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iCoupler Digital Isolation Products
®
Table of Contents
Introduction to Analog Devices’ iCoupler Isolation Products
Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3
In a wide variety of systems, designers are faced with the challenge of
signaling data between two points while preventing the flow of electrical
current. This is typically needed for safety or grounding considerations.
The solution to this problem is to employ a galvanic isolation device.
Such a device allows signals to travel between the two points but
prevents the flow of electrical current.
Quality and Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5
iCoupler Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Product Selection Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ADuM1100 Single-Channel Isolators . . . . 8
ADuM120x Dual-Channel Isolators. . . . . . 9
ADuM130x/ADuM140x
Triple-/Quad-Channel Isolators . . . . . . 10
ADuM240x 5 kV
Quad-Channel Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Common isolation solutions use either optocoupler, transformer, or
capacitor techniques. None of these approaches has kept up with the
relentless drive to improve the cost, size, power, performance, and
reliability characteristics of electrical systems. As a result, the isolation
function has become a limiting factor in many designs regarding these
characteristics.
Analog Devices’ iCoupler technology eliminates this bottleneck. Using chip
scale transformer technology, iCoupler products bring the isolation function
into the fold with other semiconductor functions with improvements in all
these areas. As a result, designers can implement isolation in their designs
without the cost, size, power, performance, and reliability constraints found
with traditional isolation solutions.
POINT A
ISOLATOR
POINT B
INFORMATION FLOW
PROTECT HUMANS/EQUIPMENT
NO CURRENT FLOW
ISOLATION
BARRIER
ELIMINATE GROUNDING PROBLEMS
IMPROVE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
2
iCoupler Benefits
iCoupler products eliminate limitations imposed by the most common isolation solution—optocouplers.
They do so by bringing dramatic improvements in five areas—integration (reduced size and cost),
performance, power consumption, ease of use, and reliability.
Integration (Reduced Size and Cost)
iCoupler products are manufactured using wafer-processing techniques. As a result, multiple isolation
channels can be efficiently integrated with each other and with other semiconductor functions. The
example shown below compares the size and cost characteristics of a typical multichannel isolation
solution using optocoupler and iCoupler technologies. As illustrated, the integration benefit of iCoupler
technology enables a 40% to 60% reduction in size and cost.
R1
C2
D1
C1
R2
C2
DUAL
OPTO
D2
R6
ADuM1401
OPTO
25 mm
10 mm
R5
D4
R3
R7
C1
OPTO
16 mm
R4
C3
R8
D3
17 mm
Performance
iCoupler products employ high speed CMOS and chip scale transformers. This is in contrast to the LEDs
and photodiodes used in optocouplers. As a result, much higher performance levels can be achieved.
As seen below, iCouplers provide a two to four times improvement in data rate and timing specifications
relative to commonly used high speed optocouplers.
Parameter
Optocoupler #1
Optocoupler #2
ADuM1100BR iCoupler
12.5 Mbps
25 Mbps
100 Mbps
Propagation Delay
40 ns
40 ns
18 ns
Part-to-Part Match
20 ns
20 ns
8 ns
Pulse Width Distortion
8 ns
6 ns
2 ns
Maximum Data Rate
www.analog.com/icoupler
3
Power Consumption
Since iCoupler products do not contain inefficient
LEDs and photodiodes, they operate at power
levels as low as 2% that of optocouplers. This,
in turn, reduces heat dissipation, improves reliability, and often reduces cost. The figure at right
compares the power consumption of a variety of
optocouplers with that of iCouplers operating at
various data rates.
POWER CONSUMPTION (mW)
1000
OPTOCOUPLERS
100
HCPL-0723
HCPL-0710
HCPL-060x
HCPL-0700
HCPL-050x
HCPL-020x
10
iCOUPLERS
1
0.1
1
10
DATA RATE (Mbps)
Ease of Use
All iCoupler products have standard digital CMOS input and output interfaces. As a result, no external
components are required to connect iCouplers with other digital devices. Furthermore, the performance
of iCoupler products is extremely stable over temperature, supply voltage, and lifetime. No derating
is necessary. iCouplers can therefore be quickly incorporated into any design without the complexity
associated with optocouplers.
Parameter
Optocouplers
iCouplers
Analog
Digital
Current Transfer Ratio
Large Variations
Not Applicable
Maximum Operating Temperature
+85°C (Usually)
+100°C to +125°C
Propagation Delay vs. Temperature
0.1 ns/°C to 1 ns/°C
0.02 ns/°C
–
2.7 V to 5.5 V
Unspecified to 10 kV/s
25 kV/s
Interfaces
Voltage Translation
Common-Mode Transient Immunity
Reliability
Components containing LEDs (such as optocouplers) are often among those having the highest failure
rates in electrical systems. However, by eliminating LEDs and substituting CMOS technology, iCouplers
achieve the same reliability characteristics as other CMOS components.
Parameter
Optocouplers
iCouplers
iCoupler Advantage
• No LED Wearout
Active Devices
LEDs, Photodiodes
0.6 Micron CMOS
• Low Temperature Acceleration
• FIT Rate <10
Insulation
Discrete, Inserted at
Assembly
Polyimide, Wafer-Level
Processed
Thermal Dissipation
50 mW to 200 mW
per Channel
1 mW to 10 mW per Channel
(Data Rates < 10 Mbps)
Semiconductor Clean-Room
Control and Consistency
• Increased Lifetime
• Negligible Heating of Adjacent
Components
www.analog.com/icoupler
100
4
Quality and Reliability
iCoupler products have been evaluated to high levels of reliability regarding parametric performance as well as insulation integrity.
In addition, all iCouplers carry the same regulatory safety approvals as those commonly found with high quality optocouplers.
Quality
iCoupler wafers are fabricated using standard CMOS processes combined with a post-passivation process involving a
tightly-controlled layer of insulating polyimide. All fabrication processes are subjected to rigorous in-line monitoring and
quality control. Furthermore, fabrication, assembly, and product-level qualifications are performed over multiple lots to
ensure manufacturing stability and quality.
At final test, each iCoupler unit is subjected to both parametric as well as high voltage testing. High voltage testing is
performed at a voltage 20% above the product’s isolation rating and checks for current leakage and partial discharge.
The presence of either is indicative of a component with either an existing or imminent deficiency.
LIST OF QUALIFICATIONS
CORPORATE STANDARD
QUALIFICATIONS
FABRICATION
QUALIFICATION
SUPPLEMENTAL
QUALIFICATIONS
CUSTOMER
FEEDBACK
PASSED
PRODUCTION
QUALITY CONTROL
ASSEMBLY
QUALIFICATION
APPLICATION
SPECIFIC
QUALIFICATION
PASSED
•
•
•
•
•
TIME-DEPENDENT DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN
ELECTROMIGRATION
HOT CARRIER INJECTION
THERMAL SHOCK SEQUENCE
TEMPERATURE CYCLING SEQUENCE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
BOND STRENGTH
BURN-IN SEQUENCE
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
HERMETICITY
HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE
INTERNAL WATER VAPOR TEST
LEAD FATIGUE
LID TORQUE
MARKING PERMANENCY
MECHANICAL SHOCK
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ELECTRICAL ENDURANCE—HTOL AND LTOL
EARLY LIFE FAILURE CHARACTERIZATION
HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE
MOISTURE ENDURANCE TEST
DIE SHEAR TEST
MOISTURE SENSITIVITY
CHARACTERIZATION
MOISTURE SENSITIVITY CHARACTERIZATION
MOISTURE ENDURANCE SEQUENCE AND AUTOCLAVE
RESISTANCE TO SOLDERING HEAT
SOLDERABILITY
THERMAL IMPEDANCE
• VIBRATION, VARIABLE FREQUENCY
• X-RAY INSPECTION
• FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY QUALIFICATION
• ELECTRICAL STATIC DISCHARGE (ESD)
• LATCH UP
END-PRODUCT
QUALIFICATION
Regulatory Approvals
The iCoupler products contained in this brochure have been approved by UL, CSA, and
VDE. The table below summarizes the compliance of these products for each agency
relative to the relevant standard, voltage level, and insulation type. An important note is
that despite successful testing to reinforced insulation requirements, VDE’s certification
has been withheld until a new magnetic isolator safety standard is approved (estimated
for mid-2005). Once this new standard (IEC 60747-5-5) is approved, iCoupler products
as shown below will receive VDE reinforced insulation certification.
Agency
UL
CSA
VDE
■
Standard
UL 1577
(Optical Isolators)
Acceptance Notice 5A
IEC 60601-1
(Medical Equipment)
DIN EN 60747-5-2
IEC 60747-5-5
(Magnetic Isolators)
Approval
ADuM1100
ADuM120x
2.5 kV rms Isolation Rating (Basic)
2.5 kV rms Isolation Rating (Reinforced)
5.0 kV rms Isolation Rating (Reinforced)
400 V rms Working Voltage (Basic)
400 V rms Working Voltage (Reinforced)
250 V rms Working Voltage (Reinforced)
✓
✓
400 V rms Working Voltage (Basic)
400 V rms Working Voltage (Reinforced)
500 V rms Working Voltage (Basic)
✓
ADuM130x
ADuM140x
✓
✓
ADuM240x
■
✓
✓
✓
✓
■
■
✓
= Pending as of March 2004.
www.analog.com/icoupler
✓
✓
■
■
■
■
5
Reliability
Analog Devices’ reliability evaluations address both the parametric performance as well as the insulation integrity of
iCoupler products. Shown below are the reliability evaluations that iCoupler products have undergone.
In addition, the lifetime of the iCoupler insulation system has been evaluated using voltage acceleration tests. Based on
this data, iCoupler products have 10 ppm lifetimes exceeding 60 years when subjected continuously to their maximum
rated working voltage.
Test
Conditions
Duration
Quantity Rejects
168 Hours
0
Autoclave*
121°C, 100% RH, 2 Atm
High Temperature Operation Life
150°C < TJ < 175°C, Biased
2,000 Hours
0
High Temperature Storage
150°C
2,000 Hours
0
Highly Accelerated Stress Test*
130°C, 85% RH, 2 Atm, Biased
672 Hours
0
Low Temperature Operation Life
–40°C, Biased
1,000 Hours
0
Temperature Cycle*
–65°C/+150°C
500 Cycles
0
Thermal Shock*
–65°C/+150°C
500 Cycles
0
ESD, Pin-to-Pin
3 kV (Human Body Model)
–
0
ESD, Across Isolation Barrier
13 kV (IEC 61000-4-2)
–
0
* Noted samples were subjected to preconditioning (per J-STD-020B Level 1) prior to the start of the stress test.
Level 1 preconditioning consists of the following:
•
Bake: 24 hrs @ 125°C
•
Unbiased Soak: 168 hrs @ 85°C, 85% RH
•
Reflow: 3 passes through a convection/IR oven with a 2°C/sec maximum ramp rate and
a peak temperature of 255 –0/+5°C for a minimum of 10 seconds
Magnetic Immunity
iCoupler products are extremely immune to external magnetic fields. This is due to the small size of iCoupler transformers
(approximately 0.5 mm in diameter). The chart below shows how large a neighboring current must be to induce a magnetic
field that could disrupt iCoupler performance. The required current is a function of both frequency and current-to-iCoupler
transformer spacing. For example, if a current flowing 5 mm away from an iCoupler transformer is oscillating at 1 MHz,
it would have to have a magnitude of 500 A to cause an iCoupler disruption!
MAX ALLOWABLE CURRENT (kA)
1000
DIST. = 1 M
100
DIST. =
100 MM
10
DIST. = 5 MM
1
0.1
0.01
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
MAGNETIC FIELD FREQUENCY (Hz)
www.analog.com/icoupler
100M
6
iCoupler Technology
iCoupler isolation technology is based on chip scale transformers
rather than the LEDs and photodiodes used in optocouplers. By
fabricating the transformers directly on-chip using wafer-level
processing, iCoupler channels can be integrated with each other and
other semiconductor functions at low cost. iCoupler transformers are
planar structures that use the CMOS metal layers as well as a gold
layer fabricated on top of the wafer passivation. A high breakdown
polyimide layer underneath the gold layer insulates the top transformer coil from the bottom. CMOS circuits connected to the top coil
and the bottom coil provide the interface between each transformer
and its external signals.
Input logic transitions are encoded using 1 ns pulses routed to the
primary side of a given transformer. These pulses couple from one
transformer coil to another and are detected by the circuitry on the
secondary side of the transformer. This circuitry then recreates the
input digital signal at the output. In addition, a refresh circuit is
included at the input side to ensure that the output state matches
the input state even if no input transitions are present. This is
important in power-up situations as well as input waveforms with
low data rates or long durations with constant dc inputs.
Since the purpose of iCoupler products is to isolate an input from
an output, the circuitry on one side of the transformers must be
contained on a separate chip from the circuitry on the second side
of the transformers. The transformers themselves can be placed
on either chip or on a third chip as shown in the ADuM140x
configuration below. The entire chipset is assembled within a
standard plastic package similar to that used for a wide variety of
semiconductor devices.
A novel feature of iCoupler devices is their ability to combine both
transmit and receive channels in the same package. Since the
iCoupler transformers are inherently bidirectional, signals can pass
in either direction, provided the appropriate circuitry is present on
either side of the transformers. In this manner, multichannel isolators
are offered with a variety of transmit/receive channel configurations.
AT EACH INPUT EDGE, DRIVER
CIRCUIT TRANSMITS SINGLE
OR DOUBLE PULSES (1 ns) TO
TRANSFORMER
PULSES COUPLE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
COIL THROUGH POLYIMIDE INSULATION
RISING FALLING
EDGE EDGE
INPUT DIGITAL SIGNAL
WITH FALLING AND RISING EDGES
CMOS TOP METAL
ADuM140x Quad Isolator Construction
www.analog.com/icoupler
RECEIVER CIRCUIT
RECREATES DIGITAL
INPUT BASED ON
RECEIVED PULSES
7
Product Selection Table
iCoupler products cover a wide range of performance levels and channel configurations. In addition, selected products
offer increased isolation ratings and/or operating temperatures. The table below provides an overview of current offerings.
Check www.analog.com/icoupler for the latest information about iCoupler products. Check with your local salesperson or
distributor for the latest pricing information.
Max
Data Rate
(Mbps)
Number of
Channels
2
Low Cost
Models
1
3
4
2
Midrange
Models
10
3
4
25
100
25
High
Performance
Models
1
2
3
90
4
High Temp
Model
100
1
Channel
Config1
Isolation Rating2
2.5 kV rms
5.0 kV rms
Max
Operating
Temp (˚C)
8-Lead,
16-Lead,
Narrow-Body Wide-Body
SOIC
SOIC
Price3
2.5 kV/5.0 kV
1k qty
2/0
ADuM1200AR
•
$1.27
1/1
ADuM1201AR
•
$1.27
3/0
ADuM1300ARW
•
$1.73
2/1
ADuM1301ARW
•
$1.73
4/0
ADuM1400ARW
ADuM2400ARW
•
$2.30/$3.16
3/1
ADuM1401ARW
ADuM2401ARW
•
$2.30/$3.16
2/2
ADuM1402ARW
ADuM2402ARW
•
$2.30/$3.16
2/0
ADuM1200BR
•
$1.85
1/1
ADuM1201BR
•
$1.85
3/0
ADuM1300BRW
•
$2.61
2/1
ADuM1301BRW
•
$2.61
4/0
ADuM1400BRW
ADuM2400BRW
•
$3.48/$4.60
3/1
ADuM1401BRW
ADuM2401BRW
•
$3.48/$4.60
2/2
ADuM1402BRW
ADuM2402BRW
•
$3.48/$4.60
1/0
ADuM1100AR
•
$1.87
1/0
ADuM1100BR
•
$2.09
2/0
ADuM1200CR
•
$2.59
1/1
ADuM1201CR
•
$2.59
3/0
ADuM1300CRW
•
$4.13
2/1
ADuM1301CRW
•
$4.13
4/0
ADuM1400CRW
ADuM2400CRW
•
$4.63/$5.95
3/1
ADuM1401CRW
ADuM2401CRW
•
$4.63/$5.95
2/2
ADuM1402CRW
ADuM2402CRW
•
$4.63/$5.95
1/0
ADuM1100UR
+105
+125
1Refers to the number of forward and reverse channels. For example, “3/1” denotes three forward channels and one reverse channel.
2Refers to the UL 1577 isolation rating.
3Feb. 2005 pricing.
Note:
All 2.5 kV products are available in both standard and lead-free configurations. The model numbers of lead-free versions are obtained by adding a “Z” to the end of the model
numbers above. 5.0 kV products are available in lead-free configurations only. The lead-free models may be used with standard solder reflow profiles if lead-based solder is used.
www.analog.com/icoupler
•
$2.88
8
ADuM1100 Single-Channel Isolators
Features
• High data rate: dc to 100 Mbps (NRZ)
• Low propagation delay: 18 ns max
• Small pulse width distortion: 2 ns max
• Low power operation
• 1 mA per channel max at dc to 2 Mbps
The ADuM1100 product family consists of Analog Devices’ highest performance
iCoupler products. Configured as pin-compatible replacements for common high speed
optocouplers (data rates >10 Mbps), the ADuM1100 offers an easy way to increase
performance, reduce power consumption, and reduce cost in high speed designs.
The ADuM1100 operates from 3.0 V to 5.5 V and supports data rates as high as
25 Mbps (AR grade) or 100 Mbps (BR and UR grades), respectively. The ADuM1100UR
model extends the maximum operating temperature from 105°C to 125°C.
• 4.5 mA per channel at 25 Mbps
• 17 mA per channel at 100 Mbps
• High temperature operation
• +105°C for AR/BR grades
• +125°C for UR grade
• 3 V/5 V level translation
• 8-lead, narrow-body SOIC package
• Safety approvals:
• UL 1577: isolation rating = 2.5 kV rms
• VDE (EN60747-5-2): VIORM = 560 VPK
• CSA Component Acceptance Notice 5A
VDD1
VI
(DATA IN)
VDD2
D
E
C
O
D
E
E
N
C
O
D
E
VO
(DATA OUT)
VDD1
UPDATE
GND1
GND2
WATCHDOG
ADuM1100
www.analog.com/ADuM1100
GND2
9
ADuM120x Dual-Channel Isolators
Features
The ADuM120x product family consists of Analog Devices’ highest-density iCoupler
products. By combining two independent isolation channels into an 8-lead, narrowbody SOIC package, the ADuM1200 and ADuM1201 offer per-channel footprints
of only 15 square millimeters. Furthermore, unlike any optocoupler offering, the
ADuM1200/ADuM1201 family supports both unidirectional and bidirectional data flow.
• 8-lead, narrow-body SOIC package
• Unidirectional and bidirectional
communication
• Low power operation:
• 1.1 mA per channel max at dc to 2 Mbps
• 3.7 mA per channel at 10 Mbps
• 8 mA per channel at 25 Mbps
• 3 V/5 V level translation
The ADuM1200/ADuM1201 family is offered at three performance/price points. The
AR grade supports data rates up to 1 Mbps; the BR grade supports data rates up to
10 Mbps; and the CR grade supports data rates up to 25 Mbps. All of these models
operate from 2.7 V to 5.5 V over a temperature range of –40°C to +105°C. These
products are ideal solutions for multichannel applications in which space
is at a premium.
• High temperature operation: +105°C
• Safety approvals:
• UL 1577: isolation rating = 2.5 kV rms
• VDE (EN60747-5-2): VIORM = 560 VPK
• CSA Component Acceptance Notice 5A
ADuM1200
www.analog.com/ADuM1200
ADuM1201
10
ADuM130x/ADuM140x Triple- and Quad-Channel Isolators
Features
• High data rate: dc to 90 Mbps (NRZ)
• Unidirectional and bidirectional channel
configurations
• Low power operation
• 1.0 mA per channel max at dc to 2 Mbps
• 3.5 mA per channel at 10 Mbps
• 31 mA per channel at 90 Mbps
The ADuM130x/ADuM140x product family eliminates the need for multiple optocouplers
and their accompanying external discrete components. These triple- and quad-channel
isolators are offered in five different channel configurations, each with three performance
grades to provide a tailored solution for a wide variety of applications.
The ARW grade supports data rates up to 1 Mbps; the BRW grade supports data
rates up to 10 Mbps; and the CRW grade supports data rates up to 90 Mbps. All
models operate from 2.7 V to 5.5 V over a temperature range of –40°C to +105°C.
These products provide an easy, single-component solution to triple- and quad-channel
applications.
• 3 V/5 V level translation
• High temperature operation: +105°C
• 16-lead, wide-body SOIC package
• Safety approvals:
• UL 1577: isolation rating = 2.5 kV rms
• VDE (EN60747-5-2): VIORM = 560 VPK
• CSA Component Acceptance Notice 5A
ADuM1300
www.analog.com/ADuM1300
ADuM1301
•
ADuM1400
ADuM1401
ADuM1402
www.analog.com/ADuM1400
11
ADuM240x 5 kV Quad-Channel Isolators
Features
• High data rate: dc to 90 Mbps (NRZ)
• Unidirectional and bidirectional channel
configurations
• Low power operation
• 1 mA per channel max at dc to 2 Mbps
The ADuM240x product family is Analog Devices’ first with an isolation rating
greater than 2.5 kV rms. These quad-channel isolators are pin- and specificationcompliant with the ADuM140x family, but provide double the isolation rating at 5.0 kV rms.
Intended for medical and other safety-critical applications, the ADuM240x isolators
are certified to a working voltage of 250 V rms (reinforced insulation) according to
the medical equipment standard IEC 60601-1. They are also approved for working
voltages up to 500 V rms per the more general standard EN60747-5-2.
These quad-channel isolators are offered in three different channel configurations, each
with three performance grades. The ARW grade supports data rates up to 1 Mbps;
the BRW grade supports data rates up to 10 Mbps; and the CRW grade supports data
rates up to 90 Mbps. All models operate from 2.7 V to 5.5 V over a temperature range
of –40°C to +105°C. These products provide an easy, single-component solution
for multichannel applications requiring a superior level of agency-approved insulation
characteristics.
• 3.5 mA per channel at 10 Mbps
• 31 mA per channel at 90 Mbps
• 3 V/5 V level translation
• High temperature operation: +105°C
• 16-lead, wide-body SOIC package
• Safety approvals
• UL 1577: isolation rating = 5.0 kV rms
• VDE (EN60747-5-2): VIORM = 707 VPK
• CSA Component Acceptance Notice 5A
• IEC 60601-1: maximum working
voltage = 250 V rms
ADuM2400
www.analog.com/ADuM2400
ADuM2401
ADuM2402
iCoupler Isolators Eliminate Optocoupler Difficulties
No LEDs and photodetectors make for better isolation components:
• Integration: Wafer-level fabrication enables lower size and cost
• Performance: Two to four times higher data rate and timing accuracy
• Power: Ten to seventy times lower power consumption
• Ease of Use: Standard CMOS interfaces without current-transfer-ratio headaches
• Reliability: CMOS-level reliability eliminates LED problems
Analog Devices, Inc.
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(800.262.5643,
U.S.A. only)
Fax: 781.461.3113
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Fax: 86.21.5150.3222
Technical Support
Evaluation Boards
FAQ, Application Notes, and Technical Articles
A variety of iCoupler evaluation kits are available
to facilitate product evaluation. Furthermore,
because many iCoupler products share identical
footprints and pinouts, existing evaluation boards
can be used for most products not having dedicated evaluation boards. A full list of all available
evaluation kits can be found in the Design Tools
section of www.analog.com/icoupler.
The Related Technical Info section of the
iCoupler website contains a Frequently Asked
Questions (FAQ) document addressing many
common questions about isolation, iCoupler
technology, and iCoupler products. Also available at this location are various application notes
and an assortment of technical articles.
IBIS Models
A full set of IBIS models is available in the Design
Tools section of www.analog.com/icoupler. These
models may be used to validate user designs
incorporating iCoupler components.
© 2005 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property
of their respective owners.
Printed in the U.S.A.
BR04966-10-3/05
For Further Information
• Analog Devices’ Central Technical Support
Group: www.analog.com/TechSupport/Linear
• iCoupler website: www.analog.com/icoupler