nationalism in Serbia) •Immediate Cause Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ✓(28 June 1914) in Sarajevo, Bosnia ✓Assassination led to the July Crisis Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 77 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie Chotek, in Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, about one hour before they were shot by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Serbian nationalist. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 78 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) •The combatants (major players) ✓ Central Powers ➡ ➡ ➡ Germany Austria-Hungary the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) ✓ Allies ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ Britain (UK) France Russia Serbia Japan U.S. (after 1917) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 79 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) • The style of warfare ✓Trench warfare of new ✓Application technology to war ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ machine gun tank submarine airplane fighting on ✓Major the Western & Eastern Fronts Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 80 Video Spotlight: Glimpses into Trench Life Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 81 Video Spotlight: Glimpses into Trench Life Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 82 Video Spotlight: Fighting at the Somme Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 83 Video Spotlight: Fighting at the Somme Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 84 Video Spotlight: The “Christmas Truce 1914” Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 85 Video Spotlight: The “Christmas Truce 1914” Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 86 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) • The nature of the war destruction: strategies used when combined with the ✓technology led to incredibly destructive battles on both the Western & Eastern fronts (and elsewhere) in terms of human toll, infrastructure and agricultural land increased government involvement: war required ✓governments to become more involved in the economy & society than they had previously been women: women took on new jobs when the men left ✓to fight on the fronts. Demanded suffrage (right to vote) in exchange for role they played in war. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 87 Video Spotlight: World War I Dogfights Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 88 Video Spotlight: World War I Dogfights Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 89 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) • The final years of the war ✓The United States joined the war (1917) Russia pulled out of war due to the Russian ✓Revolution (1917) Central powers launched a major offensive in the ✓summer 1918, but it eventually failed Armistice: Germany agreed to a cease fire, 11 ✓November 1918 Preparations were made for the Paris Peace ✓Conference Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 90 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) • The Paris Peace Conference ✓ held in Paris and led by the “Big Four” ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ Georges Clemenceau (France) David Lloyd George (Britain) Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) brought his “Fourteen Points” to Paris: a plan to prevent ✓ Wilson war in the future ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ called for self-determination of peoples (nationalism) called for freedom of seas called for an end to secret treaties called for a return of Alsace-Lorraine to France & an independent Poland called for a League of Nations: countries would work together to prevent war Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 91 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) • The Treaty of Versailles (1919) ✓ Background ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ most important treaty at Paris Peace Conference between victor states (but not the U.S.) and Germany became the blueprint for the associated treaties with Austria, Hungary & Turkey Germany not allowed to participate in negotiations; forced to sign treaty of Versailles under threat of returning to war ✓ Major provisions ➡ war guilt clause: Germany had to bear moral responsibility for starting the war and causing all the death and destruction (Article #231) ➡ ➡ ➡ ➡ reparations: Germany forced to pay reparations (payments in money or in kind) Germany demilitarized (no navy and an army no larger than 100,000 people) Germany lost its colonies to “mandates” held by victor powers League of Nations created, but Germany not allowed to be a member (eventually allowed to join in 1920s) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 92 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) • Consequences and Results of World War I ✓ 9.5 million people dead (the so-called “Lost Generation”) ✓ 4 Empires destroyed: German, Russian, Ottoman & Austrian ✓ new states created in Eastern Europe (see map) ✓ contributed to economic instability after World War I ➡ German inflation of 1923-24 ➡ Great Depression (1929-39) ✓ contributed to the rise of totalitarian states after World War I ➡ Fascist Italy (Mussolini) ➡ ➡ Fascist Nazi Germany (Hitler) Fascist Spain (Franco) ✓ contributed to the rise of nationalism in European colonies ✓ women gained the right to vote in Britain, France, Germany & the U.S. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 93 The Great War: World War I (1914-18) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 94 Reflection: The Paris Peace Conference & the Treaty of Versailles Discussion: President Woodrow Wilson’s closest advisor wrote of the Paris Peace Conference, “there is much to approve and much to regret.” What do you think he might have approved? What might he have regretted? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 476. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 95 The Russian Revolution (1917) • Causes of the Russian Revolution ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ autocratic leadership of Tsar Nicholas II: out of touch and incompetent impoverished peasants wanted to own their own land city workers poorly paid, worked long hours alienation of the intelligentsia Russia suffered a humiliating defeat to Japan (1905) growth of the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir I. Lenin ➡ ➡ Lenin adapted many of Karl Marx’s ideas to fit Russia ➡ Lenin spent time in exile in the years leading up to the Russian Revolution Lenin called for a group of professional revolutionaries to lead the workers in the revolution (the party would serve as the “vanguard of the people”) devastating effects of World War I (began 1914) ➡ ➡ inflation led to rising food costs (especially bread) Russian soldiers were poorly trained and equipment: fared poorly against Central Powers Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 96 The Russian Revolution (1917) • March Revolution (March 1917) ✓ ✓ ✓ • food riots in Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) weakened tsar’s government World War I continued to go poorly for Russia, even after Tsar Nicholas II went to the front to lead his troops Nicholas II forced to resign in March 1917 Provisional Government (March-November 1917) ✓ ✓ ✓ temporary government empowered until a permanent government could be established following elections (scheduled for 1918) moderate government led by Alexander Kerensky (socialist) made major decisions which would eventually weaken the provisional government ➡ ➡ ✓ continued Russian participation in World War I allowed freedom of speech, press and assembly Lenin made his way back to Russia, with help from Germany Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 97 The Russian Revolution (1917) or November • Bolshevik Revolution (November 1917) popularity had increased ✓ Lenin’s thanks, in part, to his “peace, bread, and land” speeches led a coup d’ état in ✓ Bolsheviks Petrograd & Moscow ➡ gained control of strategic areas of the cities such as railway, telegraph/telephone lines, post office, etc. ➡ Bolsheviks eventually forced the surrender of Kerensky and the provisional government ➡ By the end of 1917, the Bolsheviks had not secured control of the rest of Russia; a civil war ensued Lenin Promising “Peace, Bread & Land” in Petrograd Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 98 Reflection: Lenin & The Russian Revolution Discussion: How did Lenin adapt Marxism to conditions in Russia? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 483. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 99 Russian Civil War (1918-21) Reds Whites (Communists or Bolsheviks) (anti-Communists) • • • • • Goal: defeat anti-Communists and expand Bolshevik control over Russia Gained peasant support by offering land reform Trotsky led Red Army Used so-called “Red Terror” ✓ ✓ • • Goal: defeat Communists • White military assisted by foreign countries: Japan, Britain, France, Czechoslovakia and the United States Whites made up of anti-Bolsheviks of many political persuasions murdered Nicholas II and family established concentration camps Implemented “war communism” ✓ ✓ largest industries nationalized most industries controlled by workers’ committees Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 100 Russian Civil War (1918-21) • Reds defeated Whites more organized and ✓ Reds unified than Whites Army more effective than ✓ Red disunited White forces economically • Russia destroyed and destruction were ✓ famine harsh consequences of civil war communism” failed to ✓ “war reform economy Red propaganda: Trotsky slays the capitalist dragon Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 101 Russia: The New Economic Policy (1921) Economic Policy (NEP): Lenin’s plan to reform Russian • New economy following devastating revolution and civil war • Characteristics of the NEP ✓ allowed limited free market capitalism, notably in small business ✓ largest industries remained nationalized ✓ allowed some farmers to own their own land ➡ boosted agriculture and relieved famine ➡ popular with farmers, especially kulaks (Ukrainian peasant proprietors) term goal: Use NEP to jump start the economy, preparing • Long it for an eventual return to communism • NEP’s success cut short by Lenin’s death and resulting power struggle Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 102 Reflection: Lenin’s NEP Discussion: Why did Lenin compromise between the ideas of capitalism and communism in creating the NEP? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 483. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 103 Global Spotlight: Alexandra Kollontai • Background ✓ ✓ Menshevik turned Bolshevik; leading figure in the Bolshevik Revolution appointed People’s Commissar for Social Welfare (1917) • Accomplishments ✓ Wrote “Communism and the Family” (1920) ➡ argued that capitalism had destroyed the family by forcing women into the “double burden” (responsibilities at job & home) ➡ called for political, social & economic equality between men and women ➡ called for a Revolutionary Family Structure (composed of both the “New Soviet Man” & the “New Soviet Woman”) that would include state-sponsored child care and domestic help; also sought collective kitchens and restaurants ✓ established the Zhenotdel (Women’s Department) in 1919: worked to improve the lives of Soviet women through improving literacy and educating women on alcoholism, child abuse and health care Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 104 Russia: Proclamation of U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 105 Russia: Lenin’s Decline & Demise • After Lenin’s death ✓ ✓ ✓ Petrograd renamed Leningrad Lenin’s body embalmed and displayed in Moscow’s Red Square After death, Lenin regarded with cult-like reverence • Lenin’s health deteriorated ✓ ✓ ✓ victim of two assassination attempts, one of which left a bullet lodged in his neck suffered at least three strokes Lenin died, 1924 Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 106 Video Spotlight: Vladimir I. Lenin Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 107 Video Spotlight: Vladimir I. Lenin Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 108 Soviet Power Struggle (1924-28) Leon Trotsky Josef Stalin “permanent revolution” “socialism in one country” Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 109 Soviet Union: Trotsky after the Power Struggle Trotsky: Exiled in 1929 Trotsky: Expired in 1940 Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 110 The Soviet Union of Josef Stalin (1928-1953) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 111 Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy • Industrial Five-Year Plans: Basics make the Soviet Union a ✓ goal: leading industrial power ✓ state-guided economy quota system for ✓ established production on heavy industries such as ✓ focused coal, steel, railway, etc. bureaucratic agency that ✓ Gosplan: oversaw the five-year plans (central planning) ✓ 1st Five-Year Plan: began in 1928 Soviet paper mill worker Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 112 Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy • Industrial Five-Year Plans: Issues shortage of labor in ✓ problem: cities ➡ use of labor camps not uncommon ➡ led Stalin to collectivization of agriculture (see later notes) few consumer products ✓ problem: for citizens enthusiasm for central ✓ challenge: planning required constant stream of government-sponsored propaganda “Help Building the Gigantic Factories” S. Mirzoyan and A. Ivanon, 1929 Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 113 Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy Five-Year Plans: • Industrial Assessment industrial economy ✓ Soviet expanded rapidly (in terms of % growth) two five-year plans ➡ first especially successful ➡ disclaimer: Soviet production figures were very low before Stalin the gap between ✓ narrowed the Soviet economy and the industrial economies of the West Soviet Pig Iron Production ‘40 ‘38 ‘36 ‘34 ‘32 ‘30 ‘28 ‘26 ‘24 ‘22 0 3.75 7.50 11.25 15.00 Pig Iron Millions of tons (approx.) Chart source: adapted from A History of the Modern World, 10th Edition, R.R. Palmer, et. al., p. 736. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 114 Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy • Collectivization of Agriculture: Basics Soviet agriculture productive enough to feed its own ✓ make population Soviet agriculture so efficient that a surplus of labor would ✓ make be created; extra labor could then be transplanted to the cities for work in industrial five-year plans • Collectivization of Agriculture: Methods ✓ state-guided economy (central planning) ownership of land replaced with collective ✓ individual farms use of tractors and other mechanized farm ✓ increased equipment Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 115 Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy • Collectivization of Agriculture: Assessment ✓ Failed economically ➡ not popular among farmers, especially Ukrainian kulaks ➡ few (if any) incentives to produce ➡ central planners did not provide enough spare parts to repair broken farm equipment ✓ led to increased fear, disruption, destruction and death ➡ Ukrainian Holocaust: Stalin killed some 3-7 million (estimated) resistors (many were kulaks) to collectivization ➡ many rural Soviet citizens forcefully transplanted to cities Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 116 Reflection: Command Economy v. Capitalism Discussion: How did the command economy under Stalin differ from a capitalist economy? Capitalism Command Economy Economic Decisions/ Priorities Ownership of Businesses Ownership of Land/ Farms Production of Consumer Goods Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 549. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 117 Soviet Union: Stalin’s Great Purges • The Great Purge Trials (1936-39) enemies put on trial (be they perceived or real) for ✓ Stalin’s treason and other state-related crimes ➡ “Old Bolsheviks”: long-time members of the Communist Party who knew Lenin ➡ supporters of Trotsky (accused of Trotskyism) ➡ top generals in the military ✓ Accused confessed to treason in open court ➡ no physical sign of physical abuse ➡ psychological torture employed ✓ KGB arrested many other “counterrevolutionaries” Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 118 Soviet Union: Stalin’s Great Purges • Results further consolidated power: ✓ Stalin totalitarianism all the “Old Bolsheviks” ✓ Almost were eliminated destroyed the top brass in ✓ Stalin Soviet military have negative ramifications ➡ would as Stalin had to deal with Hitler and Germany’s growing military might ➡ led Stalin to forge a non-aggression pact with Germany (1939) in order to buy the Soviet Union rebuilding time ✓ Fear for Soviet citizens Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 119 Video Spotlight: Josef Stalin Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 120 Video Spotlight: Josef Stalin Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 121 Video Spotlight: Josef Stalin Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 122 Video Spotlight: Josef Stalin Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 123 Reflection: Russian Life Discussion: Compare life under Stalin’s rule with life under the tsars. Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 549. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 124 Fascism in Interwar Europe • Nature & Characteristics of Fascism ✓ authoritarian (power concentrated in the hands of the executive) ✓ totalitarian: sought to control all aspects of an individual’s life ✓ glorified the state (not the individual) ✓ ultra-nationalistic ✓ militaristic and promoted violence ✓ revered symbols such as armbands, flags and banners ✓ detested democracy and revoked individual freedoms ✓ detested communism ✓ outlawed labor unions and worker strikes ✓ identified scapegoats Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 125 Fascism in Interwar Europe exploited insecurity • Fascism and instability of post-war Europe and loss from the war, ✓ alienation including resentment toward the treaties ending World War I and street-fighting were ✓ chaos common in the years immediately following World War I instability: ✓ economic unemployment, inflation and loss of financial savings German bank notes in the 1923 inflation were worth so little that they were used as wallpaper. Source: Wikipedia Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 126 Fascism in Italy: Mussolini (1922-43) • Benito Mussolini ✓ fought in World War I ✓ formed group called Blackshirts ➡ membership made up of disgruntled and unemployed workers, many of whom were war veterans ➡ group created a philosophy that came to be known as “fascism” on Rome (1922): Mussolini & ✓ March the Blackshirts took control of Italian government Self-styled Il Duce (The Leader) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 127 Fascism in Italy: Mussolini (1922-43) • Mussolini’s Fascist Policies & Actions ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ undermined parliamentary democracy abolished all parties except his Fascist party censored press destroyed labor unions reorganized and centralized Italy’s railway system glorified the military & imperial conquest ➡ ➡ • formed an alliance with Nazi Germany (Axis), and later with Japan invaded Ethiopia and Albania Fall of Mussolini ✓ ✓ Italy declared war alongside Nazi Germany in World War II Mussolini eventually overthrown and, later, captured and executed Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 128 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) ✓ born in Austria ✓ Hitler in Vienna, Austria (1905-13) ➡ attempted to gain admittance to Academy of Fine Arts, but was rejected ➡ ➡ lived in Viennese youth hostels ➡ influenced by Vienna’s mayor Karl Lueger, who was a charismatic speaker and vocal anti-Semite unemployed, he attempted to sell paintings for money ✓ moved to Munich, Germany (1913) Adolf Hitler The Führer Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 129 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • Adolf Hitler (cont’d) ✓ fought for the German army in World War I ➡ served as a field runner in Belgium and France ➡ fought in First Battle of Ypres, the Somme and other major battles ➡ was a victim of a mustard gas attack ➡ twice decorated with Germany’s “Iron Cross” ✓ After World War I ➡ unemployed Hitler joined a Munich-based group called the German Workers’ Party ➡ quickly became its leader and transformed the group into the National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazi) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 130 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • The Nazi Party Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Ernst Röhm, ✓ leadership: Joseph Goebbels ✓ Philosophy ➡ ➡ ➡ fascist and totalitarian ➡ ➡ revered symbols (ex., the swastika), banners, armbands, flags ➡ ➡ militant: called for a revival of the Germany military called for a government-directed economy but individuals owned businesses racist: sought a pure “Aryan” race for a Germany that was free of Jews (antiSemitism), gypsies, black Africans, homosexuals, and the handicapped blamed the Treaty of Versailles, the Western Allies (especially France) for Germany’s problems detested both democracy and communism Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 131 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • The Beer Hall Putsch (1923) attempt by Hitler and the Nazi’s to take control of the ✓ failed government of Munich (in Bavaria, Germany) ✓ Hitler arrested when the putsch was crushed ✓ Hitler’s trial (1924) ➡ ➡ accused of treason ➡ Hitler became a national figure as his ideas were spread through newspapers and radio broadcasts ➡ found guilty and given a 5-year sentence (many in the court were sympathetic to his ideas) ➡ while in jail, Hitler wrote his autobiography Mein Kampf, which he used to to further articulate his ideas and his plans for Germany Hitler’s used the trial to spread Nazi ideas and German nationalism when he was allowed to speak during his defense Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 132 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • Hitler’s rise to power ✓ Hitler served about 1 year of his 5-year prison sentence ✓ Hitler rebuilt the Nazi party in the years between 1925 and 1929 Great Depression (began 1929) provided an opportunity for Hitler ✓ The and the Nazi’s to grow in popularity ➡ ➡ unemployment rose to almost 30% by 1932 ➡ Nazi party membership grew Hitler was known for making charismatic and ultra-nationalistic speeches during the Great Depression ran for President of Weimar Germany in 1932, but lost to the ✓ Hitler aging war hero (and incumbent) Paul von Hindenburg Hitler invited to serve as chancellor (prime minister) by ✓ Chancellor: the Hindenburg government (30 January 1933) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 133 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • Hitler’s consolidation of power order to become a totalitarian fascist dictator, ✓In Hitler had to eliminate opposition from 4 main groups ➡ parliamentary democracy (the Weimar German government itself) ➡ communists (who, too, were gaining support as the Great Depression dragged on) ➡ the German military establishment (who liked Hitler’s idea of rearming Germany, but were concerned about Hitler’s personal army, the SA) ➡ President Hindenburg (the old war hero who was the current president of Weimar Germany) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 134 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • Hitler’s consolidation of power (cont’d) ✓Reichstag Fire (1933) ➡ Hitler’s henchmen set fire to the German parliament building (the Reichstag) and then blamed the communist party for doing it ➡ German Reichstag was persuaded by Hitler to give Hitler emergency decree powers to deal with communists (the Nazis argued they posed a threat to Germany) ➡ communists across Germany were arrested and imprisoned; many non-communists who were perceived threats were, likewise, arrested ➡ result: opposition from parliamentary democracy and communists was eliminated Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 135 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • Hitler’s consolidation of power (cont’d) ✓German military threw support behind Hitler ➡ German generals liked Hitler’s plans to disregard the Treaty of Versailles and rebuild the German military (wehrmacht, navy and luftwaffe) ➡ German generals felt threatened by competition from Hitler’s personal army, the SA ➡ Hitler agreed to destroy the SA in exchange for support from the German generals ➡ Night of the Long Knives (1934): Hitler’s henchmen arrested/murdered many of the leading members of the SA (including SA leader Ernst Röhm), destroying the SA ✓Hindenburg died of natural causes, 1934 Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 136 Reflection: Leadership Discussion: Why might a nation turn to military leaders and extreme nationalists during a crisis? Using examples from post-World War I Italy, Germany and Japan, explain. Source: adapted from World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 515. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 137 Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany • Hitler’s Anti-Semitism in the 1930s ✓ Nuremberg Laws (1935) ➡ denied Jews German citizenship (Jews became subjects of the state) ➡ prohibited marriage and extra-marital intercourse between Jews and Germans ➡ Jews were forbidden to display the German flag or symbols ➡ Jews prevented from farming, teaching, journalism, and from being on film and radio (later law and medicine were banned as jobs for Jews) ✓ Jews made to wear yellow stars for identification Night (Kristallanacht) : Nazi attacks on Jewish ✓ Crystal synagogues, homes and businesses in 1938 Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 138 Reflection: Stalin and Hitler Discussion: Both Stalin and Hitler instituted ruthless campaigns against supposed enemies of the state. Why do you think dictators need to find scapegoats for their nation’s ills? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 555. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 139 Cause of World War II: Nazi Aggression • Nazi Germany violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles ✓ rearmed Germany military (1933-35) the German Rhineland (1936), which had been ✓ reoccupied demilitarized • Nazi Germany conquered land in central and eastern Europe ✓ The Anschluss: Nazis took control of Austria (1938) Nazis used the Czech Sudetenland (inhabited ✓ Czechoslovakia: by many ethnic Germans) as the pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia (1938); helped by Western appeasement (see next slide) Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) led to the Nazi ✓ Poland: invasion of Poland (1 September 1939), which started World War II when Britain and France declared war two days later Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 140 Cause of World War II: Nazi Aggression allies followed a • Western policy of appeasement toward Nazi Germany when one gives ✓ appeasement: into the demands of an aggressor in hopes that negotiation and compromise will satisfy the aggressor, thus preventing the outbreak of armed conflict (war!) Conference (1938): ✓ Munich Britain and France met with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy and effectively paved the way for Nazi Germany to take complete control of Czechoslovakia (1938) The leaders at the 1938 Munich Conference: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini (L-R) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 141 Reflection: The Munich Conference Discussion: How was the Munich Conference a turning point in the road toward world war? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 567. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 142 World War II (1939-45): The Start of the War invaded by Nazi Germany (1 Sept. 1939): start of • Poland World War II and France officially declared war on Germany ✓Britain two days later Germany used blitzkrieg to easily defeat Poland (it ✓Nazi took less than one month) ➡ blitzkrieg = lightening warfare ➡ strategy of war that employed fast moving mobile units(airplane strikes, parachute raids, and tank attacks) in hopes of a quick and decisive victory in battle divided between Nazi Germany and Stalin’s ✓Poland Soviet Union Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 143 World War II (1939-45): The Early War • “The Phony War” (Fall 1939-Spring 1940) and France were technically at war with Nazi ✓Britain Germany but armed conflict did not begin until 1940 War ended by Nazi Germany’s Spring 1940 ✓Phony offensive • The Spring 1940 Offensive: Quick Nazi Victories ✓The Netherlands ✓Belgium ✓Denmark ✓Norway Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 144 Reflection: Twenty-Year Truce? Discussion: Why do you think some historians call the period between 1919 and 1939 the 20-year truce? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 567. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 145 World War II (1939-45): The Fall of France fell to Nazi Germany • France (1940) Germany demonstrated ✓ Nazi its military strength by defeating France––one of the victors in World War I––in less than 2 months ✓ French capitulation ➡ Hitler ordered that the very same railcar that was used for German capitulation in World War I be moved to the very same spot it occupied in 1918 so that the French could surrender in it in 1940 ➡ Hitler made his one and only tour of Paris One of the famous photographs from Hitler’s tour of Paris (1940) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 146 World War II (1939-45): The Battle of Britain of Britain (1940): “The • Battle Blitz” Germany launched air ✓ Nazi strikes against Britain ➡ Nazi luftwaffe attacked London, Coventry, Liverpool and other cities ➡ Nazis used firebombing techniques Germany failed to defeat ✓ Nazi Britain during the “The Blitz” ➡ British PM Winston Churchill rallied British citizenry and military to withstand Nazi attacks ➡ Britain developed radar to detect Nazi planes Winston Churchill giving his famous “V” (Victory) sign Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 147 World War II (1939-45): Japan Attacked Pearl Harbor • Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) launched an air strike against the U.S. naval base ✓Japan at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii ➡ Japan’s goal was to initiate a preemptive strike against the U.S. in hopes of preventing the U.S. from interfering in Japanese imperial ambitions in East Asia and the Pacific region ➡ Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in two waves of aircraft assault ✓U.S. losses ➡ dozens of American ships and aircraft destroyed ➡ over 2,000 Americans killed declared war on Japan and Nazi Germany following ✓U.S. the attack on Pearl Harbor Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 148 World War II (1939-45): Nazi Invasion of Soviet Union • Nazi Germany invaded Soviet Russia in 1941 initially made significant gains into Soviet territory (during ✓ Germany the summer of 1941) used “scorched earth” technique before retreating into the ✓ Russians interior of the Soviet Union ➡ left invading Nazi army with little food on which to live ➡ retreat sucked Nazi army further into the interior of the Soviet Union ✓ Nazi army suffered heavy losses during the harsh winter of 1941-42 ✓ Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43): turning point of World War II ➡ Nazis attempted to seize control of Russian city of Stalingrad (name was symbolically important for both sides) ➡ ➡ ➡ destructive urban warfare between Nazi army and Soviet Red Army Nazi military units fighting at Stalingrad eventually surrendered to Soviet Union after Stalingrad: Nazi army in retreat in Eastern Europe Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 149 Video Spotlight: Stalingrad Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 150 Video Spotlight: Stalingrad Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 151 World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust • Background ✓ Nazi anti-Semitism imperial conquests in World War II led to huge number ✓ Nazi of Jews living under Nazi control (ex., Poland) Conference (1942): Nazi leaders officially outlined ✓ Wannsee the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” • Administration of the Holocaust transported from all over Europe to concentration/ ✓ victims extermination camps set up across Poland, Germany and other places Nazi SS organized and administered both the ✓ the deportations (usually via train) and the camps themselves Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 152 Video Spotlight: The Holocaust Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 153 Video Spotlight: The Holocaust Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 154 World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust • Major extermination/concentration camps ✓ Auschwitz-Birkenau (Poland): about 1.1 million deaths ✓ Treblinka (Poland): about 850,000 deaths ✓ Belzec (Poland): about 434,000 deaths ✓ Majdanek (Poland): about 79,000 deaths ✓ Dachau (Germany): about 25,000 deaths • Extermination methods ✓ gas chambers (disguised as shower baths) and mobile gas vans ✓ firing squad ✓ death through slave labor ✓ killed during medical experiments Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 155 Video Spotlight: The Holocaust Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 156 Video Spotlight: The Holocaust Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 157 World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust • Victims of the Holocaust ✓ Jews (approx. 6 mil. killed) ✓ Poles ✓ Romani (gypsies) ✓ homosexuals ✓ Soviet prisoners of war ✓ Jehovah’s Witnesses ✓ Catholics ✓ handicapped individuals opponents of the ✓ political Nazis Victims of a Nazi extermination camp Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 158 World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust • Holocaust financially beneficial to Nazis ✓ used prisoners as slave labor ✓ confiscated cash and goods upon arrest ➡ money ➡ jewelry, gold and silver ➡ artwork, furniture and other valuables ➡ eyeglasses ➡ shoes ✓ use of body parts ➡ hair ➡ skin Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 159 Video Spotlight: The Holocaust Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 160 Video Spotlight: The Holocaust Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 161 World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust • Results of the Holocaust ✓ extermination/concentration camps liberated by Allied forces, 1944-45 approximately 11 ✓ genocide: million people dead Nazi leaders would ✓ some eventually be held accountable for “crimes against humanity” (see later notes on Nuremberg Trials) ✓ led to a rise in Zionism ➡ Zionism: Jewish nationalism that called for a home in Palestine (Middle East) ➡ creation of Israel: with help from the United Nations (formed 1945) Jews eventually were given a homeland of their own called Israel (1948) Children rescued from Auschwitz Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 162 World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust Discussion: Hitler translated his hatred into a program of genocide. How do ethnic, racial and religious hatreds weaken society? Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 576. Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 163 World War II (1939-45): The D-Day Invasion The opening of a military front in Western Europe • D-Day: (France) on 6 June 1944 British and Canadian (Western Allies) troops led an ✓ American, invasion of the Normandy coast in western France ➡ Allied forces used a combined air and amphibious assault (175,000 total troops and personnel) to establish a beachhead on the Normandy coast ➡ Normandy coast heavily protected by Nazi military fortifications ➡ extremely blood battle as the Americans, British and Canadians fought the Nazi defenders who were on higher ground invasion was successful and eventually resulted in the ✓ D-Day liberation of France of France led to a race to Berlin (Germany) with the ✓ Liberation Soviet Red Army advancing from the east and the Western Allies advancing from the west Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 164 World War II (1939-45): The End of the War in Europe • Race to Berlin ✓ Soviet Red Army liberated Eastern Europe from Nazi control ✓ Western Allies liberated Western Europe from Nazi control ✓ Soviet Red Army first to arrive in Berlin • Hitler’s last days in Führerbunker Hitler’s underground fortified bunker in the heart of ✓ Führerbunker: Berlin capture by the Red Army, several Nazi leaders committed ✓ Fearing suicide married girlfriend Eva Braun and then both committed suicide ✓ Hitler (30 April 1945) • Germany formally surrendered on 8 May 1945 (VE Day) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 165 World War II (1939-45): The End of the War in the Pacific and the U.S. had fought • Japan fierce battles in the Pacific theater of World War II (1942-45) eventually inflicted serious • U.S. losses on the Japanese military, but Japan would not surrender bombs: the U.S. dropped • atomic two atomic weapons on Japan in August 1945 ✓ Hiroshima (6 August): 80,000 dead ✓ Nagasaki (9 August): 73,000 dead eventually surrendered, 2 • Japan September 1945 The mushroom cloud from the atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan (1945) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 166 In the Aftermath of World War II: The Nuremberg Trials • The Nuremberg Trials (1945-46) ✓ Background ➡ ➡ trial of over 20 leading Nazis who had been captured by the Allied troops ➡ notable Nazis put on trial: Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Albert Speer, Joachim von Ribbentrop trial was run by the “International Tribunal”: United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union & France ✓ The Trial ➡ ➡ Nazis accused of “crimes against humanity” and “war crimes” Nazis defendants argued they could not be held accountable because they were following the orders of their superiors ✓ Results ➡ ➡ Nazis defendants found guilty; most were executed Nuremberg Trials became the precedent and blue print for future war crimes trials Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 167 In the Aftermath of World War II: Results of WWII • human toll: about 40 million dead ✓ military deaths ✓ civilian deaths ✓ victims of the Holocaust of buildings, farmland and infrastructure in • devastation Europe and Asia • rise in nationalism and the loss of European colonies ✓ India gained its independence (1947) in Africa gained independence (ex., Ghana and ✓ Colonies Kenya) ✓ Creation of Israel as Jewish State (1948) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 168 In the Aftermath of World War II: Results of WWII of the United Nations • Creation (1945) provide peaceful means to ✓ goal: resolving international conflict provide humanitarian aid and ✓ goal: education to places in need ✓ headquarters in New York City • Greater economic cooperation and integration in post-war Europe (see later notes on EEC & EU) of the nuclear age (nuclear • dawn proliferation) Headquarters of the U.N. in New York City • Cold War (1945-91) Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 169 Video Spotlight: American War Propaganda Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 170 Video Spotlight: American War Propaganda Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 171 Sources • A History of the Modern World, 10/e, R.R. Palmer, et. al. (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2007). • Prentice Hall Brief Review: Global History and Geography, Steven Goldberg & Judith Clark DuPré (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2012). • Various video sources from film, international news media and educational resources, as credited on each video clip • • Wikipedia.com (en.wikipedia.com). • World History: The Human Experience, Mounir A. Farah & Andrea Berens Karls (New York: Glencoe, 1997). • World History: The Human Odyssey, Jackson J. Spielvogel (Cincinnati, OH: West Educational, 1998). World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 6/e, Peter N. Stearns, et. al. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2011). Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters 172