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Page 1 of 4 Name: ____________________________________________ Date: ________________ Period: _______ Chapter 1 Guided Notes Answer Key Looking at the Earth - Geography involves the study of places: their locations, their characteristics, and how humans use and move around them. Section 1: The Five Themes of Geography - Geographers view the world in terms of the use of space. - Geographers study the world by looking at location, place, region, movement, and humanenvironment interaction. Geographers and Historians - Historians look at events over time Geographers look at: - Use of space on Earth - Interactions that take place there - Patterns and connections between people and land Geography is the study of the distribution and interaction of: - Physical features on Earth - Human features on Earth Methods of Geography Geographers use a variety of tools: - Maps - Photographs - Charts, graphs, tables - scale models - Five themes of geography Theme: Location Where is it? - Absolute location—exact place where a geographic feature is found - Relative location—location of a place compared to places around it Absolute Location - Earth is divided into two equal halves, vertically and horizontally - Each vertical and horizontal half is called a hemisphere - An imaginary line, the Equator, divides north and south halves - Another imaginary line, the Prime Meridian, divides east and west - Axis: A line about which a rotating body turns. - Grid System: Longitude and latitude lines. Latitude Lines - Geographers use latitude lines to locate places north and south - Latitude—imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator Page 2 of 4 Longitude Lines - Geographers use longitude lines to mark positions east and west - Longitude—imaginary lines that go over the poles - Where latitude and longitude lines cross is the absolute location Relative Location - How a place is related to its surrounding environment Theme: Place - What is it Like? - Place includes physical features and cultural characteristics: - physical features include climate, landforms, vegetation - cultural characteristics include dams, highways, houses Theme: Region - How are Places Similar or Different? - A region is an area united by similar characteristics - Unifying characteristics—physical, political, economic, cultural - Three types of regions: formal functional perceptual Formal Regions - Defined by a limited number of related characteristics - Formal regions of the world: The United States and Canada Latin America Europe Russia and the Republics Africa Southwest Asia South Asia East Asia Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Antarctica Functional Regions - Organized around interactions and connections between places - Example: a city and its suburbs are connected through human movement Perceptual Regions - Region with characteristics people perceive in much the same way - Example: the American Midwest - Sometimes perceptions differ: Does Midwest begin in Ohio or Illinois? Page 3 of 4 Theme: Human-Environment Interaction - How Do People Relate to the Physical World? - A relationship exists between people and their environment - People use and change the environment to meet their needs - People adapt to environmental conditions they cannot change - Often, people in similar environments adapt in different ways Theme: Movement - How Do People, Goods, and Ideas Get from One Place to Another? • Geographers use three types of distance to analyze movement: - linear distance: how far a person, product, or idea travels - time distance: how long it takes for person, product, idea to travel - psychological distance: Refers to the way people perceive distance Example: unfamiliar places may seem farther away than familiar ones - Section 2: The Geographer’s Tools Geographers use two- and three-dimensional tools to learn about the earth. Geographers use computer-assisted technology to study the use of the earth’s surface. Maps and Globes - Visualizing Earth - Oldest known map: Babylonian clay tablet, circa 500 B.C. - Maps show locations of places, landforms, bodies of water Two or Three Dimensions - Globe—a three-dimensional representation (a sphere) of Earth - Map—a two-dimensional graphic representation of Earth’s surface - Cartographer (mapmaker) tries to accurately reflect earth’s surface - Map projection—way of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat map Types of Maps - Three types of maps: general reference, thematic, navigational - A topographic map is one kind of general reference map - Topographic map—shows natural and man-made features of earth - Thematic map—shows specific data such as climate, population density - A navigation map is used by sailors, pilots Cardinal Directions are the most common form of direction. (North, South, East, West) - Political Maps are designed to show boundaries of countries, cities, and states. - Physical Maps are designed to show physical features of the world. (Mountains, Plateaus, etc…) Page 4 of 4 Surveying - Surveyors observe, measure, record what they see in a specific area - Remote sensing, gathering geographic data from a distance, includes: - Aerial photography - Satellite imaging Satellites - Best known satellites are Landsat and GOES - Landsat is a series of satellites; can scan the entire planet in 16 days - Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES): - Orbits in sync with Earth’s rotation - gathers images of atmospheric conditions Geographic Information Systems - Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a digital geographic database - Combines and displays information from many sources Global Positioning System (GPS) - Uses series of 24 Navstar satellites to beam information to Earth - Hand-held GPS receivers on Earth display exact position - GPS used by explorers, sailors, drivers; also used to track animals