Download Name 1 Bi358 Final 200 points 1. Fill in the blanks below with one of

Name __________________________________
Bi358 Final
200 points
1. Fill in the blanks below with one of the terms from the list provided. Each term may
be used only once. There are more terms than blanks. 32 points (19 minutes)
Aggregation
Auxin
Cysts
Defense
Developing a sulfide
insensitive hemoglobin
Dinitrogen
Elemental sulfur
Flagellae
Horizontal gene transfer
Hydrophobin
Leghemoglobin
Legume roots
Meiosis
Mitochondrial
Motile
Nitrate
Nitrate reductase
Nitrogenase
Nod D
Nod factor
Nuclear
Organellar gene mutation
Oxidizing sulfide
Prokaryotes
Rhizobium
Sessile
Specificity
Sulfate
Symbiotic prokaryotes
Transmission
_______________________ is the predominant form of nitrogen on the planet.
______________________ is the enzyme that converts this form of nitrogen to a more
biologically usable form. This enzyme is only present in ______________________.
Flavenoids are compounds secreted by __________________ that diffuse into
___________________ and bind to the protein _____________________. This signaling
step during symbiosis onset is one place for determining ____________________
between host and symbiont.
The vast majority of proteins that function in the mitochondria are coded for by genes
that reside in the _________________________ genome. This is an example of
______________________________that occurred through evolutionary time in the
process of a symbiont becoming a true organelle.
Zooxanthellae can be ______________________ in the freeliving state, as evidenced by
the presence of _________________________. Zooxanthellae have never been observed
to undergo ________________________.
The clam Solemya offsets the toxic effects of sulfide by ___________________________
in the mitochondria. Subsequently the less toxic ________________________ is
transported to the symbionts and used for chemosynthesis.
______________________ is an example of a ectomycorrhizal fungus protein that is
upregulated during symbiosis onset. This protein is thought to function in hyphal
__________________________ during sheath formation.
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Name __________________________________
2. Define the following terms. Answer only 5. 20 points (12 minutes).
X-bacteria
Leghemoglobin
Monotropid plants
Tetraselmis
Mycetocyte
Transposon mutagenesis
Nod operon
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Name __________________________________
3. List the morphological and behavioral adaptations the giant clam Tradacna has made
for symbiosis with zooxanthellae. 8 points (5 minutes.)
________________________________________________________________________
Question 4. 8 points (5 minutes)
4a. Describe (e.g. draw and label) the morphology of Frankia in culture away from its
host plant. Describe its morphology in the symbiosis.
4b. List two examples of actinorhizal symbioses that are used in the management of
forests and forest ecosystems and explain their usefulness.
________________________________________________________________________
Question 5. 8 points (5 minutes)
Part A. According to the endosymbiosis theory, place in chronological order the
following series of events that are thought to have given rise to the modern day
diversity of organisms .
Part B. List an extant (still living today) organism that is thought to have arisen from the
organisms that resulted from these events.
A. Endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic bacterium that eventually becomes a chloroplast
B. Origin of life and formation of ancestral prokaryote
C. Endosymbiosis of eubacterium that eventually forms mitochondria
D. Ancestral prokaryote forms a nucleus
Part A
Order (A,B,C,or D)
1.___________________
2.___________________
3.___________________
4.___________________
Question 6. 15 points (9 minutes).
Part B
Extant example
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
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Name __________________________________
6a. Draw and label a cross section through a typical crustose and fruticose lichen.
Where does photosynthesis take place? Where do pockets of air get trapped?
6b. Draw and label a close-up of the physical interaction between one algal cell and the
fungal host.
________________________________________________________________________
7. Buchnera is thought to provide essential amino acids to its aphid hosts. Describe the
aphid growth experiments that support this hypothesis. 15 points (9 minutes)
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Name __________________________________
8. Ectomycorrhizae and ericoid mycorrhizae are efficient at extracting nitrogen from
organic soils. Briefly describe this process. 7 points (4 minutes)
________________________________________________________________________
9. Juvenile vestimentiferan worms have been collected from vents. Describe their
morphology and how it gives clues to the process of symbiosis onset in
vestimentiferans and their chemoautotrophic symbionts. 7 points (4 minutes)
________________________________________________________________________
Question 10. 8 points (5 minutes)
10a. List two proposed functions of secondary metabolites in lichens.
10b. Secondary metabolites often appear as _____________________ on the outside of
the algae.
10c. What happens to secondary metabolite production in the fungal partners when it is
cultured separately from algae in the laboratory?
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Name __________________________________
11. How are the three major types of mycorrhizal associations distributed along a
latitudinal and altitudinal gradient? Include in your answer, the major types of plants
and fungi involved in each association and in what kinds of soils these associations
predominately occur. 30 points (18 minutes)
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Name __________________________________
12. The onset of symbiosis between Rhizobium and legumes is a complex series of events
that results in the formation of a symbiotic root nodule. Describe the events that
occur after Rhizobium proliferates and migrates to the legume root and secretes nod
factors. End your description with the formation of a young symbiotic nodule. 30
points (18 minutes)
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Name __________________________________
13. Briefly describe the technique you would use to measure the rate of nitrogen fixation
of a pea plant grown in the laboratory. 12 points. (7 minutes)
________________________________________________________________________
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