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Potential Applications of Cyanobacteria in Industrial Effluents-A Review
Subramaniyan Vijayakumar*
Department of Botany & Microbiology, A.V.V.M Sri pushpam College (Autonomous) Poondi-613503, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract
Biodiversity and its application of cyanobacteria for the treatment of domestic and industrial effluents have
received more attention during the recent years. Cyanobacteria have the capacity to utilize nitrogenous compounds,
ammonia and phosphates; in addition, they accumulate metal ions such as Cr, Co, Cu and Zn very effectively. It
has been observed that immobilized cyanobacteria have greater potential than its counterparts, i.e., free cells.
Immobilization of cyanobacteria has been widely reported with considerable success. The present study focused
attention on the review of papers potential application of cyanobacteria for the removal of heavy metal ions, nutrients,
pesticide from the waste water of different effluents.
Keywords: Cyanobacteria; Effluent treatment; Immobilization;
Removal of nutrients
Introduction
Utilization of cyanobacteria in effluent treatment is a recent
phenomenon. The idea was proposed by [1] and initial experiments
were performed by [2]. Since 1980, momentum of using cyanobacteria
in waste water treatment has increased and since then several papers
have appeared [3-5]. It has great potential to take up external nutrients
such as ammonium, nitrate, orthophosphate and heavy metals [6].
Hence it could be a good candidate for tertiary treatment of urban,
agricultural, industrial effluents, in turn, helps in solving eutrophication
and metal toxicity problem in aquatic ecosystems.
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue green algae comprise a unique
group of organisms with worldwide distribution. These are considered
as algae because of their microscopic morphology, pigmentation and
oxygen evolving photosynthesis. They are by far the largest group of
photosynthetic prokaryotic as judged by their widespread occurrence,
frequency, abundance and morphological diversity. The recent past studies on cyanobacteria have emphasized their
important role in ecosystems. They grow at any place and in any
environment where moisture and sun light are available. However,
specific algae grow in specific environment and therefore their
distributional pattern, ecology, periodicity, qualitative and quantitative
occurrences differ widely. The abundance and composition of blue
green algal population in surface waters of ponds and lakes have been
discussed by many workers. It is said that they flourish well either in
nutrients rich warm water or at times in water with apparently low
temperature and bright light conditions [7-10].
of lentic and lotic algae. However, the algal flora of waste water system
has not been investigated much [12-18]. In composition of fresh water
system, algae in waste water are exposed to different environmental
stress and a study the way for further waste treatment programmed
using the indicator species. In the light of this, many investigators start
working on the biodiversity of algae and particularly cyanobacteria
in different industrial effluents. Such studies have been carried out
with some industrial effluents such as oil refinery, fertilizer factory
and brewery [19], distilleries [20], Dye, Paper mill, Sugar mill and
pharmaceutical [21]. In all the investigations, it has been reported that
cyanobacteria dominated over other group of algae.
Among cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria is found to be the dominant
genus followed by Phormidium, Lyngbya and some unicellular forms.
Most effluent contains low oxygen, moderate level of nutrients
and required pH for the flourished growth of cyanobacteria. Many
scientists reported of the same as the reason for the abundance of
cyanobacteria in industrial effluents. These findings show that there
are certain species of cyanobacteria which are tolerant to pollution and
resist environmental stress caused by the pollution. Such species can be
used as ‘Marker species’ or indicators of particular habitat as pointed
out by [22,23]. The indicator species otherwise represent the actual
survivors of the habitat and their abundance indicate their adaptation
to know habitat.
Role of Cyanobacteria in Wastewater Treatment
Cyanobacteria have long been recognized as having enormous
potential for use in biotechnology, especially in agriculture, and now
slowly drift is towards their use in wastewater treatment, because of the
following reasons.
The major problem in utilization of microorganisms in any
industrial or waste water treatment is harvesting of the biomass. This
is solved by the strategy of immobilization. Even since its discovery it
has been used in various application, depending on the suitability of
immobilizing materials, biomass and cross linking material.
• Cyanobacterial growth does not require energy rich compounds
like other non photo synthetic microorganisms.
Immobilization technique is essential not only in waste water
treatment but also in various industries [11]. This precludes the use
of supporting material obtained either naturally including agar,
alginate and carrageenan or synthetics such as polyacrylamide and
polyurethane. Between these two natural polymers have an advantage
over artificial polymers due to latter’s toxicity on biomass.
*Corresponding author: Subramaniyan Vijayakumar, Department of Botany
& Microbiology, A.V.V.M Sri pushpam College (Autonomous) Poondi-613503,
Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India, E-mail: [email protected]
Cyanobacteria in Industrial Effluents
There are numerous reports dealing with the floristic and ecology
J Bioremed Biodeg
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
• Cyanobacteria have simple growth requirements which use
Received April 06, 2012; Accepted May 23, 2012; Published May 25, 2012
Citation: Vijayakumar S (2012) Potential Applications of Cyanobacteria in Industrial
Effluents-A Review. J Bioremed Biodeg 3:154. doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000154
Copyright: © 2012 Vijayakumar S. This is an open-a ccess article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and
source are credited.
Volume 3 • Issue 6 • 1000154
Citation: Vijayakumar S (2012) Potential Applications of Cyanobacteria in Industrial Effluents-A Review. J Bioremed Biodeg 3:154. doi:10.4172/21556199.1000154
Page 2 of 4
water as a source of reluctant. This character gives them as edge
over other photosynthetic bacteria.
• Many cyanobacteria combine photosynthesis and nitrogen
fixation. This is another advantage over other eukaryotic
photosynthetic organisms.
• Cyanobacterial biomass production is in abundance and this
can be used as food for animals [24] an important source for
extraction of high value substances like vitamins and drug
intermediates [25] Nitrogen fixation [26] hydrogen production
[24], light energy photo conversion and amino acid production.
• They are environmental friendly and do not cause toxicity to
other biotic components.
• Separation of cyanobacterial biomass is much easier than other
microbial biomass due to their size.
Applications of Cyanobacteria
A few cyanobacterial strains were used by various authors in waste
water treatment and almost all of these under laboratory conditions
[3,27-29]. A few studies do indicate cyanobacterial strains having
potential in treating effluents from primary settled swine [30], Paper
mill, sewage [31,32], Phenolic compounds [33], Dairy [34] Dye, [23]
and Sago Industires [35]. However none of the cyanobacterial strains
have been commercially exploited.
Immobilized Cyanobacteria
The application of cyanobacterial cultures for specific and use in
effluent treatment has been reported. The use of free cells is rather rare
in comparison to immobilized cells, since immobilization of cells offers
various advantages and the process is cost effective. Several researchers
have focused their attention on immobilized cyanobacteria for treating
industrial effluents.
Several methods of immobilization of cyanobacteria have been
reported in literature. Though, majority of the works pertain to
entrapment of cells in natural polymers [3,11,36] or synthetic polymers
[37,38] a few reports are available on cross linking with various
compounds. The viability of the cells is affected by the cross-linking
agents, though the structural stability is enhanced in comparison to
entrapment in natural polymers.
During immobilization and after immobilization of biomass, the
cross-linking material used for immobilization is found to the change
the equation of waste water treatment [39], Stability and mechanical
properties of immobilizing system [40] several cross-linking materials
are reported in the literature, they include; aldehydes, polysaccharides,
sulphones, vinylketones and epoxy [11].
Removal of Nutrients
Many studies have demonstrated the success of using the algal
cultures to remove nutrients from waste water rich in nitrogenous
and phosphorous compounds [41-44] and hence they have been used
extensively in stabilization ponds and in tertiary treatment of sewage
for the removal of pollutants from the waste water.
Suspended cultivation of microalgae is one of the biological
processes for the removal of nitrogenous compounds from waste
waters. Several species of microalgae particularly cyanobacteria such as
Oscillatoria [22,23,32,34,45-47] Phormidium [48-50] Aphanocapsa [34]
and Westiellopsis [22] have been successfully used for the treatment
J Bioremed Biodeg
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
of effluents from various industries. These studies concluded that
cyanobacteria efficiently take-up nitrogenous compounds, Phosphorus
from the effluents and thereby reducing the pollution load.
Though suspended cultivation of microalgae is one of the biological
processes for the removal of nutrients from the waste waters, some
difficulties limit the practical application of suspended microalgae
which include (i) monospecifiates and good operation conditions are
hard to be maintained and (ii) microalgae are difficult to be separated
from the effluent before discharge and hence, only few process such
as stabilization pond [51] and high rate algal pond [16] have been
developed. Recently, the use of immobilization to entrap microalgae
for removal of nutrients from waste waters shows potential to solve the
above problems [3,22,28,52-54]. Several matrices such as agarose [55],
Carageenen [53], chitson [3], alginate [9,54] and polyurethane foam
[9,37,22] have been used for the immobilization of microalgae process
involving immobilized cells have been attempted in the treatment of
effluents containing materials such as phenols [56], paper mill sludge
[57], distillery waters [20], rubber press wastes [58], olive oil mill wastes
[59], diary waste waters [52] and dye effluent including colour removal
[22,23]. From the above studies it is concluded that immobilized
microalgae are more efficient in removing various nutrients from waste
water than suspended cultivation.
Removal of Metal
Increased use of metals and chemicals in various industries like
mining, mineral processing and extra-metallurgical operations is
alarming which results in the production of large quantities of aqueous
effluents which contain high levels of metals. Such effluents pose
environmental disposal problem. Removal of such toxic metals from
effluents to the environmentally acceptable limits using cost-effective
and environmental friendly manner assumes a great significance.
Cyanobacteria posses high metal absorption capacity and very high
multiplication rate. Such characters have encouraged the application of
this microbial biomass in detoxification of effluents [60] and have an
edge over conventional waste water treatment facilities [61]. Moreover,
cyanoabacteria being photosynthetic in nature provide a favorable
condition for removal of heavy metals from the environment because
their interior pH is almost two units higher than surrounding liquid
[62], and hence it provides resistance to mass transfer of products out
of the biofilm [63].
Generally, immobilized cyanobacteria have more potential in
metal removal than their free living counterpart [64,57] Immobilized
Anabaena doliolum showed an increased uptake of Cu and Fe, i.e., in
the order of 45 and 23 per cent higher than that of free living cells [29].
While [36] working with immobilized A. doliolum showed that Cr
and Ni removal by free living cells were 15 to 20 per cent and 10 to 30
percent less compared with that of immobilized cells.
The mechanism of metal removal by microbes is generally active
process and occurs in two phases: (i) A rapid binding of caution to
the negatively charged groups of cell walls and (ii) Followed by a
subsequent metabolism dependent intracellular uptake [65-67]. Higher
uptake of metals by immobilized cells over free living cells is ascribed to
enhanced photosynthetic energy productivity of immobilized cells [68].
However, higher metal uptake due to increased cell wall permeability
in immobilized cells is not ruled out [69].
Different metal uptake studies with marine algal biomass indicated
that the absorption of heavy metals by biomass depends on the size of
the particle and such uptake is within one order of magnitude. Lead
Volume 3 • Issue 6 • 1000154
Citation: Vijayakumar S (2012) Potential Applications of Cyanobacteria in Industrial Effluents-A Review. J Bioremed Biodeg 3:154. doi:10.4172/21556199.1000154
Page 3 of 4
is found to be the best sorbed metal followed by others in decreasing
order and it is established that keeping the metal ion concentration
constant (200mg/l the adsorption capacity of glutaraldehyde crosslinked Sargassum fluitans is pb > Cd > Cu > Ni > Zn [39]. However,
the adsorption capacity of biomass changes with the change in metal
ion concentration and it is found that at low concentration the removal
efficiency is more [70].
Removal of Pesticides
The bioaccumulation and biomagnifications of residual insecticides
in phytoplankton’s which constitute the primary producers in the
food chain are biologically and toxicologically significant. It is well
established that algal biomass have larger surface are attracting
biophilic pesticide molecules thus helping in predicting the impact of
pollution in aquatic system attention on the usage of algae, particularly
Cyanobacteria for removal of toxicants from waste water treatment
and as bioassay organisms for testing the toxicity of chemicals has
been drawn in recent years. Depending on the type, biological property
and concentration of pesticides and the algal strains, their effect could
be inhibitory, selective or even stimulator. It has been observed that
cyanobacterial forms used in biofertilizers are capable of tolerating
pesticides levels recommended for fields applications. Insecticides are
generally less toxic to BGA than their pesticides.
Cyanobacteria have been reported to accumulate very high
concentration of insecticides. Synechococcus elongates, Anacystics
nidulans and Microcystes aeruginosa have been able to degrade many
organophosphorus and organochlnine insecticides from the aquatic
system. Thus it seems that cyanobacteria can be mass cultured in waste
water lagoon to degrade organic matter, removal of pollution load
and to meet the requirement on nitrogenous fertilizers with minimal
investment compared to the conventional waste water treatment plant.
The recent interest in algae and more specifically cyanobacterial
biomass production using waste water has necessitated a though
understanding of the influence of these waters on the physiology and
biochemistry of these organisms. Now serious attempt has yet been
made in this direction. Only a few have investigated [52,31,32,47,22]
the effect of effluents on the physiology and biochemistry of the
cyanobacterial systems. To develop suitable and efficient treatment
system, it is obligatory to understand the mutual influence and
interactions between the effluents and the organisms, so that
manipulations to improve the treatment system become feasible and
hence the future scenario must to select suitable strains of cyanobacteria
which would be minimally influenced by the adverse conditions in the
effluent, but would help removing pollutants maximally [71-75].
Conclusion
The application of cyanobacterial cultures for the treatment of
industrial effluents has been well recognized. Hence, these studies
though indicate the potential of cyanobacteria and are not reliable
unless large-scale field trails are done. More research is desired to
prepare reusable immobilized particles containing cyanobacteria.
Efforts should be made to look for cheap systems and materials. The
engineering studies using cyanobacteria are needed. It is essential to
undertake large-scale engineering studies using free or immobilized
cells for the treatment of effluents. Parallel studies on physiology and
biochemical aspects of cyanobacterial culturing novel methods of
immobilization including co-immobilization of various species are
required to be done for symbiotic interaction among them which will
result in synergetic enhancement of removal capabilities.
J Bioremed Biodeg
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to the management of A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam college
(Autonomous), poondi, for providing them necessary facilities and support to carry
out this work.
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