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Biology: Semester 1 Final Study Guide, Part 2 Name ECOLOGY 1. Energy: capacity to do _____________. a. _______________: energy that is ______________. b. ____________: energy that is _______________. 3. Producer 4. Consumer 5. Decomposer a. Heterotroph/Autotroph b. Iorganic/organic Source of Energy c. Which kingdom(s)? d. How Food Obtained 6. Energy Pyramid: Label the trophic levels in the energy pyramid. Label which level represents autotrophs and heterotrophs. Where do decomposers fit into the pyramid? 7. Greenhouse Effect: a. Causes: b. Benefits: c. Disadvantages: Nutrient Cycles: 8. Identify the three major steps of the water cycle: a. ___________________, ___________________, or __________________: water goes to atmosphere b. _________________________: water collects in atmosphere c. _________________________: water returns to earth Organisms need water to stay alive because . 9. Carbon Cycle: the 2 forms of carbon that cycle are ______________________ & _________________ a. macromolecule: b. provides ________________ to food webs c. Carbon dioxide is put into the air by ________________________, _________________________, and __________________________________. d. Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by _______________________________. 1 10. Nitrogen Cycle: provides materials to make a. Each step converts one form of nitrogen into another, which is done by __________________. _________________________: _______________ (in air) to __________________ (in soil) _________________________: _______________ (in soil) to _________________ (in soil) _________________________: _______________ (in soil) to _________________ (in air) b. When organisms die, they return their _____________ to the soil, which get broken down by _____________ and form ____________. This material is then converted to ___________, which plants use to make ______________. PHOTOSYNTHESIS 1. Write out the balanced equation for photosynthesis. 2. Reactants: Products: 3. The purpose of pigments is to . 4. During photosynthesis, carbon is fixed from Location in chloroplast into Reactant(s) Purpose . Helper Molecules Involved Product(s) 5. Light Reactions 6. Calvin Cycle 7. How does the Calvin cycle depend on the light reactions? 8. Calvin cycle needs light because light activates the enzyme ________________________, and because the ________________________________________________________ and therefore cannot absorb __________. CELL RESPIRATION 1. Write out the balanced reaction for cell respiration. 2. Reactants: Products: 3. ________________ respiration, also known as ___________________, occurs if ______________ is not present after ________________ in order to make ________________. 4. What stage of cell respiration produces the most ATP? __________________________________________ 5. What is chemical energy? ________________________________ Examples: _______________________ into 6. During cell respiration, carbon is fixed from Location Purpose 7. Glycolysis 8. Krebs Cycle 9. Electron Transport Chain 2 Reactants . Products Net # ATP SYSTEMS System Function(s) Major Organs & Functions 1. Circulatory 2. Digestive 3. Endocrine 4. Excretory (Urinary) 5. Integumentary 6. Muscular (3 types) 7. Nervous 8. Respiratory 9. Skeletal 10. Regulation of _______________________________ . insulin: hormone released when blood sugar is ___________, causing cells to store it as glucagon: hormone released when blood sugar is __________, causing liver to convert _________________ into _________________. This regulation of homeostasis is called a . 11. Regulation of increase of ADH secretion results in decrease of ADH secretion results in . A ___________________ attaches to and 12. A muscle contraction takes place on a pulls on the ________________ in order to form a contraction. 13. Sensory Pathway: stimulus ___________________ sensory ______________ _________________ ___________________ _________________ ______________ response Immune System 1.There are two major types of defense mechanisms within the body: ____________________ defenses and _______________ defenses. 2. Specific defenses utilize the ________________ and ______________ immune responses. 3. Immune cells are also called _____________________, and originate in the . 4. Viruses aren’t considered alive because they can’t . 3 5. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immune responses use ____ cells and the overall function of this response is to by targeting to the pathogen’s found in the . 6. Cell-mediated immune responses use _____ cells and the overall function of this response is to by targeting the pathogen’s found in 7. How do B cells and T cells work together to get fight a pathogen? Types of B cells How Do They Function? Types of T cells How Do They Function? 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Type of Nonspecific Defense 12. Function Example 13. 14. 15. Fill in the blanks for these cell processes. Use all the words in the bank below to complete the diagram. amino acids cell respiration mitochondria ribosome ammonia (NH4) fatty acids oxygen (O2) steroids carbon dioxide (CO2) glucose protein secretions structures cell membrane long-term energy storage protein synthesis water 1. A. 2. 6. organelle: ATP 7. B. 3. organelle: 8. 4. 9. 5. Cell 4 .