Download Cell respiration/ photosynthesis

Cell respiration/ photosynthesis
General Overview:
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
● The equation of cellular respiration:
○ C​6​H​12​O​6 +
​ 6C​2​ → 6CO​2​ + 6H​2​O + Energy (686 kcal/mol of glucose)
● The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate:
○ During Glycolysis 2 ATP molecules are consumed, these help make
glucose easier to break by making it more reactive. Later in glycolysis, 4
ATP molecules are formed along with 2 NADH molecules. The products
of glycolysis are 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 water molecules, a net gain of 2
ATP molecules, and 2 NADH molecules that will be used during the
electron transport chain.
● The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into mitochondria and
introduces it into the citric acid cycle:
○ After glycolysis, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA. The steps that change
pyruvate to acetyl CoA are as followed. First a transport protein moves
pyruvate from the cytosol into the matrix of the mitochondria. Then in the
matrix, an enzyme complex removes CO2, strips away electrons to
convert NAD+ to NADH, and adds coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Two
acetyl CoA molecules are produced per glucose. The two acetyl CoA
molecules then enter the citric acid cycle.
● How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH​2
to produce ATP:
○ The citric acid cycle, which occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, is where
the process of breaking down glucose is completed with CO2 as a by
product. The 2 acetyl CoA are used in the citric acid cycle to make the the
two turns that are necessary to completely oxidize glucose. The energy
used during the citric acid cycle comes from electrons in the NADH and
FADH2. The energy is released in the electron transport chain.
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
● The equation of photosynthesis including the source and fate of the reactants
and products
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6CO2 + 6H2O + Light energy----> C6H12O6 + 6O2, The source of the
reactants and the products of photosynthesis comes from the sun/
sunlight. Their products will result from carbon dioxide
How leaf and chloroplast anatomy relates to photosynthesis:
○ These two relate to photosynthesis because the chloroplast lays at the
top of the leaf. This allows the molecules to receive sun exposure to
transfer to the chloroplast to let photosynthesis to begin
How photosynthesis convert solar energy to chemical energy:
○ Solar energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of two
energy-transporting molecules, ATP and NADPH. When solar energy
reaches plant cells and excites special chlorophyll molecules, they
release a high-energy electron.
How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the formation of ATP,
NADPH, and O2:
○ The electron being sent down the electron transport chain will make an
electron angle. This electron slope goes through catalysts which make
ATP. The inclination additionally adds NADP+ to shape NADPH for use in
the Calvin Cycle. O2 is removed as a waste item.
How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions:
○
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c​ hlorophyll loses an electron when excited by light. This electron
moves down an electron transport chain ending in a NADP, turning
it into a NADPH. The transport gradient powers the synthesis of
ATP from ATP synthase.
How the Calvin cycle uses the energy molecules of the light reaction to produce
G3P:
○ ​In the first phase, CO2 is incorporated into RuBP. This turns into a
six-carbon intermediate which immediately splits in half to form two
molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate. In phase 2, ATP and NADPH
from the light reactions are used to convert 3-phosphoglycerate to
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, the three-carbon carbohydrate
precursor to glucose and other sugars. In phase 3, more ATP is
used to convert some of the of the pool of glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate back to RuBP, the acceptor for CO2, thereby
completing the cycle.
`4 Big Ideas:
Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life
- We wouldn't have mitochondria or chloroplasts without evolution resulting in
endosymbiosis. Endosymbiosis is a term for when one organism lives inside another one,
and it is a mutually beneficial relationship.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to
reproduce and to maintain dynamic homeostasis
- The utilization of free energy is the idea of how both plants and animals produce ATP or
energy. This can be done by the use of cellular respiration, where the ADP would be
converted into ATP. The animals would do this by intaking O2 or breathing.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit and respond to information essential to life
processes
- Biological systems are organs that make up some kind of function such as the heart, blood, and
blood vessels make up the circulatory system. These systems interact though such as all the
systems (Digestive, Endocrine, Lymphatic) need oxygen carried by the circulatory system from the
lungs to the organs making up that system. This gets very complex as multiple systems are required
for the functioning of most organs and some organs are part of multiple systems.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex
properties.
- Without the products of photosynthesis, cellular respiration could not occur. With all
organelles and molecules working together this allows ATP to be used and everything to
work properly in the body. In cellular respiration,cells use oxygen to break the sugar
molecule. This would release their energy to be transferred to ATP. Most organisms are
made up of protein and with certain temperatures and pH levels they must all be able to
work efficiently. In order for life to survive in this world everything must cooperate, and
this is what allows biological systems either in cells, organs, species, molecules to
survive.
Youtube Clip:
http://www.tubechop.com/watch/8753497
Labs:
Cellular Respiration (Peas)●
In this experiment, we worked with seeds that are living but dormant. When the necessary
conditions are met, germination occurs, and the rate of cellular respiration greatly increases. In this
experiment we measured oxygen consumption during germination. We measured the change in gas
volume in respirometers containing either germinating or non germinating pea seeds. In addition, we
measured the rate of respiration of these peas at two different temperatures.
Floating Leaf Disk Photosynthesis●
In this lab we infiltrated the air space, made by puncturing the leaf disks, with a solution increasing
the overall density of the leaf disk which causes the leaf disk to sink. The infiltration solution is a
small amount of sodium bicarbonate, which acts as the carbon source for photosynthesis. As
photosynthesis proceeds, oxygen is released into the interior of the leaf which changes its buoyancy
causing the disks to rise. Since cellular respiration is taking place at the same time within the leaf,
consuming the oxygen generated by photosynthesis, the rate that the disks rise is an indirect
measurement of the net rate of photosynthesis. In this lab, we determined the net rate of
photosynthesis for several plants under various lighting conditions.
Pictures and Graphics: (Mastering, Campbell)
http://biology.nicerweb.com/med/Photorespiration.gif
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CellRespiration.svg/2000px-CellRe
spiration.svg.png
Mastering Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
`
Citations:
Citation for video: ​Http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE_WiQFez8FZcICpbwblyyg. "Cellular
Respiration-Science Animated Video." ​YouTube. YouTube, 22 Aug. 2016. Web. 05 Jan. 2017.
Holtzclaw, Fred W., Theresa Knapp. Holtzclaw, and Neil A. Campbell. ​AP Biology: To
Accompany Pearson's Campbell Biology Programs. San Francisco, CA: Pearson, 2013. Print.