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Miguel Bonilla
Dr.Griffin
English 12
6 May 2014
What are Black Holes and how do they come into existence?
Throughout our universe there are billions of stars that we see but what else is out there
that we can’t see in the emptiness vacuum of space? In the darkness is one of the greatest
wonders of our universe that larks in abundance, something which is so dense and powerful that
almost nothing can escape them; black holes. But why does they exist and how were they
formed? Well, eventually like all stars like our sun will reach its end. This process has happen to
countless of star and it’s still happening at this every moment, the first step is when a star
becomes a Red Giant star which is formed when a star like our sun, or one larger, runs out of its
hydrogen fuel. Inside a star, hydrogen atoms are combined together to form helium atoms. This
process creates the energy that the star needs to resist the force of gravity that is trying to crush
the star together, and also causes the star to light up. Once all of the hydrogen has been turned
into helium (after about 5 to 10 billion years, depending on the size of the star) there is no longer
energy keeping the star from collapsing, so gravity start to takes over and try to compress the
stars material into its core. But the star only collapses so far that the helium atoms can begin to
combine into carbon atoms. This process now provides enough energy to stop the star from
collapsing and actually pushes the outermost layers of the star out, making the star much larger
than it originally started. The star is now a Red Giant.
The next stage depends on the stars mass and heat temperature which would determine if
the star is going to become a white dwarf or a brown dwarf (which both eventually becomes a
black dwarf), a neutron star ( or like these type of neutron stars a magentar or pulsar), a quasar,
or a black hole. Based on our star’s mass and heat temperature it will never become a black hole
because our sun has a moderate heat temperature which is indicated by the star’s color, our sun
has a yellow color that indicates a moderate hotness. But if our sun’s color were blue it has the
possibility at the end of its life to become a black hole that usually form at the center of the dying
star where gravity starts to compress the star’s mass into one single point that there is no force
that can prevent that point from collapsing on itself which forms a singularity that rips apart the
entire structure from the inside-out at that point the star is considered dead or doomed. Moments
after the star collapses and implodes so violently that its mass gets converted into almost pure
energy that explained the jets of gamma ray that a supernova emits along other forms of energy.
But a supernova can happen to any star at the end of its life, so what makes it so special about a
star like this well the core is now has become a black hole and it has pull everything that was the
star towards the singularity, so at the same moment most of the star’s mass is turned into pure
energy and light that is being “sucked” (In physics there’s no sucking force only a pulling or
pushing force) into the event horizon of the black hole. So what is exactly happening and what is
this force that’s “sucking” the light and energy. To recap the black hole was created at the critical
moment when gravity of the universe of space-time that is explained with general relativity
crushes all of the dying star’s mass into a single point towards the center but the outside of star to
an observer the star has not change but inside the stars core has collapsed into a single point
where the very neutrons are crushed and in fraction of a second almost instantaneously a
singularity is formed that has all the star’s mass is in that singularity. So to give a better example
of what a singularity is, so imagine if our earth’s radius was reduced to two miles but with the
same mass that would create a singularity. This doesn’t mean we can create artificial
singularities that forms into black holes because that would take more energy than all the energy
that we have in our solar system, if you want to calculate the amount of energy need to do that
you can use E=mc^2 so just E, the energy needed, = m, the mass of our solar system times c, the
speed of light which is 3x10^8 m/s, squared and that value well still not be enough. So at the
time the star’s core is replaced by this singularity it still has the same mass but it occupies a
smaller quantity of space that imply based on the relationship of G the universal gravitational
constant of 6.67x10^-11 m^3/kg(s^2) is directly proportional to the stars mass and radius but at a
certain interval space and time when mass has excessed it size or diameter that gravity become
infinitive which proportional affect the surroundings in that
Quotes from http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes/ 1.NASA stated that
"Most black holes form from the remnants of a large star that dies in a supernova explosion. If
the total mass of the star is large enough, it can be proven theoretically that no force can keep the
star from collapsing under the influence of gravity. However, as the star collapses, a strange
thing occurs. As the surface of the star nears an imaginary surface called the "event horizon,"
time on the star slows relative to the time kept by observers far away. When the surface reaches
the event horizon, time stands still, and the star can collapse no more - it is a frozen collapsing
object".(NASA, “Nasa: Black holes”).
NASA stated that "Even bigger black holes can result from stellar collisions. Soon after its
launch in December 2004, NASA's Swift telescope observed the powerful, fleeting flashes of
light known as gamma ray bursts. Chandra and NASA's Hubble Space Telescope later collected
data from the event's "afterglow," and together the observations led astronomers to conclude that
the powerful explosions can result when a black hole and a neutron star collide, producing
another black hole". (NASA, “NASA: Hubble’s Space Telescope on Black Holes”).
3. NASA stated that "Scientists can't directly observe black holes with telescopes that detect xrays, light, or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. We can, however, infer the presence of
black holes and study them by detecting their effect on other matter nearby. If a black hole
passes through a cloud of interstellar matter, for example, it will draw matter inward in a process
known as accretion. A similar process can occur if a normal star passes close to a black hole. In
this case, the black hole can tear the star apart as it pulls it toward itself. As the attracted matter
accelerates and heats up, it emits x-rays that radiate into space. Recent discoveries offer some
tantalizing evidence that black holes have a dramatic influence on the neighborhoods around
them - emitting powerful gamma ray bursts, devouring nearby stars, and spurring the growth of
new stars in some areas while stalling it in others".(NASA, “Nasa: Detecting Black Holes”).
Quotes from http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/encyc_mod3_q10.html 1.
Since nothing can escape from the gravitational force of a black hole, it was long thought that
black holes are impossible to destroy. But we now know that black holes actually evaporate,
slowly returning their energy to the Universe. The well-known physicist and author Stephen
Hawking proved this in 1974 by using the laws of quantum mechanics to study the region close
to a black hole horizon.
British physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking and others stated that "This surprising new
insight showed that there is still much to learn about black holes. However, Hawking's glow is
completely irrelevant for any of the black holes known to exist in the Universe. For them, the
temperature of the glow is almost zero and the energy loss is negligible. The time needed for the
black holes to lose much of their mass is unimaginably long. However, if much smaller black
holes ever existed in the Universe, then Hawking's findings would have been catastrophic. A
black hole as massive as a cruise ship would disappear in a bright flash in less than a second".
(Hubble Site, “Black Holes: Do black holes live forever?”).
Physicists and Scientists stated that "We cannot glimpse what lies inside the event horizon of a
black hole because light or material from there can never reach us. Even if we could send an
explorer into the black hole, she could never communicate back to us. Current theories predict
that all the matter in a black hole is piled up in a single point at the center, but we do not
understand how this central singularity works. To properly understand the black hole center
requires a fusion of the theory of gravity with the theory that describes the behavior of matter on
the smallest scales, called quantum mechanics. This unifying theory has already been given a
name, quantum gravity, but how it works is still unknown. This is one of the most important
unsolved problems in physics. Studies of black holes may one day provide the key to unlock this
mystery". (Hubble Site, “Black Holes: What is inside a black hole?”).
Physicists and scientists stated that "Einstein's theory of general relativity allows unusual
characteristics for black holes. For example, the central singularity might form a bridge to
another Universe. This is similar to a so-called wormhole (a mysterious solution of Einstein's
equations that has no event horizon). Bridges and wormholes might allow travel to other
Universes or even time travel. But without observational and experimental data, this is mostly
speculation. We do not know whether bridges or wormholes exist in the Universe, or could even
have formed in principle. By contrast, black holes have been observed to exist and we
understand how they form". (Hubble Site, “Black Holes: What is inside a black hole?”).
Scientists and Physicists stated that "At exactly 1 Schwarzschild radius, the horizon, the
Schwarzschild surface. The point of no return. An observer outside the black hole cannot see us
beyond this point - we would appear to take an infinite amount of time to pass through,
becoming slower and more redshirted as time goes by. But from our own point of view space and
time continue normally. The small white dot indicates our point of entry through the horizon.
Remarkably, the Schwarzschild surface, the red grid, still appears to stand off at some distance
ahead of us. The white dot is actually a line which extends from us to the Schwarzschild surface
still ahead, though we only ever see it as a dot, not as a line. The dot-line marks the formation of
the Schwarzschild bubble (see below), and our entry into that bubble. Persons who fell through
the Schwarzschild surface at this precise point before us would lie arrayed along this dot-line. At
this instant, as we pass through the horizon into the Schwarzschild bubble, we see all the other
persons who passed through this location before us also pass through the horizon into the bubble.
The tidal force between head and toes is now 1 million g, for this 30 solar mass black hole. But
the tides wouldn't be so bad for a very massive black hole. The tide at 1 Schwarzschild radius
would be less than 1g if the black hole exceeded 30,000 solar masses. From here to the central
singularity will take 0.0001 seconds in free fall, for this 30 solar mass black hole".(Colorado,
“Falling to the Singularity of a Black Hole: At the horizon, the Schwarzschild surface ”).
Scientists and Physicists stated that "At 0.95 Schwarzschild radii, just inside the Schwarzschild
surface. Too late now - we're inside the black hole, with no hope of exit. We are doomed to hit
the central singularity in a finite time however we fire our rockets (but we are already dead
anyway from the tides). Here there are no observers stationary in the Schwarzschild geometry,
i.e. stationary with respect to the distant stars. If there were such observers, we (on our free fall
trajectory) would appear to them to move faster than the speed of light, and vice versa. The
Schwarzschild surface appears to split into two in a region around us. We seem to lie inside a
bubble formed by the two surfaces. Looking outward, we see the Schwarzschild surface (white
grid lines) we just passed through. If other observers fell through the surface after us, we could
see them fall through here, and they would appear neither infinitely red shifted nor slowed.
Looking inward, we see the same Schwarzschild surface (red grid lines) apparently still ahead.
Persons who fell through before us would continue to appear here. Already red shifted and
slowed, such persons would continue to grow ever more red shifted and slow. Persons who
appear to us to be inside the Schwarzschild bubble have passed inside the horizon of the black
hole. If they are sufficiently close to us, then we can communicate with them, but they must be
close, for there's not much time left before we hit the central singularity, not much time left for
light signals to travel between us. Through the screen formed by the outward Schwarzschild
surface, we see more distant parts of the Schwarzschild surface from above, curved into our view
by the gravity of the black hole. We never get to see the central singularity. Nor do we see
anyone else ever hit the central singularity". (Colorado, “Falling to the Singularity of a Black
Hole: The Schwarzschild bubble”).
Physicists and scientists stated that "At 10-9 Schwarzschild radii: 1 millimeter from the
singularity. The tidal force has become so strong that all images are concentrated into a thin line
about (what is left of) our waist. As we approach the central singularity, the ride becomes very
bumpy - the ultimate roller coaster. Small perturbations in tidal forces, caused by the presence of
us and any other particles around, become greatly amplified in the final approach. The
perturbations grow into violently oscillating tidal forces. Even a single infilling photon is enough
to induce such oscillations. Besides shredding our already torn apart bits into subatomic particle.
Then we finally reach the singularity: an infinitely convoluted point of infinite curvature. What
happens to space and time now? Do space and time end? No one knows. Presumably the answer
has something to do with a hitherto unfathomed theory of quantum gravity...” Colorado, “Falling
to the Singularity of a Black Hole: Just before you hit the singularity, the singularity”)
Work Cited Page (A-Z)
Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number. Name of
institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource
creation (if available). Medium of publication. Date of access.
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008.
Web. 23 Apr. 2008.
Netting, Ruth.http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes/ . NASA, Last
updated Sept. 25, 2013. Online. May 5, 2014
http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/encyc_mod3 q10.html
http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/singularity.html
http://www.hawking.org.uk/into-a-black-hole.html
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-the-casimir-effec/
http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/what-is-dark-energy/
Patents from James Clark Maxwell and his famous Maxwell Equations
http://jnaudin.free.fr/meg/megpaper.pdf