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Warm-up for 24-1
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Video warm-up
What causes people to bully others? What is the
best way to handle a bully? What happens when
you try to appease a bully?
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postwar years saw the rise of
dictators
w/ belief in nationalism &
territorial expansion
 (without a democratic tradition,
people turned to authoritarian leaders
to solve their economic and social
problems)


Treaty of Versailles (WWI)
caused anger & resentment
 it blamed Germany for starting the
war & stripped them of their
colonies
 it carved up parts of Russia

Soviet Union
 civil war resulted in the est. of a communist
state in 1922 (Lenin- died 1924- body preserved in
mausoleum)
 Joseph Stalin- last name means “man of steel”
 *industrial/agricultural sectors placed under
state management
 state ownership of property
 transformed rural country into industrial
power (#2 in the world)
 totalitarian- govt. has complete control over its
citizens (no rights)

(Stalin responsible for the deaths of 8-13 million people)
Italy
 Benito Mussolini- est. a
totalitarian regime on fears of
communism & economy
 est. Fascist Party/21’ -Fascismcentralized, nationalistic govt.
headed by a dictator
militaristic expansionism, extreme
nationalism, & private property
w/ strong controls
 (the Latin fasces- a bundle of rods tied
around an ax handle- symbol of
authority in ancient Rome)

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
called himself Il Duce “the
leader” (seized power in 1922)
invaded Ethiopia (independent
nation) in 35’ – League of
Nations did nothing
Germany

Adolf Hitler- leader of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party
(Nazi)
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powerful public speaker
called himself Der Fuhrer “the Leader”
book- Mein Kampf (My Struggle) – set forth beliefs of Nazism
Nazism- extreme nationalism, racism, militaristic expansionism, &
private property w/ strong controls
wanted to enforce racial purification (blue-eyed, blonde-haired Aryans)
inferior races- Jews, Slavs, & nonwhites
depression gave out of work men jobs in Hitler’s private army- storm
troopers (brown shirts or SA- later purged by the SS)
appointed prime minister in 1933- est. the Third Reich (3rd German Empire)

The First Reich: The Holy Roman Empire (800/962 1806)
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In 800 AD Charlemagne was crowned emperor of a territory which
covered much of western and central Europe; this created an
institution that would remain, in one form or another, for over a
thousand years.
The Second Reich: The German Empire (1871 - 1918)
The Third Reich: Nazi Germany (1933 - 1945)

In 1933, Adolf Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the German State.
Dictatorial powers and sweeping changes soon followed, as
democracy disappeared and the country militarized. The Third Reich
was to have been a vastly extended German Empire, expunged of
minorities and lasting for a thousand years, but it was removed in
1945 by a combined force of allied nations. The Nazi state proved to
be dictatorial and expansionist, with goals of ethnic 'purity' that
formed a stark contrast to the first Reich's broad assortment of
peoples and places.
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Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Austria.
Hitler’s biological grandfather may have been Jewish.
Adolf wanted to become an artist. His father wanted him to
become a civil servant, but after his father died, he was kicked out
of high school.
He attempted to get into the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts - he
failed.
After failing to get into art school a second time he eventually
sold all his possessions and became a homeless drifter who slept
on park benches and ate at soup kitchens throughout Vienna (age
19)
At the start of WWI he joined a unit of the German Army.
Hitler joined the German Worker’s Party in 1919,
In 1933 when Hitler became chancellor all political parties were
outlawed except the Nazi party.
signature
signature
By 1923, an inflating economy made a fivemillion German mark worth less than a penny.
There are many reasons but Economists
generally agree that high rates of inflation are
caused by an excessive growth of the money
supply.
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Teachers had to belong to German Teachers League and were made to put across Nazi
ideas
School books were rewritten
 History distorted to celebrate German victories and all the disasters were blamed on
the Jewish and Communists
 Biology lessons were devoted to studying the differences between races, explaining
the greatness of the Aryan Race
 Math problem examples:
 A bomber aircraft on take-off carries twelve dozen bombs, each weighing ten
kilos. The aircraft takes off for Warsaw, international centre of Jews. It bombs the
town. On take-off with all the bombs on board and a fuel tank containing 1000
kilos of fuel, the aircraft weighed about eight tons. When it returns from the
crusade, there are still 230 kilos of fuel left. What is the weight of the aircraft
when empty?
 "To keep a mentally ill person costs approximately 4 marks a day. There are
300,000 mentally ill people in care. How much do these people cost to keep in
total? How many marriage loans of 1000 marks could be granted with this
money?"
The swastika is an equilateral cross with its arms bent at right angles, in
either right-facing (卐) form or its mirrored left-facing (卍) form. Earliest
archaeological evidence of swastika-shaped ornaments dates back to the
Indus Valley Civilization of Ancient India. Swastikas have also been used in
other various ancient civilizations around the world. It remains widely used
in Indian religions, specifically in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The
swastika is also a Chinese character used in East Asia representing eternity
and Buddhism. Following a brief surge of popularity in Western culture, the
right-facing swastika was adopted as a symbol of the Nazi Party of Germany
in 1920. The Nazis used the swastika as a symbol of an alleged Aryan race.
After Adolf Hitler’s rise to power in the 1930s, a swastika was incorporated
into the Nazi party flag, which was made the State Flag of Germany. As a
result, the Swastika became strongly associated with Nazism and related
ideologies such as Fascism and White Supremacism since the 1930s in the
Western world and is now largely stigmatized. It has notably been outlawed
in Germany if used as a symbol of Nazism.
Japan

nationalistic military leaders took control of the
imperial govt.

expansionism-launched surprise attack & seized
Manchuria in 1931

League of Nations condemned, but did nothing

(Hitler pulled out of league in 33’ & built up militaryRhineland)
Spain

Francisco Franco- general that led a rebellion
against the Spanish republic in 1936

civil war ended in 1939 - Franco becomes Spain’s
fascist dictator

Spain remained neutral throughout WWII but offered
support to Italy and Germany
Hirohito, the Emperor of Japan
Hideki Tōjō, Prime Minister
The Rape of Nanking, was a mass murder, and war rape that occurred during the six-week
period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanking, the former capital of the
Republic of China, on December 13, 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. During
this period hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers were murdered
by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army. Widespread rape and looting also occurred.
Historians and witnesses have estimated that 250,000 to 300,000 people were killed. The
International Military Tribunal for the Far East estimated that 20,000 women were raped,
including infants and the elderly. A large portion of these rapes were systematized in a
process where soldiers would search door-to-door for young girls, with many women taken
captive and gang raped. The women were often killed immediately after being raped, often
through explicit mutilation. Young children were not exempt from these atrocities, and were
cut open to allow Japanese soldiers to rape them.
U.S. Response
 Americans felt they had
been dragged into WWI
 Neutrality Acts
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passed in 1935
outlawed arms sales or
loans to nations at war
eventually extended to
nations engaged in civil war
(Spain)
neutrality broke down as
the U.S. continued
sending supplies to China
(Japan attacked again in 37’ but
did not actually declare war)
Warm-up for 24-2
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
Churchill speech
What would you do if someone demanded your
money or coat? How would factors such as the size
and strength of the opponent, place, and time
influence your response?
The First to Fall
 Hitler declared that to grow & prosper Germany must expand
 troops took Austria (mostly German) unopposed in March 38’
 next he wanted to annex German speaking part of Czechoslovakia
 used propaganda to gain support in Germany
 Neville Chamberlain- British PM & French PM sign Munich
Agreement which annexed Sudetenland to Germany
 Winston Churchill- warned that agreement was shameful policy of
appeasement- giving up principles to pacify an aggressor
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An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile—hoping it
will eat him last.
Bessie Braddock: “Sir, you are drunk.”
Churchill: “Madam, you are ugly. In the morning, I
shall be sober.”
You have enemies? Good. That means you’ve stood
up for something, sometime in your life.
History will be kind to me for I intend to write it.
Courage is the first of human qualities because it is
the quality that guarantees all the others.
If Hitler invaded hell I would make at least a
favorable reference to the devil in the House of
Commons.
The best argument against democracy is a five-minute
conversation with the average voter.
It has been said that democracy is the worst form of
government except all the others that have been tried.
Success consists of going from failure to failure
without loss of enthusiasm.
When Winston Churchill was asked to cut arts
funding in favor of the war effort, he simply replied,
“then what are we fighting for?”
The Offensive Begins
 March ‘39 troops took the remainder of
Czechoslovakia
 Stalin signed nonaggression pact (not to go to war)
w/ Hitler (August 23, 1939)

Stalin signed secret pact dividing Poland *eliminates twofront war for Hitler*
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Sept. 1, ‘39 Germany
invades Poland
blitzkrieg- “lightning
war” massive attack w/
air & ground forcesquick victory
GB & France declare war,
but Poland taken (3 weeks)
before allies could mount
a defense
**WWII had begun**

Once a strategic target had been
selected, Stuka dive bombers were sent
in to ‘soften’ up the enemy, destroy all
rail lines, communication centers and
major rail links. This was done as the
German tanks were approaching and
the planes withdrew only at the last
minute so that the enemy did not have
time to recover their senses when the
tanks attacked supported by
infantry. Most troops were moved by
half-track vehicles so there was no real
need for roads though these were
repaired so that they could be used by
the Germans at a later date. Once a
target had been taken, the Germans did
not stop to celebrate victory; they
moved on to the next target. Retreating
civilians hindered any work done by
the army being attacked. Those civilians
fleeing the fighting were also attacked
to create further mayhem.
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phony war- “sitting war” term for standstill between
German & French lines
Germans- Siegfried line/ French & British – Maginot
line
April ‘40 Hitler invaded Denmark & Norway – base to
strike GB
took Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg by May ‘40
tank traps on the Siegfried Line
France Falls
 Maginot line ineffectiveGermans go through the
Ardennes (wooded
ravines)
 thousands of troops flee
to England
 Italy enters the war &
invades France from the
south
 France falls in June ’40
(10 May – 22 June)
 Charles de GaulleFrench general fled to
GB & set up a govt. in
exile
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The story of the Battle of Dunkirk is one of heroic courage amidst untold tragedy. In the
year 1940, at a time when World War II was in full rage, Hitler's army was winning
against France, despite help from more than 300,000 troops sent by Britain to help them
out. The German army had surrounded and trapped most of the allied forces in the
northernmost corner of France. Despite severe causalities the British troops could not
retreat as their escape routes were all blocked.
A public call for help asked anyone who owned any kind of boat to assist in rescuing the
troops. 850 "Little Ships" made up of lifeboats, yachts and fishing boats answered.
Civilians joined British sailors in manning the boats across the 35 km crossing and a
massive rescue mission was launched, evacuating almost 2,000 troops per hour. Nine
days later 338,226 trapped people had been rescued.
Battle of Britain- Summer of 1940

Hitler bombed London every night for 2 months

Luftwaffe- German Air Force

GB’s Royal Air Force used radar (new technology) to plot flight paths

(September 15, 40’ GB shot down 185 planes losing only 26)
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Hitler called off invasion of GB 6 weeks later
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GB also bombed German cities- civilians suffered on both sides

**1st defeat of Hitler’s forces during WWII**
“Never in the field of human conflict,” said Churchill in praise of the RAF pilots,
“was so much owed by so many to so few.”

Keep Calm and Carry On was a
motivational poster produced by the
British government in 1939 in
preparation for the Second World
War. The poster was intended to raise
the morale of the British public,
threatened with widely predicted
mass air attacks on major cities.
Although 2.45 million copies were
printed, and although the Blitz
happened, the poster was hardly ever
publicly displayed and was little
known until a copy was rediscovered
in 2000. It has since been re-issued by
a number of private companies, and
has been used as the decorative theme
for a range of products.
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The Battle of Britain was the first major
campaign to be fought entirely by air
forces. The failure of Germany to
achieve its objectives of destroying
Britain's air defenses, or forcing
Britain to negotiate an armistice or an
outright surrender, is considered its
first major defeat and a crucial turning
point in World War II. If Germany had
gained air superiority over England,
Adolf Hitler might have launched
Operation Sea Lion, an amphibious and
airborne invasion of Britain.
Fighters-The Luftwaffe's
Messerschmitt Bf 109E and Bf 110C
squared off against the RAF's
workhorse Hurricane Mk I and the less
numerous Spitfire Mk I. The Bf 109E
had a better climb rate and was 10–30
mph faster than the Hurricane Mk II,
depending on altitude. Max speed
~340 mph.
Bf 109Cs
Hurricane Mk I
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Bombers- The Luftwaffe's
four primary bombers
were the Heinkel He 111,
Dornier Do 17, and
Junkers Ju 88 for level
bombing, and the
Junkers Ju 87 Stuka for
diving attacks.
Heinkel He 111 bombers during
the Battle of Britain – fast medium
range bombers. Its weak defensive
armament, relatively low speed,
and poor maneuverability were
exposed during the Battle of
Britain.
Warm-up for 24-3

Where were most of the concentration and death
camps located? How can their location be explained?
Do you think that there were any advantages for the
Nazis in the placement of these camps?
"First They Came for the Jews"
By Pastor Niemoller
First they came for the Jews
And I did not speak out –
Because I am not Jewish
Then they came for the communists
And I did not speak outBecause I was not a communist
Then they came for the trade unionists
And I did not speak outBecause I was not a trade unionist
Then they came for me
And there was no one left to speak out for me
“In a world where humans are free to do right and
wrong there will always be evil actions. If the
Holocaust is to teach us anything, it must be a
realization that one has to speak out against evil.
Even a limited, uncertain, anguished fight against
the darkness is better than surrendering to the
evils of the past and the present day.”
-Rabbi Albert Freidlander
“…the Holocaust was not the murder of six million
Jews, but the murder of one, then another, then
another.”
-Stephen Smith
Between 1939 and
1945 six million
Jews were murdered,
along with hundreds of
thousands of others,
such as Gypsies,
Jehovah’s Witnesses,
disabled and the
mentally ill.
Percentage of Jews killed in each country
Persecution Begins
 Hitler ordered all “nonAryans” to be removed from
govt. jobs in 1933 (1st move)
 Holocaust- systematic murder
of 11 million people across
Europe, more than ½ were
Jews
 Jews were the scapegoat for
economic problems & defeat
in WWI
 1935- Nuremberg laws
stripped Jews of citizenship,
jobs, property + wear Star of
David
For hundreds of years Christian Europe had regarded the Jews as
the Christ -killers. At one time or another Jews had been driven out
of almost every European country. The way they were treated in
England in the thirteenth century is a typical example.
In 1275 they were made to wear a yellow badge.
In 1287 269 Jews were hanged in the Tower of London.
This deep prejudice against Jews was still strong in the twentieth
century, especially in Germany, Poland and Eastern Europe, where
the Jewish population was very large.
After the First World War hundreds of Jews were blamed for the
defeat in the War. Prejudice against the Jews grew during the
economic depression which followed. Many Germans were poor
and unemployed and wanted someone to blame. They turned on the
Jews, many of whom were rich and successful in business.

Kristallnacht- “Night of Broken Glass” – Nov. 9, 1938
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storm troopers attacked Jewish businesses & synagogues in Germany
(Jews blamed for destruction- 100 killed, 30,000 arrested)
Jews had difficultly finding nations to emigrate to
countries worried about fueling anti-Semitism
Americans did not want to deny citizens jobs during the
depression or allow “enemy agents” in
“persons of exceptional merit” like Albert Einstein were
accepted (U.S. accepted 100,000 refugees)
St. Louis-German ocean liner denied entry into the U.S. & forced
back to Europe

(740 of the 943 passengers has U.S. immigration papers)

(more than ½ the passengers were killed in the Holocaust)
The Final Solution
 policy of genocide- deliberate killing of an entire population
 belief that Aryans were a “master race”
 condemned to death & slavery


Jews, Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, mentally
deficient, mentally ill, physically disabled, & the incurably ill
Final Solution began in Poland w/ Nazi death squads-(security
squadrons or SS- Jews rounded up and shot them on the spot)
Jewish women, some holding infants, are forced to wait in a line
before their execution by Germans and Ukrainian collaborators.
A German policeman shoots individual Jewish women who remain alive
in the ravine after the mass execution.
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ghettos- segregated
Jewish living areas sealed
off by the Nazis
Jews forced to work in
factories built alongside
the Ghettos
concentration campslabor/slave camp

people starved while doing
slave labor or murdered
In 1943, when the number of murdered Jews exceeded 1 million. Nazis
ordered the bodies of those buried to be dug up and burned to destroy all
traces.
Soviet POWs at forced labor in 1943 exhuming bodies in the ravine at
Babi Yar, where the Nazis had murdered over 33,000 Jews in September
of 1941.
The Final Stage
 new phase to mass murder
Jews- murder by poison gas
 6 death camps built in Poland
(Auschwitz was the largest)
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(each camp had several gas chambers
which could kill up to 12,000 a day)
told to undress for a shower &
given soap- led to chambers
poisoned w/ cyanide gas
decaying corpses smelt, Nazis
installed huge crematoriums
(get rid of evidence)
many died as a result of
medical experiments
~6 million Jews died in the
death camps & in Nazi
massacres
“work makes one free”
Part of a stockpile of Zyklon-B poison
gas pellets found at Majdanek death
camp.
Before poison gas was used ,
Jews were gassed in mobile gas
vans. Carbon monoxide gas
from the engine’s exhaust was
fed into the sealed rear
compartment. Victims were dead
by the time they reached the
burial site.
Mass exterminations was sometimes carried out to the
accompaniment of cheerful music played by an
orchestra of camp inmates who had temporarily been
spared execution.
Buchenwald Concentration Camp
Bales of hair shaven
from women at
Auschwitz, used to
make felt-yarn.
After liberation, an Allied
soldier displays a stash of
gold wedding rings taken
from victims at Buchenwald.
Josef Rudolf Mengele- March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979), also known as the Angel of
Death was a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz.
He initially gained notoriety for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection
of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become
a forced laborer, but is far more infamous for performing human experiments on camp
inmates, including children. Mengele used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his
research on heredity, using inmates for human experimentation. Mengele's experiments also
included attempts to change eye color by injecting chemicals into children's eyes and various
amputations of limbs. Mengele would experiment on the chosen girls, performing
sterilization and shock treatments. Mengele did a number of studies on twins. After an
experiment was over, the twins were usually killed and their bodies dissected. He supervised
an operation by which two children were sewn together to create conjoined twins. He
survived the war, and after a period living incognito in Germany he fled to South America,
where he evaded capture for the rest of his life despite being hunted as a Nazi war criminal.
Warm-up for 24-4
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Under what circumstances should the United
States enter a war?
FDR speech
U.S. Begins to Mobilize
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as Germany was conquering Europe, the U.S. was moving away from
neutrality

cash-and-carry - allowed nations to buy U.S. arms (pay in cash & transport)

Sept. ‘40 Germany, Italy, & Japan signed a mutual defense treaty- Tripartite
Pact
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3 nations became known as the Axis Powers
*designed to keep the US out of the war/two-ocean war was a military nightmare

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Congress passed 1st
peacetime military draftSelective Training &
Service Act
FDR runs & wins 3rd term
in ‘40 breaking tradition
(campaigned against
war)
Undeclared War
 FDR warned if Britain
fell the Axis powers
would be left
unchallenged
 U.S. needed to turn into
“the great arsenal of
democracy”
 Lend-Lease Act- (1941)
GB out of $ -lend arms
because defense was
vital to U.S.’s
 (like loaning a garden hose
to a neighbor whose house
is on fire)

Hitler invaded Soviet Union
in 6/41 & U.S. sent lendlease supplies to aid Stalin
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(the enemy of my enemy is my
friend)
Hitler deployed U boats to
prevent lend-lease
shipments in ‘41
U boats began firing on U.S.
military & merchant ships
9/41- FDR gives the navy
permission to attack U
boats on sight
radar & sonar would help
contain subs by ‘43
Planning for War
 Atlantic Charter- a ‘41
declaration of principles
in which the U.S. & GB
set forth goals in
opposing the Axis
powers (collective security,
disarmament, self-determination,
economic cooperation, freedom of the
seas)
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charter became the basis
of a document “A
Declaration of United
Nations”
Allies- nations that
fought the Axis Powers
(26 nations signed charter)
9/41 – Senate repealed ban
against arming merchant
ships
Japan Attacks
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Hideki Tojo- chief of staff of the army/Prime Minister
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invaded China & seized colonial lands belonging to the Dutch, FR, & GB
U.S. cut off trade w/ Japan (significance- U.S. supplied 80% of Japan’s oil)
Tojo promised emperor Hirohito he would preserve peace, but planned attack
U.S. broke secret codes, but did not know when or where
353 Japanese planes from 6 aircraft carriers bomb Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941
Japanese killed 2403, wounded 1178, damaging 21 ships (8 battleships)
*by chance 3 U.S. aircraft carriers were at sea
Congress declares war the next day & Germany & Italy declare war 3 days
later
PEARL HARBOR
December 7, 1941
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The U.S. demanded that Japan withdraw from
China and Indochina
Japan thought that attacking the U.S. would
provide them an easy win, and a territory with
abundant land and resources to rule once they
were victorious.
The U.S. oil embargo against Japan was hurting
Japan’s economy
Japan
- Fleet of 6 Aircraft Carriers under the command
of Admiral Nagumo and Admiral Yamamoto
- Aerial Assault Force under the command of
Mitsuo Fuchida
United States
- Pearl Harbor Naval/Army Base under the
command of Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and
Lt. General Walter C. Short
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5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE…
(as noted by the U.S. Navy)
PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive
bomber attacks lasting from 7:55 a.m. to 8:25 a.m.
PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8:25 - 8:40
a.m.
PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8:40 –
9:15 a.m.
PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9:15-9:45
a.m.
PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of
raid after 9:45 a.m.


Commander Mitsuo Fuchida
“Veering right toward the west coast of the
island, we could see that the sky over Pearl
Harbor was clear. Presently the harbor itself
became visible across the central Oahu plain, a
film of morning mist hovering over it. I peered
intently through my binoculars at the ships
riding peacefully at anchor. One by one I
counted them. Yes, the battleships were there
all right, eight of them! But our last lingering
hope of finding any carriers present was now
gone. Not one was to be seen.”

-
-
Japan
81 Fighter Planes
135 Dive Bombers
104 Horizontal Bombers
40 Torpedo Planes
At least 5 Midget Submarines

-
United States
108 Fighter Planes (59 not available for flight)
35 Army Bombers (27 not available for flight)
993 Army/Navy Antiaircraft Guns
Japan
Less then 100 men
29 planes
5 midget submarines
United States
2,335 servicemen killed, 68 civilians killed, 1,178 wounded
188 planes
21 ships (8 battleships)
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Marine Corporal E.C. Nightingale
“I was about three quarters of the way to the
first platform on the mast when it seemed as
though a bomb struck our quarterdeck. I could
hear shrapnel or fragments whistling past me.
As soon as I reached the first platform, I saw
Second Lieutenant Simonson lying on his back
with blood on his shirt front. I bent over
him…He was dead…”


Lt. Ruth Erickson, USN (Nurse)
“The first patient came into our dressing room
at 8:25 a.m. with a large opening in his
abdomen and bleeding profusely. They started
an intravenous and transfusion. I can still see
the tremor of Dr. Brunson’s hand as he picked
up the needle. Everyone was terrified. The
patient died within the hour.”
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Japan dealt a seemingly crippling blow to the
U.S. Pacific fleet (U.S. Pacific Fleet aircraft
carriers: Lexington, Enterprise, & Saratoga
were not in port)
Japan began their quest for a Pacific empire
The U.S. finally was forced to join World War II
(“The Sleeping Giant was awakened”)
The U.S. & Great Britain declare war on Japan
(Dec. 8, 1941)
Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. (Dec.
11, 1941)