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What is the difference between oxidation and hydrolysis? Oxidation = combining with oxygen (burning, rusting) Hydrolysis = being broken apart by water (dissolved) What if there were never any mechanical or chemical weathering? no sediments, no soil, no sedimentary rock – just igneous and metamorphic rock. Where would frost wedging occur? Where ever the temperature bounces back and forth between freezing and thawing Where does acid rain occur? In the U.S., mostly in the Ohio River Valley and eastward. Isn‟t all rain, “acid rain”? Pure water is pH 7. Most rain is pH 5.7 because it mixes with CO2 in the air and forms carbonic acid - H2CO3. Below 5.7 is “acid rain” What causes mass wasting? What helps? Gravity, aided by water which reduces the friction between particles Do certain rocks take longer to erode than others? Igneous and metamorphic crystals are like a battleship welded together. Sedimentary rocks would be a battleship glued together. Talcott Mt. was once covered with sandstone! Are chemical and mechanical weathering like the physical and chemical change we studied in Middle School? Exactly! How can plants grow on bare rock? The smallest plants, like lichens, can grow on bare rock. They dissolve the rock to get minerals, and when they die they become soil. How are erosion and plate tectonics related? Plate tectonics creates volcanoes and mountains that are exposed to the weather What sort of climate is „best‟ for mechanical weathering? Where plants grow (root wedging), or where it is gets both hot and cold (frost wedging and exfoliation). What sort of climate is „best‟ for chemical weathering? Warm and wet! Warm because molecules move (and react) faster when it is warm, and wet because water helps chemical reactions. NO chemical weathering here! How do mechanical and chemical weathering work together? Mechanical weathering breaks the rock into smaller pieces with more surface for the chemical weathering to attack. How can a volcano cause a mudflow? Sulfur from the volcano chemically eats at the rock and weakens it. Snow accumulates on the top of the volcano. The volcano erupts, melts the snow and the water washes away the rock. Lahar. Río Lagunillas, former location of Armero, Columbia 1985. Within four hours of the beginning of the eruption, lahars had traveled 100 km and left behind a wake of destruction: more than 23,000 people killed, about 5,000 injured, and more than 5,000 homes destroyed along the Chinchiná, Gualí, and Lagunillas rivers. Hardest hit was the town of Armero at the mouth of the Río Lagunillas canyon, which was located in the center of this photograph. Three quarters of its 28,700 inhabitants perished. Volcanic plugs are formed when lava solidifies in the pipe of an extinct volcano. Over time, the volcanic cone made up of less resistant rocks wears away, leaving behind the solidified volcanic plug. The Devil's Tower in Wyoming, USA is a great example of a volcanic plug. The Devil's Tower, Wyoming, USA.