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Europe Since 1750
The Crystal Palace of London’s 1851 Great Exhibition.
Global History & Geography
J.F. Walters
1
Review from 9th Grade: Essential Questions (Page 1 of 2)
• What were the major ideas and values of the Scientific Revolution?
• What were the major ideas and values of the Enlightenment?
• What were the causes of the French Revolution?
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Review from 9th Grade: Essential Questions (Page 2 of 2)
• How were Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette generally regarded by the French
population?
• What were the major stages and developments of the French Revolution?
• Who was Napoleon Bonaparte and what did he seek to do?
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Europe in the 18th Century
• Enlightenment
movement that built upon the values of the
✓ Intellectual
Scientific Revolution
➡
➡
World was rationale, predictable and understandable
Valued empiricism (studying, measuring, data collecting)
the best form of government for the protection of
✓ Sought
man’s basic rights
✓ Key thinkers:
➡
➡
➡
➡
John Locke (limited government)
Voltaire (freedom of speech)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (popular sovereignty)
Adam Smith (laissez-faire economics)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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The French Revolution (1789-1815)
• Causes
✓ Bankruptcy of the French government
➡
➡
➡
Expensive colonial wars
Outmoded tax system
Extravagant spending of the French royal family
and out-of-touch leadership of France’s absolute
✓ Weak
monarchy (ex., Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette)
failures due to harsh weather conditions in the
✓ Agricultural
late 1780s
✓ Ideas of the Enlightenment
of the bourgeoisie (business class) to gain more political
✓ Desire
power
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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French Revolution Begins
“Everything conspires to render the
present period in France critical: the
[lack] of bread is terrible; accounts
arrive in every moment from the
provinces of riots and disturbances, and
calling in the military, to preserve the
peace of the markets.”
––Arthur Young
English writer on agriculture and economics
Travels in France During the Years 1787-1789
Arthur Young
(1741-1820)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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The French Revolution (1789-1815)
• Major Stages
✓ On the Eve of French Revolution (1788-89)
➡
➡
➡
food prices rose as France dealt with crop failures
crisis over finance and taxation intensified political tensions
Storming of the Bastille (14 July 1789): attack of Paris’ royal prison that was
perceived as the symbol of the monarchy’s oppressive ways
✓ National Assembly (1789-92): Stage 1 of 5
➡
➡
➡
National Assembly: a French parliament that evolved from the Estates General
➡
War began with the rest of Europe as France sought to spread revolutionary ideas
(liberty, equality & fraternity) to other countries in Europe, ideas which were
deemed by many other countries to be dangerous and destructive
Limited government: National Assembly ruled with Louis XVI
Implemented many new laws/policies based on the ideas of the Enlightenment
(ex., Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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The French Revolution (1789-1815)
• Major Stages (cont’d)
✓ National Convention (1792-95): Stage 2 of 5
➡
➡
➡
led by Maximilien Robespierre
➡
War with Europe continued
most radical stage of French Revolution: executed King Louis XVI and established a republic
Reign of Terror: thousands of people were denounced as traitors to the ideals of the French Revolution and,
as a result, were executed by guillotine
✓ Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815): Stages 4 & 5 of 5
➡
➡
➡
Bonaparte: celebrated general and war hero who eventually seized control of France
➡
Napoleon’s empire eventually grew too big to manage as Napoleon grew greedier for more conquests (ex.,
Russia); led to his ultimate defeat in 1815
➡
Congress of Vienna (1815): ended the Napoleonic Wars; sought to reestablish a balance of power in Europe
Initially led France to many military victories and helped France control most of continental Europe
Implemented some enlightened policies, but ultimately maintained authoritarian control of government
(both at home and in the conquered lands); led to growth of nationalism
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: The Guillotine
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: The Guillotine
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Industrial Revolution: Essential Questions (Page 1 of 3)
• What was the Agricultural Revolution and how did it impact the Industrial
Revolution in Britain?
• How did the Population Explosion impact the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
• How did geographic factors play a role in the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Industrial Revolution: Essential Questions (Page 2 of 3)
• What was the “factory system” and how did it impact the Industrial Revolution
in Britain?
• What was the Transportation Revolution and how did it impact the Industrial
Revolution in Britain?
• How did Britain’s vast colonial empire and laissez faire economics impact the
Industrial Revolution in Britain?
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Industrial Revolution: Essential Questions (Page 3 of 3)
• What major economic sectors were affected by the industrial production of
goods?
• How did child labor become an issue in Britain during the Industrial
Revolution and what was done to address the issue?
• Besides child labor, what other social consequences of the Industrial Revolution
were faced by British society?
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
• Agricultural Revolution
✓Enclosure Movement
➡ British parliament passed a series of laws allowing common
grazing lands to be fenced off, preventing many British peasants
from being able to graze their animals
➡ Migration: Enclosure movement led to many peasants migrating to
cities where they became cheap labor for burgeoning factories
✓New Farming Technology & Techniques
➡ Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill
➡ Andrew Meike’s Threshing Machine
➡ Use of Three-Field & Four-Field Systems of crop rotation
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
• Agricultural Revolution (cont’d)
✓ New Crops
➡
➡
➡
Potato: high carbohydrate food that grew in just about any soil on the British Isles
Maize (corn): fed to animals
Turnips (Charles “Turnip” Townshend)
Explosion: rapid increase in Britain’s
• Population
population
✓ Causes
➡
➡
➡
end to plagues
Nutritional Revolution: people ate more and healthier food
Improved medicine
increased population increased demand for goods while
✓ Results:
driving down the value of labor
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
Discussion: How did an agricultural revolution contribute to population
growth?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 248.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
rich in natural
• Britain
resources
✓ Mineral resources
➡
➡
iron
coal
✓ Many navigable rivers
➡
➡
Thames (London)
Mersey (Liverpool)
✓ Many good ports
➡
➡
➡
Albert Docks, Liverpool, England
Source: Wikipedia
Liverpool
London
Bristol
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Industrial Revolution: Geography & History
Discussion: Explain the link between Britain’s natural resources and its rise
as an industrial nation.
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 268.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
• Development of the Factory System
System” (by machine) slowly replaced the
✓“Factory
“Domestic System” (by hand) of organizing labor and
producing goods
✓Characteristics of Factory System
➡ labor was housed on one site (in a factory)
➡ factory was able to utilize power source (factory usually located
near water) which allowed factories to have manufacturing
equipment which, in turn, resulted in the the faster production of
goods that were less expensive to make
Factories built near rivers, canals, roads and,
✓eventually,
railways
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
• Transportation Revolution
✓ Canals
➡
➡
canals connected Britain’s rivers into a vast waterway network
canals well suited to the transportation of fragile goods, like British porcelin
✓ Roads (turnpikes)
➡
➡
Britain built the best roads since the Ancient Romans
roads improved with the development of “Macadam” surface
✓ Railways
➡
➡
impacted by development of steam engine (James Watt & Richard Trevithick)
➡
revolutionized trade and travel in the 19th century
first celebrated railway line: “The Rocket” from Liverpool to Manchester
bridges, tunnels and viaducts to connect transportation
✓ Iron
network
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
Liverpool & Manchester
Railway (1830)
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: The Impact of Steam Power & Locomotion
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: The Impact of Steam Power & Locomotion
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: The Impact of Steam Power & Locomotion
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: The Impact of Steam Power & Locomotion
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
Discussion: Why was the development of railroads important to
industrialization?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 253.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain
• Other factors
✓ Britain had the world’s largest colonial empire
➡ source of raw materials (ex., cotton from British India)
➡ source of markets for British finished products (ex., cloth sold to British
India)
✓Established banking system and stock market
✓Britain embraced “laissez-faire” economic philosophy
➡ developed out of French Enlightenment along with Adam Smith’s “Wealth
of Nations” (1776)
➡ “laissez-faire”: leave it alone or hands-off: government should keep its
hands off the economy; government should only be concerned with
protecting citizens and building public infrastructure
➡ factory owners and businessmen embraced what became known as laissezfaire capitalism
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: Adam Smith
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: Adam Smith
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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The Industrial Revolution in Britain
• Major industries
(late 18th &
✓textiles
early 19th centuries)
of coal and
✓mining
iron (late 18th and
early 19th centuries)
(early to mid
✓railways
19th centuries)
(mid to late
✓chemicals
19th century)
(late 19th
✓electricity
and early 20th
Textile mill in Lancashire, England
Source: Corbis
centuries)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• Child Labor
✓ Background
➡
children employed in factories and mines, often due to their small physical stature
and ability to perform tasks adults struggled to complete
➡
➡
➡
➡
children were less expensive to hire
parents needed the money and, therefore, had their children work
no government regulation to prevent children from working
most famous study of child labor in Britain: the Sadler Commission which issued
the Sadler Report (1832-33) to parliament
✓ Consequences
➡
➡
children were often injured or killed in factories and mines
disruption /destruction of childhood
eventually governments established child labor legislation
✓ Remedy:
and countries adopted compulsory primary education
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• Long hours and dangerous working conditions
✓
Background
➡
➡
➡
➡
✓
almost no safety features on machinery or in mines
workers were not educated about or protected from toxic chemicals or dangerous working conditions
no government regulation to monitor conditions or hours
Consequences
➡
➡
✓
workers were often employed 12 hour shifts (or more!) for 6 days a week
exhaustion, injury, mutilation and death were common features of factory and mine life
people had little time to spend with families or engage in leisure activities
Remedies
➡
eventually governments established legislation to regulate factories (ex., Britain’s series of Factory
Acts)
➡
➡
later trade unions were formed/legalized to lookout for the rights/needs of workers/miners
eventually workers gained the right to vote (Britain in 1867)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• Women entered workforce in large numbers
✓
✓
✓
Background
➡
traditional roles of women in rural Europe: helped manage farms, complete chores, rear children. Some
women were employed in the “domestic system” of the textile industry. (ie, did not leave home to
work)
➡
urbanization led to many women moving to cities with their families
Consequences
➡
many women took jobs in factories or in the domestic service industry to add to the family income;
long hours were the norm
➡
women had the “dual burden” of maintaining traditional roles while also holding down a full-time job
away from the home
➡
as an economic and social necessity, many children had to take jobs in factories or mines
Remedies/Results
➡
Parliamentary reform: government action limiting the number of hours a worker could work and child
labor laws helped lessen some of industrial life
➡
“dual burden” remained a reality as social conventions were slow to change to adopt to women
working outside the home
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Social Consequences of the Industrial Revolution
• Urbanization & crowded cities
✓
✓
✓
Background
➡
millions of workers moved from the countryside to cities in the course of the early Industrial
Revolution (ex., Manchester in Britain)
➡
Britain became world’s first urbanized society by the middle of the 19th century
Consequences
➡
living conditions were crowded and unsanitary as unregulated slum housing was quickly built to meet
demand
➡
➡
➡
major shortages of fresh drinking water
sewage systems inadequate to deal with urban society; ventilation and air quality poor
disease (ex., cholera) and fire spread quickly as living conditions were often atrocious
Remedies
➡
➡
government began to regulate cities and build infrastructure to address pressures of urban society
cities began to hire “city planners” to make cities safer, more functional, more beautiful and to
minimize threat of revolts (ex., Paris)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Reactions to Social Consequences of Industrial Revolution
•
Government reform (especially in Britain)
✓
child labor laws
✓ laws limited the number of hours that could be worked in a day
✓ laws passed making factories safer (relatively!)
✓ governments eventually established compulsory education
✓ some governments allowed workers to vote (Britain, 1867)
•
Labor Unions: in some countries, workers were allowed to form unions to
collectively bargain for higher wages and better working conditions (ex.,
Britain)
•
Alternative political//economic philosophies
✓ socialism: government control of major industries and services
✓ Utopian socialism: planned communities (ex., Robert Owen in Britain)
✓ Marx’s communism: no private property and workers share profits
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: Issues of Urbanization
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: Issues of Urbanization
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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The Irish Potato Famine (1845-52)
•
Background
✓
✓
✓
✓
•
•
Ireland’s population had soared over the past 100 years
Ireland’s peasants owned little land of their own, usually barely enough for subsistence
farming
Ireland’s dependence on the potato as a staple food
Spread of the “Irish Blight” (water mold) in the 1840s
The Famine
✓
✓
By 1846, 75% of the potato crop failed, leaving millions starving and destitute
British government was slow to offer assistance (some argued the famine was nature’s
population control) but eventually work houses and public works jobs were established
Results
✓
✓
✓
approx. 775,000 died from starvation or diseases related to the famine
Irish Diaspora: mass emigration from Ireland to Britain, the U.S., Canada, Australia, New
Zealand and other counties
Increased Irish nationalism to break away from Britain
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: The Irish Potato Famine
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: The Irish Potato Famine
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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The Irish Potato Famine (1845-52)
Discussion: Was the Irish Potato Famine a genocide carried out by the British
government against Irish nationals?
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism)
• Background
✓German journalist
exiled from German
✓states,
France and
Belgium
eventually settled in
✓Britain
➡ met Friedrich Engels
➡ Marx greatly impacted by firsthand observations of factory
life and industrial capitalism
Karl Marx
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism)
• “The Communist Manifesto” (1848)
✓co-wrote with Engels
argued that history had been dominated by a class
✓conflict
between the “haves” & “have-nots”, the
“oppressors” & the “oppressed”
➡ Patrician vs. Plebeian (Ancient Rome)
➡ Lord vs. Serf (Middle Ages)
➡ Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat (Industrial Age)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism)
• “The Communist Manifesto” (cont’d)
a “Proletarian Revolution” would inevitably
✓ predicted
occur in every capitalistic, industrial and urban society
once the proletariat (the workers) had reached the breaking
point
➡
➡
➡
workers would rise up spontaneously (no individual or party relationship)
➡
eventually workers would establish a communist society
workers would seize the “means of production” (factories and businesses)
workers would temporarily seize control of society: “the Dictatorship of the
Proletariat”
-
classless society
everyone would equally share the wealth generated by society
conflict would disappear and government would “whittle away” (disappear)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism)
• Marx’s other ideas
✓religion was the “opiate of the masses”
was a necessary evil on the road to
✓capitalism
communism
• Marx’s impact
ideas challenged laissez-faire capitalism and
✓Marx’s
became popular among many workers
political groups developed that were influenced by
✓many
Marx’s writings
influenced the revolutions in Russia (1917) and
✓greatly
China (1949)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism)
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Comparing Adam Smith and Karl Marx
Discussion: Explain the major differences between Adam Smith’s free market
ideas and Karl Marx’s communist (scientific socialist) ideas.
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 268.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Karl Marx’s Communism (Scientific Socialism)
Discussion: After listening to the audio track, discuss what elements of Karl
Marx’s ideas can be found in John’s Lennon’s song “Imagine” (1971).
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Reflection: Worker Responses to Industrialism
Discussion: Throughout the course of the Industrial Revolution, how did
workers attempt to make their lives better politically, socially and
economically? Were they successful at improving their lives?
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin
• Background
✓ British scientist (naturalist)
biology and geology on board the HMS Beagle, most notably
✓ studied
in the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
• Ideas
published in two books: Origin of Species (1859) & Descent of Man
✓ ideas
(1871)
✓ all species evolved over time
➡ natural selection: traits that are most valuable to a species’ survival will
grow stronger while those that do not help in its survival will slowly
disappear
➡ most adaptable species will survive while less adaptable ones will die off
(others called this idea “survival of the fittest”)
✓ humans share an ancestry with apes
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin
• Controversy & Impact
a scientific basis to
✓ gave
evolutionary theory
books became big
✓ Darwin’s
sellers as they were translated
into many languages
some in the religious
✓ outraged
community while some
religious groups defended
Darwin
idea of natural
✓ Darwin’s
selection was used to justify
actions by business leaders
and governments: “survival of
the fittest”
Charles Darwin in an 1871 caricature
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Science: The Ideas of Charles Darwin
Discussion: Why did the ideas of Charles Darwin cause controversy?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 318.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Nationalism Basics
• Nationalism Basics
✓ Nationalism: pride and devotion to one’s ethnic group.
(ethnic groups often have a shared language, religion,
culture, history, geography, etc.)
A group that is nationalistic usually does not have its
✓own
nation-state (a country made up of all its ethnic
nationals and ruled by its own ethnic nationals)
Historic Background: Nationalism became a driving
✓force
in the world due to the French Revolution and
Napoleonic Wars, which had increased the desire of
many ethnic groups to either break free from foreign
rule and/or to unify.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Nationalism Basics
• Typical Scenarios for Nationalism
✓ Independence
➡ an ethnic group is ruled by a foreign colonial power. Nationalists
seek independence to liberate themselves from foreign rule.
- Latin America in the early 19th century
- Africa, India & Southeast Asia after World War II
➡ an ethnic group is dominated by a neighboring ethnic group in a
multi-ethnic state. Nationalists seek an independent nation-state
of their own.
-
Austrian Empire & Ottoman Empire in the late 19th/early 20th
centuries
-
Yugoslavia in the late 20th century
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Nationalism Basics
• Typical Scenarios for Nationalism (cont’d)
✓ Unification
➡ ethnic nationals do not have their own nation-state but, instead, are
separated into many different states on their ethnic homeland.
Nationalists seek to unify all ethnic nationals into one nation-state.
-
Italy in the 19th century
Germany in the 19th century
➡ ethnic nationals do not have their own nation-state but, instead, live
as ethnic minorities in many other countries of the world.
Nationalists seeks to unify all the ethnic nationals into one country
on a selected piece of land, ideally one that has historic and cultural
significance to them.
-
Jews in the 19th & 20th centuries (Zionist movement)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Nationalism: German Unification
• Background
✓ Over 350 independent states made up “Germany”
➡ Saxony, Baden, Bavaria, etc.
➡ Most important German state: Prussia (largest physically and most
powerful militarily and economically)
nationalism (volksgeist) had grown stronger over the
✓ German
years
➡ shared ethnicity
➡ shared language
➡ shared history
➡ shared geography
➡ shared religion
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Nationalism: German Unification
• Otto von Bismarck
✓ Prussian chancellor (prime minister)
important person in the
✓ most
unification of Germany
unification would not happen
✓ argued
through idealism but by the use of
“blood & iron”
• Unification Process
✓ war against Denmark (1863-64)
✓ war against Austria (1866)
✓ war against France (1870-71)
Otto von Bismarck (1871)
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Nationalism: Italian Unification
• Background
✓ About 10 independent states made up “Italy”
➡ Papal States, Lombardy, Venetia, Kingdom of Two Sicilies, etc.
➡ Most important Italian state: Piedmont-Sardinia (most powerful
militarily and economically)
nationalism (risorgimento) had grown stronger over the
✓ Italian
years
➡ shared ethnicity
➡ shared language
➡ shared history
➡ shared geography
➡ shared religion
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Nationalism: Italian Unification
•
Key nationalists
✓ Giuseppi Mazzini: writer
Cavour: prime minister of
✓ Camillo
Piedmont-Sardinia
Garibaldi: professional
✓ Giuseppi
revolutionary & leader of 1000 Red Shirts
•
Unification Process
✓ war with France against Austria (1859)
unification of southern Italy
✓ Garibaldi’s
(1861)
✓ war with Prussia against Austria (1866)
✓ fall of Rome (1871)
Giuseppi Garibaldi (c. 1861)
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
66
Reflection: Unifications in Germany & Italy
Discussion: How significant was the role of nationalism in the unifications in
Germany and Italy?
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
67
New Imperialism (c. 1850-1914): Basics
when one country dominates another country for
• imperialism:
political, economic, and/or social reasons.
of Exploration: earlier period of imperialism (c. 1492 to 1789)
• Age
where countries such as Spain and Portugal expanded their empires in
Latin America and Asia for the purposes of “gold, God & glory.”
Imperialism”: the revival of imperialism in the middle of the
• “New
19th century due to economic, political, and social reasons.
✓
✓
imperialists: Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany and, later,
Japan and the United States
colonies: primarily in Africa and Asia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
68
The New Imperialism: Economic Causes
•Industrial Revolution
✓
✓
need for natural resources
-
coal
iron
cotton (India)
rubber (Belgian Congo)
ivory (Africa and India)
diamonds (southern Africa)
gold (southern Africa)
Desire to expand markets for finished products
-
textiles
chemicals (like soap)
•outlets needed for growing populations
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
69
The New Imperialism: Political Causes
•
bases needed for merchant and naval
vessels
•
•
•
•
national security
•
Berlin Conference (1885): conference that
established “rules” for colonizing Africa;
led to the “Scramble for Africa”
prestige of global empire
strong, centrally-governed nation-states
European advances in weaponry and
transportation
A Punch cartoon depicting Cecil Rhodes and
Britain’s desire to control Africa.
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
70
The New Imperialism: Social Causes
•“White Man’s Burden”
✓
✓
✓
idea based on a poem of the same name by
Rudyard Kipling
it was the “burden” (duty) of Westerners to
spread Christianity, modern technology and
western civilization to other parts of the world
was Kipling supporting or criticizing
imperialism?
Social Darwinism: use of
•Darwin’s
biological theories to
justify imperialism
•European self-confidence
Rudyard Kipling
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
71
The New Imperialism: Case Study of Leopold II’s Congo
•Leopold II
✓
✓
✓
King of the Belgians (1865-1909)
believed a colonial empire was fundamentally important
to Belgium’s greatness and success, but Belgium’s civilian
government was not interested
was the victim of a failed assassination attempt by an
Italian anarchist (1902)
•Leopold’s private colonialism
✓
personally acquired and founded the Congo Free State
Colony, or Belgian Congo, in central Africa
-
founded under the guise of a scientific research
organization called the International African Society
-
hired British explorer Henry Morton Stanley to
explore and secure his private colony
-
used a private army, the Force Publique, to govern the
colony and extract resources for Leopold
King Leopold II
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
72
The New Imperialism: Case Study of Leopold II’s Congo
•Leopold’s private colonialism (cont’d)
✓
✓
Mutilated children from Leopold’s Congo
Source: Wikipedia
The Rubber Boom
-
demand for rubber increased throughout the world
soon after Leopold had acquired the colony in the
Congo
-
rubber was used for the production of tires (bicycles
and automobiles), gaskets, medical equipment, etc.
-
the Congo region was rich in trees that produced
natural rubber so Leopold exploited the land and its
people
the atrocities of the Rubber Boom in the Belgian Congo
-
Africans became a source of forced labor for the
rubber industry
-
Africans were beaten, whipped, executed and had
body parts amputated (most frequently hands) for
not meeting what were unrealistic quotas
-
significant numbers of the African labor force died of
small pox and sleeping sickness due to poor
conditions
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: “King Leopold’s Ghost”
17:56
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
74
Video Spotlight: “King Leopold’s Ghost”
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
17:56
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Reflection: Western Imperialism in Africa
Discussion: What impact did explorers and missionaries have on Africa?
Positive
Negative
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 398.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
76
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
•Fundamental Causes
✓Militarism (ex., Anglo-German naval race)
✓Alliances (Triple Alliance & Triple Entente)
✓Imperialism (ex., “Scramble for Africa”)
✓Nationalism (nationalism in Serbia)
•Immediate Cause
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
✓(28
June 1914) in Sarajevo, Bosnia
✓Assassination led to the July Crisis
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
77
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie Chotek, in Sarajevo,
Bosnia, on June 28, 1914, about one hour before they were shot by Gavrilo
Princip, a 19-year-old Serbian nationalist.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
78
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
•The combatants (major players)
✓ Central Powers
➡
➡
➡
Germany
Austria-Hungary
the Ottoman Empire
(Turkey)
✓ Allies
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
Britain (UK)
France
Russia
Serbia
Japan
U.S. (after 1917)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
79
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
• The style of warfare
✓Trench warfare
of new
✓Application
technology to war
➡
➡
➡
➡
machine gun
tank
submarine
airplane
fighting on
✓Major
the Western &
Eastern Fronts
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
80
Video Spotlight: Glimpses into Trench Life
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
81
Video Spotlight: Glimpses into Trench Life
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
82
Video Spotlight: Fighting at the Somme
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
83
Video Spotlight: Fighting at the Somme
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
84
Video Spotlight: The “Christmas Truce 1914”
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
85
Video Spotlight: The “Christmas Truce 1914”
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
86
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
• The nature of the war
destruction: strategies used when combined with the
✓technology
led to incredibly destructive battles on
both the Western & Eastern fronts (and elsewhere) in
terms of human toll, infrastructure and agricultural
land
increased government involvement: war required
✓governments
to become more involved in the
economy & society than they had previously been
women: women took on new jobs when the men left
✓to
fight on the fronts. Demanded suffrage (right to
vote) in exchange for role they played in war.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: World War I Dogfights
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
88
Video Spotlight: World War I Dogfights
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
• The final years of the war
✓The United States joined the war (1917)
Russia pulled out of war due to the Russian
✓Revolution
(1917)
Central powers launched a major offensive in the
✓summer
1918, but it eventually failed
Armistice: Germany agreed to a cease fire, 11
✓November
1918
Preparations were made for the Paris Peace
✓Conference
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
90
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
• The Paris Peace Conference
✓ held in Paris and led by the “Big Four”
➡
➡
➡
➡
Georges Clemenceau (France)
David Lloyd George (Britain)
Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)
Vittorio Orlando (Italy)
brought his “Fourteen Points” to Paris: a plan to prevent
✓ Wilson
war in the future
➡
➡
➡
➡
➡
called for self-determination of peoples (nationalism)
called for freedom of seas
called for an end to secret treaties
called for a return of Alsace-Lorraine to France & an independent Poland
called for a League of Nations: countries would work together to prevent war
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
91
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
• The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
✓ Background
➡
➡
➡
➡
most important treaty at Paris Peace Conference
between victor states (but not the U.S.) and Germany
became the blueprint for the associated treaties with Austria, Hungary & Turkey
Germany not allowed to participate in negotiations; forced to sign treaty of Versailles under threat
of returning to war
✓ Major provisions
➡
war guilt clause: Germany had to bear moral responsibility for starting the war and causing all the
death and destruction (Article #231)
➡
➡
➡
➡
reparations: Germany forced to pay reparations (payments in money or in kind)
Germany demilitarized (no navy and an army no larger than 100,000 people)
Germany lost its colonies to “mandates” held by victor powers
League of Nations created, but Germany not allowed to be a member (eventually allowed to join
in 1920s)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
92
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
• Consequences and Results of World War I
✓ 9.5 million people dead (the so-called “Lost Generation”)
✓ 4 Empires destroyed: German, Russian, Ottoman & Austrian
✓ new states created in Eastern Europe (see map)
✓ contributed to economic instability after World War I
➡
German inflation of 1923-24
➡
Great Depression (1929-39)
✓ contributed to the rise of totalitarian states after World War I
➡
Fascist Italy (Mussolini)
➡
➡
Fascist Nazi Germany (Hitler)
Fascist Spain (Franco)
✓ contributed to the rise of nationalism in European colonies
✓ women gained the right to vote in Britain, France, Germany & the U.S.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
93
The Great War: World War I (1914-18)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
94
Reflection: The Paris Peace Conference & the Treaty of Versailles
Discussion: President Woodrow Wilson’s closest advisor wrote of the Paris
Peace Conference, “there is much to approve and much to regret.” What do
you think he might have approved? What might he have regretted?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 476.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
95
The Russian Revolution (1917)
•
Causes of the Russian Revolution
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
autocratic leadership of Tsar Nicholas II: out of touch and incompetent
impoverished peasants wanted to own their own land
city workers poorly paid, worked long hours
alienation of the intelligentsia
Russia suffered a humiliating defeat to Japan (1905)
growth of the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir I. Lenin
➡
➡
Lenin adapted many of Karl Marx’s ideas to fit Russia
➡
Lenin spent time in exile in the years leading up to the Russian Revolution
Lenin called for a group of professional revolutionaries to lead the workers in the revolution (the party
would serve as the “vanguard of the people”)
devastating effects of World War I (began 1914)
➡
➡
inflation led to rising food costs (especially bread)
Russian soldiers were poorly trained and equipment: fared poorly against Central Powers
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
96
The Russian Revolution (1917)
•
March Revolution (March 1917)
✓
✓
✓
•
food riots in Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) weakened tsar’s government
World War I continued to go poorly for Russia, even after Tsar Nicholas II went to
the front to lead his troops
Nicholas II forced to resign in March 1917
Provisional Government (March-November 1917)
✓
✓
✓
temporary government empowered until a permanent government could be
established following elections (scheduled for 1918)
moderate government led by Alexander Kerensky (socialist)
made major decisions which would eventually weaken the provisional
government
➡
➡
✓
continued Russian participation in World War I
allowed freedom of speech, press and assembly
Lenin made his way back to Russia, with help from Germany
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
97
The Russian Revolution (1917)
or November
• Bolshevik
Revolution (November 1917)
popularity had increased
✓ Lenin’s
thanks, in part, to his “peace,
bread, and land” speeches
led a coup d’ état in
✓ Bolsheviks
Petrograd & Moscow
➡
gained control of strategic areas of
the cities such as railway,
telegraph/telephone lines, post
office, etc.
➡
Bolsheviks eventually forced the
surrender of Kerensky and the
provisional government
➡
By the end of 1917, the Bolsheviks
had not secured control of the rest
of Russia; a civil war ensued
Lenin Promising “Peace, Bread &
Land” in Petrograd
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
98
Reflection: Lenin & The Russian Revolution
Discussion: How did Lenin adapt Marxism to conditions in Russia?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 483.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
99
Russian Civil War (1918-21)
Reds
Whites
(Communists or Bolsheviks)
(anti-Communists)
•
•
•
•
•
Goal: defeat anti-Communists and
expand Bolshevik control over Russia
Gained peasant support by offering
land reform
Trotsky led Red Army
Used so-called “Red Terror”
✓
✓
•
•
Goal: defeat Communists
•
White military assisted by foreign
countries: Japan, Britain, France,
Czechoslovakia and the United
States
Whites made up of anti-Bolsheviks
of many political persuasions
murdered Nicholas II and family
established concentration camps
Implemented “war communism”
✓
✓
largest industries nationalized
most industries controlled by workers’
committees
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Russian Civil War (1918-21)
• Reds defeated Whites
more organized and
✓ Reds
unified than Whites
Army more effective than
✓ Red
disunited White forces
economically
• Russia
destroyed
and destruction were
✓ famine
harsh consequences of civil
war
communism” failed to
✓ “war
reform economy
Red propaganda:
Trotsky slays the capitalist dragon
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Russia: The New Economic Policy (1921)
Economic Policy (NEP): Lenin’s plan to reform Russian
• New
economy following devastating revolution and civil war
• Characteristics of the NEP
✓ allowed limited free market capitalism, notably in small business
✓ largest industries remained nationalized
✓ allowed some farmers to own their own land
➡ boosted agriculture and relieved famine
➡ popular with farmers, especially kulaks (Ukrainian peasant proprietors)
term goal: Use NEP to jump start the economy, preparing
• Long
it for an eventual return to communism
• NEP’s success cut short by Lenin’s death and resulting power
struggle
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
102
Reflection: Lenin’s NEP
Discussion: Why did Lenin compromise between the ideas of capitalism and
communism in creating the NEP?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 483.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
103
Global Spotlight: Alexandra Kollontai
• Background
✓
✓
Menshevik turned Bolshevik; leading figure in the Bolshevik Revolution
appointed People’s Commissar for Social Welfare (1917)
• Accomplishments
✓
Wrote “Communism and the Family” (1920)
➡
argued that capitalism had destroyed the family by forcing women into the “double
burden” (responsibilities at job & home)
➡
called for political, social & economic equality between men and women
➡
called for a Revolutionary Family Structure (composed of both the “New Soviet Man”
& the “New Soviet Woman”) that would include state-sponsored child care and
domestic help; also sought collective kitchens and restaurants
✓
established the Zhenotdel (Women’s Department) in 1919: worked to improve the
lives of Soviet women through improving literacy and educating women on
alcoholism, child abuse and health care
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Russia: Proclamation of U.S.S.R.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
105
Russia: Lenin’s Decline & Demise
• After Lenin’s death
✓
✓
✓
Petrograd renamed Leningrad
Lenin’s body embalmed and displayed in
Moscow’s Red Square
After death, Lenin regarded with cult-like
reverence
• Lenin’s health deteriorated
✓
✓
✓
victim of two assassination
attempts, one of which left a
bullet lodged in his neck
suffered at least three strokes
Lenin died, 1924
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: Vladimir I. Lenin
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
107
Video Spotlight: Vladimir I. Lenin
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
108
Soviet Power Struggle (1924-28)
Leon Trotsky
Josef Stalin
“permanent revolution”
“socialism in one country”
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
109
Soviet Union: Trotsky after the Power Struggle
Trotsky: Exiled in 1929
Trotsky: Expired in 1940
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
110
The Soviet Union of Josef Stalin (1928-1953)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
111
Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy
• Industrial Five-Year Plans: Basics
make the Soviet Union a
✓ goal:
leading industrial power
✓ state-guided economy
quota system for
✓ established
production
on heavy industries such as
✓ focused
coal, steel, railway, etc.
bureaucratic agency that
✓ Gosplan:
oversaw the five-year plans (central
planning)
✓ 1st Five-Year Plan: began in 1928
Soviet paper mill worker
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
112
Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy
• Industrial Five-Year Plans: Issues
shortage of labor in
✓ problem:
cities
➡ use of labor camps not
uncommon
➡ led Stalin to collectivization
of agriculture (see later notes)
few consumer products
✓ problem:
for citizens
enthusiasm for central
✓ challenge:
planning required constant stream
of government-sponsored
propaganda
“Help Building the Gigantic Factories”
S. Mirzoyan and A. Ivanon, 1929
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
113
Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy
Five-Year Plans:
• Industrial
Assessment
industrial economy
✓ Soviet
expanded rapidly (in terms
of % growth)
two five-year plans
➡ first
especially successful
➡ disclaimer: Soviet
production figures were very
low before Stalin
the gap between
✓ narrowed
the Soviet economy and the
industrial economies of the
West
Soviet Pig Iron Production
‘40
‘38
‘36
‘34
‘32
‘30
‘28
‘26
‘24
‘22
0
3.75
7.50
11.25
15.00
Pig Iron
Millions of tons (approx.)
Chart source: adapted from A History of the Modern
World, 10th Edition, R.R. Palmer, et. al., p. 736.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
114
Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy
• Collectivization of Agriculture: Basics
Soviet agriculture productive enough to feed its own
✓ make
population
Soviet agriculture so efficient that a surplus of labor would
✓ make
be created; extra labor could then be transplanted to the cities for
work in industrial five-year plans
• Collectivization of Agriculture: Methods
✓ state-guided economy (central planning)
ownership of land replaced with collective
✓ individual
farms
use of tractors and other mechanized farm
✓ increased
equipment
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
115
Soviet Union: Stalin’s Command Economy
• Collectivization of Agriculture: Assessment
✓ Failed economically
➡ not popular among farmers, especially Ukrainian kulaks
➡ few (if any) incentives to produce
➡ central planners did not provide enough spare parts to repair
broken farm equipment
✓ led to increased fear, disruption, destruction and death
➡ Ukrainian Holocaust: Stalin killed some 3-7 million
(estimated) resistors (many were kulaks) to collectivization
➡ many rural Soviet citizens forcefully transplanted to cities
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
116
Reflection: Command Economy v. Capitalism
Discussion: How did the command economy under Stalin differ from a
capitalist economy?
Capitalism
Command
Economy
Economic Decisions/
Priorities
Ownership of
Businesses
Ownership of Land/
Farms
Production of
Consumer Goods
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 549.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
117
Soviet Union: Stalin’s Great Purges
• The Great Purge Trials (1936-39)
enemies put on trial (be they perceived or real) for
✓ Stalin’s
treason and other state-related crimes
➡ “Old Bolsheviks”: long-time members of the Communist Party
who knew Lenin
➡ supporters of Trotsky (accused of Trotskyism)
➡ top generals in the military
✓ Accused confessed to treason in open court
➡ no physical sign of physical abuse
➡ psychological torture employed
✓ KGB arrested many other “counterrevolutionaries”
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Soviet Union: Stalin’s Great Purges
• Results
further consolidated power:
✓ Stalin
totalitarianism
all the “Old Bolsheviks”
✓ Almost
were eliminated
destroyed the top brass in
✓ Stalin
Soviet military
have negative ramifications
➡ would
as Stalin had to deal with Hitler and
Germany’s growing military might
➡ led Stalin to forge a non-aggression
pact with Germany (1939) in order to
buy the Soviet Union rebuilding
time
✓ Fear for Soviet citizens
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Video Spotlight: Josef Stalin
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
120
Video Spotlight: Josef Stalin
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
121
Video Spotlight: Josef Stalin
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
122
Video Spotlight: Josef Stalin
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
123
Reflection: Russian Life
Discussion: Compare life under Stalin’s rule with life under the tsars.
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 549.
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
124
Fascism in Interwar Europe
• Nature & Characteristics of Fascism
✓ authoritarian (power concentrated in the hands of the executive)
✓ totalitarian: sought to control all aspects of an individual’s life
✓ glorified the state (not the individual)
✓ ultra-nationalistic
✓ militaristic and promoted violence
✓ revered symbols such as armbands, flags and banners
✓ detested democracy and revoked individual freedoms
✓ detested communism
✓ outlawed labor unions and worker strikes
✓ identified scapegoats
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Fascism in Interwar Europe
exploited insecurity
• Fascism
and instability of post-war
Europe
and loss from the war,
✓ alienation
including resentment toward the
treaties ending World War I
and street-fighting were
✓ chaos
common in the years immediately
following World War I
instability:
✓ economic
unemployment, inflation and loss
of financial savings
German bank notes in the 1923 inflation were worth so little
that they were used as wallpaper.
Source: Wikipedia
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
126
Fascism in Italy: Mussolini (1922-43)
• Benito Mussolini
✓ fought in World War I
✓ formed group called Blackshirts
➡ membership made up of disgruntled
and unemployed workers, many of
whom were war veterans
➡ group created a philosophy that came
to be known as “fascism”
on Rome (1922): Mussolini &
✓ March
the Blackshirts took control of Italian
government
Self-styled Il Duce
(The Leader)
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
127
Fascism in Italy: Mussolini (1922-43)
•
Mussolini’s Fascist Policies & Actions
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
undermined parliamentary democracy
abolished all parties except his Fascist party
censored press
destroyed labor unions
reorganized and centralized Italy’s railway system
glorified the military & imperial conquest
➡
➡
•
formed an alliance with Nazi Germany (Axis), and later with Japan
invaded Ethiopia and Albania
Fall of Mussolini
✓
✓
Italy declared war alongside Nazi Germany in World War II
Mussolini eventually overthrown and, later, captured and executed
Global History & Geography • Europe Since 1750 • J.F. Walters
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
✓ born in Austria
✓ Hitler in Vienna, Austria (1905-13)
➡
attempted to gain admittance to
Academy of Fine Arts, but was rejected
➡
➡
lived in Viennese youth hostels
➡
influenced by Vienna’s mayor Karl
Lueger, who was a charismatic speaker
and vocal anti-Semite
unemployed, he attempted to sell
paintings for money
✓ moved to Munich, Germany (1913)
Adolf Hitler
The Führer
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• Adolf Hitler (cont’d)
✓ fought for the German army in World War I
➡ served as a field runner in Belgium and France
➡ fought in First Battle of Ypres, the Somme and other major battles
➡ was a victim of a mustard gas attack
➡ twice decorated with Germany’s “Iron Cross”
✓ After World War I
➡ unemployed Hitler joined a Munich-based group called the
German Workers’ Party
➡ quickly became its leader and transformed the group into the
National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazi)
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• The Nazi Party
Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Ernst Röhm,
✓ leadership:
Joseph Goebbels
✓ Philosophy
➡
➡
➡
fascist and totalitarian
➡
➡
revered symbols (ex., the swastika), banners, armbands, flags
➡
➡
militant: called for a revival of the Germany military
called for a government-directed economy but individuals owned businesses
racist: sought a pure “Aryan” race for a Germany that was free of Jews (antiSemitism), gypsies, black Africans, homosexuals, and the handicapped
blamed the Treaty of Versailles, the Western Allies (especially France) for
Germany’s problems
detested both democracy and communism
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• The Beer Hall Putsch (1923)
attempt by Hitler and the Nazi’s to take control of the
✓ failed
government of Munich (in Bavaria, Germany)
✓ Hitler arrested when the putsch was crushed
✓ Hitler’s trial (1924)
➡
➡
accused of treason
➡
Hitler became a national figure as his ideas were spread through newspapers
and radio broadcasts
➡
found guilty and given a 5-year sentence (many in the court were
sympathetic to his ideas)
➡
while in jail, Hitler wrote his autobiography Mein Kampf, which he used to
to further articulate his ideas and his plans for Germany
Hitler’s used the trial to spread Nazi ideas and German nationalism when he
was allowed to speak during his defense
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• Hitler’s rise to power
✓ Hitler served about 1 year of his 5-year prison sentence
✓ Hitler rebuilt the Nazi party in the years between 1925 and 1929
Great Depression (began 1929) provided an opportunity for Hitler
✓ The
and the Nazi’s to grow in popularity
➡
➡
unemployment rose to almost 30% by 1932
➡
Nazi party membership grew
Hitler was known for making charismatic and ultra-nationalistic speeches
during the Great Depression
ran for President of Weimar Germany in 1932, but lost to the
✓ Hitler
aging war hero (and incumbent) Paul von Hindenburg
Hitler invited to serve as chancellor (prime minister) by
✓ Chancellor:
the Hindenburg government (30 January 1933)
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• Hitler’s consolidation of power
order to become a totalitarian fascist dictator,
✓In
Hitler had to eliminate opposition from 4 main
groups
➡ parliamentary democracy (the Weimar German
government itself)
➡ communists (who, too, were gaining support as the
Great Depression dragged on)
➡ the German military establishment (who liked Hitler’s
idea of rearming Germany, but were concerned about
Hitler’s personal army, the SA)
➡ President Hindenburg (the old war hero who was the
current president of Weimar Germany)
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• Hitler’s consolidation of power (cont’d)
✓Reichstag Fire (1933)
➡ Hitler’s henchmen set fire to the German parliament
building (the Reichstag) and then blamed the
communist party for doing it
➡ German Reichstag was persuaded by Hitler to give
Hitler emergency decree powers to deal with
communists (the Nazis argued they posed a threat to
Germany)
➡ communists across Germany were arrested and
imprisoned; many non-communists who were perceived
threats were, likewise, arrested
➡ result: opposition from parliamentary democracy and
communists was eliminated
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• Hitler’s consolidation of power (cont’d)
✓German military threw support behind Hitler
➡ German generals liked Hitler’s plans to disregard the
Treaty of Versailles and rebuild the German military
(wehrmacht, navy and luftwaffe)
➡ German generals felt threatened by competition from
Hitler’s personal army, the SA
➡ Hitler agreed to destroy the SA in exchange for support
from the German generals
➡ Night of the Long Knives (1934): Hitler’s henchmen
arrested/murdered many of the leading members of the
SA (including SA leader Ernst Röhm), destroying the SA
✓Hindenburg died of natural causes, 1934
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Reflection: Leadership
Discussion: Why might a nation turn to military leaders and extreme
nationalists during a crisis? Using examples from post-World War I Italy,
Germany and Japan, explain.
Source: adapted from World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler
(New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 515.
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Fascism in Germany: Hitler’s Nazi Germany
• Hitler’s Anti-Semitism in the 1930s
✓ Nuremberg Laws (1935)
➡ denied Jews German citizenship (Jews became subjects of the
state)
➡ prohibited marriage and extra-marital intercourse between
Jews and Germans
➡ Jews were forbidden to display the German flag or symbols
➡ Jews prevented from farming, teaching, journalism, and from
being on film and radio (later law and medicine were banned
as jobs for Jews)
✓ Jews made to wear yellow stars for identification
Night (Kristallanacht) : Nazi attacks on Jewish
✓ Crystal
synagogues, homes and businesses in 1938
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Reflection: Stalin and Hitler
Discussion: Both Stalin and Hitler instituted ruthless campaigns against
supposed enemies of the state. Why do you think dictators need to find
scapegoats for their nation’s ills?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 555.
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Cause of World War II: Nazi Aggression
• Nazi Germany violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
✓ rearmed Germany military (1933-35)
the German Rhineland (1936), which had been
✓ reoccupied
demilitarized
• Nazi Germany conquered land in central and eastern Europe
✓ The Anschluss: Nazis took control of Austria (1938)
Nazis used the Czech Sudetenland (inhabited
✓ Czechoslovakia:
by many ethnic Germans) as the pretext for taking over the rest
of Czechoslovakia (1938); helped by Western appeasement (see
next slide)
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939) led to the Nazi
✓ Poland:
invasion of Poland (1 September 1939), which started World War
II when Britain and France declared war two days later
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Cause of World War II: Nazi Aggression
allies followed a
• Western
policy of appeasement
toward Nazi Germany
when one gives
✓ appeasement:
into the demands of an
aggressor in hopes that
negotiation and compromise
will satisfy the aggressor, thus
preventing the outbreak of
armed conflict (war!)
Conference (1938):
✓ Munich
Britain and France met with
Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
and effectively paved the way
for Nazi Germany to take
complete control of
Czechoslovakia (1938)
The leaders at the 1938 Munich
Conference: Chamberlain, Daladier,
Hitler, Mussolini (L-R)
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Reflection: The Munich Conference
Discussion: How was the Munich Conference a turning point in the road
toward world war?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 567.
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World War II (1939-45): The Start of the War
invaded by Nazi Germany (1 Sept. 1939): start of
• Poland
World War II
and France officially declared war on Germany
✓Britain
two days later
Germany used blitzkrieg to easily defeat Poland (it
✓Nazi
took less than one month)
➡ blitzkrieg = lightening warfare
➡ strategy of war that employed fast moving mobile
units(airplane strikes, parachute raids, and tank attacks) in
hopes of a quick and decisive victory in battle
divided between Nazi Germany and Stalin’s
✓Poland
Soviet Union
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World War II (1939-45): The Early War
• “The Phony War” (Fall 1939-Spring 1940)
and France were technically at war with Nazi
✓Britain
Germany but armed conflict did not begin until 1940
War ended by Nazi Germany’s Spring 1940
✓Phony
offensive
• The Spring 1940 Offensive: Quick Nazi Victories
✓The Netherlands
✓Belgium
✓Denmark
✓Norway
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Reflection: Twenty-Year Truce?
Discussion: Why do you think some historians call the period between 1919
and 1939 the 20-year truce?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 567.
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World War II (1939-45): The Fall of France
fell to Nazi Germany
• France
(1940)
Germany demonstrated
✓ Nazi
its military strength by
defeating France––one of the
victors in World War I––in less
than 2 months
✓ French capitulation
➡
Hitler ordered that the very same
railcar that was used for German
capitulation in World War I be
moved to the very same spot it
occupied in 1918 so that the French
could surrender in it in 1940
➡
Hitler made his one and only tour
of Paris
One of the famous photographs from
Hitler’s tour of Paris (1940)
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World War II (1939-45): The Battle of Britain
of Britain (1940): “The
• Battle
Blitz”
Germany launched air
✓ Nazi
strikes against Britain
➡
Nazi luftwaffe attacked London,
Coventry, Liverpool and other cities
➡ Nazis used firebombing
techniques
Germany failed to defeat
✓ Nazi
Britain during the “The Blitz”
➡
British PM Winston Churchill rallied
British citizenry and military to
withstand Nazi attacks
➡ Britain developed radar to detect
Nazi planes
Winston Churchill giving his famous
“V” (Victory) sign
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World War II (1939-45): Japan Attacked Pearl Harbor
• Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
launched an air strike against the U.S. naval base
✓Japan
at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
➡ Japan’s goal was to initiate a preemptive strike against the U.S. in
hopes of preventing the U.S. from interfering in Japanese imperial
ambitions in East Asia and the Pacific region
➡ Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in two waves of aircraft assault
✓U.S. losses
➡ dozens of American ships and aircraft destroyed
➡ over 2,000 Americans killed
declared war on Japan and Nazi Germany following
✓U.S.
the attack on Pearl Harbor
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World War II (1939-45): Nazi Invasion of Soviet Union
• Nazi Germany invaded Soviet Russia in 1941
initially made significant gains into Soviet territory (during
✓ Germany
the summer of 1941)
used “scorched earth” technique before retreating into the
✓ Russians
interior of the Soviet Union
➡
left invading Nazi army with little food on which to live
➡
retreat sucked Nazi army further into the interior of the Soviet Union
✓ Nazi army suffered heavy losses during the harsh winter of 1941-42
✓ Battle of Stalingrad (1942-43): turning point of World War II
➡
Nazis attempted to seize control of Russian city of Stalingrad (name was symbolically
important for both sides)
➡
➡
➡
destructive urban warfare between Nazi army and Soviet Red Army
Nazi military units fighting at Stalingrad eventually surrendered to Soviet Union
after Stalingrad: Nazi army in retreat in Eastern Europe
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Video Spotlight: Stalingrad
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Video Spotlight: Stalingrad
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
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World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust
• Background
✓ Nazi anti-Semitism
imperial conquests in World War II led to huge number
✓ Nazi
of Jews living under Nazi control (ex., Poland)
Conference (1942): Nazi leaders officially outlined
✓ Wannsee
the “Final Solution to the Jewish Question”
• Administration of the Holocaust
transported from all over Europe to concentration/
✓ victims
extermination camps set up across Poland, Germany and
other places
Nazi SS organized and administered both the
✓ the
deportations (usually via train) and the camps themselves
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Video Spotlight: The Holocaust
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Video Spotlight: The Holocaust
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
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World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust
• Major extermination/concentration camps
✓ Auschwitz-Birkenau (Poland): about 1.1 million deaths
✓ Treblinka (Poland): about 850,000 deaths
✓ Belzec (Poland): about 434,000 deaths
✓ Majdanek (Poland): about 79,000 deaths
✓ Dachau (Germany): about 25,000 deaths
• Extermination methods
✓ gas chambers (disguised as shower baths) and mobile gas vans
✓ firing squad
✓ death through slave labor
✓ killed during medical experiments
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Video Spotlight: The Holocaust
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Video Spotlight: The Holocaust
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
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World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust
• Victims of the Holocaust
✓ Jews (approx. 6 mil. killed)
✓ Poles
✓ Romani (gypsies)
✓ homosexuals
✓ Soviet prisoners of war
✓ Jehovah’s Witnesses
✓ Catholics
✓ handicapped individuals
opponents of the
✓ political
Nazis
Victims of a Nazi extermination camp
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World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust
• Holocaust financially beneficial to Nazis
✓ used prisoners as slave labor
✓ confiscated cash and goods upon arrest
➡ money
➡ jewelry, gold and silver
➡ artwork, furniture and other valuables
➡ eyeglasses
➡ shoes
✓ use of body parts
➡ hair
➡ skin
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Video Spotlight: The Holocaust
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Video Spotlight: The Holocaust
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
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World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust
• Results of the Holocaust
✓ extermination/concentration
camps liberated by Allied forces,
1944-45
approximately 11
✓ genocide:
million people dead
Nazi leaders would
✓ some
eventually be held accountable for
“crimes against humanity” (see
later notes on Nuremberg Trials)
✓ led to a rise in Zionism
➡
Zionism: Jewish nationalism that called
for a home in Palestine (Middle East)
➡
creation of Israel: with help from the
United Nations (formed 1945) Jews
eventually were given a homeland of
their own called Israel (1948)
Children rescued from Auschwitz
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World War II (1939-45): The Holocaust
Discussion: Hitler translated his hatred into a program of genocide. How do
ethnic, racial and religious hatreds weaken society?
Source: World History: The Modern Era, Elisabeth Gaynor Ellis & Anthony Esler (New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc., 2011), p. 576.
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World War II (1939-45): The D-Day Invasion
The opening of a military front in Western Europe
• D-Day:
(France) on 6 June 1944
British and Canadian (Western Allies) troops led an
✓ American,
invasion of the Normandy coast in western France
➡ Allied forces used a combined air and amphibious assault (175,000
total troops and personnel) to establish a beachhead on the
Normandy coast
➡ Normandy coast heavily protected by Nazi military fortifications
➡ extremely blood battle as the Americans, British and Canadians
fought the Nazi defenders who were on higher ground
invasion was successful and eventually resulted in the
✓ D-Day
liberation of France
of France led to a race to Berlin (Germany) with the
✓ Liberation
Soviet Red Army advancing from the east and the Western Allies
advancing from the west
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World War II (1939-45): The End of the War in Europe
• Race to Berlin
✓ Soviet Red Army liberated Eastern Europe from Nazi control
✓ Western Allies liberated Western Europe from Nazi control
✓ Soviet Red Army first to arrive in Berlin
• Hitler’s last days in Führerbunker
Hitler’s underground fortified bunker in the heart of
✓ Führerbunker:
Berlin
capture by the Red Army, several Nazi leaders committed
✓ Fearing
suicide
married girlfriend Eva Braun and then both committed suicide
✓ Hitler
(30 April 1945)
• Germany formally surrendered on 8 May 1945 (VE Day)
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World War II (1939-45): The End of the War in the Pacific
and the U.S. had fought
• Japan
fierce battles in the Pacific theater
of World War II (1942-45)
eventually inflicted serious
• U.S.
losses on the Japanese military,
but Japan would not surrender
bombs: the U.S. dropped
• atomic
two atomic weapons on Japan in
August 1945
✓ Hiroshima (6 August): 80,000 dead
✓ Nagasaki (9 August): 73,000 dead
eventually surrendered, 2
• Japan
September 1945
The mushroom cloud from the atomic
bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan (1945)
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In the Aftermath of World War II: The Nuremberg Trials
• The Nuremberg Trials (1945-46)
✓ Background
➡
➡
trial of over 20 leading Nazis who had been captured by the Allied troops
➡
notable Nazis put on trial: Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Albert Speer, Joachim von
Ribbentrop
trial was run by the “International Tribunal”: United States, Great Britain, Soviet
Union & France
✓ The Trial
➡
➡
Nazis accused of “crimes against humanity” and “war crimes”
Nazis defendants argued they could not be held accountable because they were
following the orders of their superiors
✓ Results
➡
➡
Nazis defendants found guilty; most were executed
Nuremberg Trials became the precedent and blue print for future war crimes trials
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In the Aftermath of World War II: Results of WWII
• human toll: about 40 million dead
✓ military deaths
✓ civilian deaths
✓ victims of the Holocaust
of buildings, farmland and infrastructure in
• devastation
Europe and Asia
• rise in nationalism and the loss of European colonies
✓ India gained its independence (1947)
in Africa gained independence (ex., Ghana and
✓ Colonies
Kenya)
✓ Creation of Israel as Jewish State (1948)
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In the Aftermath of World War II: Results of WWII
of the United Nations
• Creation
(1945)
provide peaceful means to
✓ goal:
resolving international conflict
provide humanitarian aid and
✓ goal:
education to places in need
✓ headquarters in New York City
• Greater economic cooperation
and integration in post-war
Europe (see later notes on EEC & EU)
of the nuclear age (nuclear
• dawn
proliferation)
Headquarters of the U.N.
in New York City
• Cold War (1945-91)
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Video Spotlight: American War Propaganda
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Video Spotlight: American War Propaganda
Notes • Reflections • Links to Course • Illustrative Examples
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Sources
•
A History of the Modern World, 10/e, R.R. Palmer, et. al. (Boston: McGraw
Hill, 2007).
•
Prentice Hall Brief Review: Global History and Geography, Steven Goldberg
& Judith Clark DuPré (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2012).
•
Various video sources from film, international news media and educational
resources, as credited on each video clip
•
•
Wikipedia.com (en.wikipedia.com).
•
World History: The Human Experience, Mounir A. Farah & Andrea Berens
Karls (New York: Glencoe, 1997).
•
World History: The Human Odyssey, Jackson J. Spielvogel (Cincinnati, OH:
West Educational, 1998).
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 6/e, Peter N. Stearns, et. al. (Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2011).
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