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Chapter Intro
Chapter Intro
Spain’s Conflicts
King Philip II championed Catholic
causes throughout his lands, while
England became the leader of
Protestant nations of Europe.
Section 1
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Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)
• In the sixteenth century, religious wars broke
out in Europe as Calvinists and Catholics
became more militant.
• King Philip II of Spain wanted to
consolidate the lands of his empire–Spain,
the Netherlands, and possessions in the
Americas and Italy–under Catholicism.
Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II, c. 1560
Section 1
Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)
• Philip II attempted to strengthen his control
in the Netherlands by crushing Calvinism,
but was resisted by a rebellion led by
William the Silent.
• In 1558, Elizabeth Tudor came to power in
England.
• The Church of England began to follow a
moderate form of Protestantism and England
became the leader of the Protestant nations
of Europe.
Section 1
Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)
• Philip II tried to invade England to restore
Catholicism to the island nation.
• In 1588, the Spanish armada was defeated
by the faster English ships. Upon its return to
Spain, the fleet was battered by storms en
route around Scotland and Ireland.
Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588
Section 1
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Spain’s Conflicts (cont.)
• By the end of Philip’s reign in 1598, Spain
was not the great power that it appeared to
be, and England began to create
a world empire.
Route of the Spanish Fleet, 1588
Section 1
The French Wars of Religion
Conflict between Catholics and
Protestants was at the heart of the
French Wars of Religion.
Section 1
The French Wars of Religion (cont.)
• During the 1500s, France encountered a
series of civil wars, known as the French
Wars of Religion (1562–1598).
• Huguenots were French Protestants
influenced by John Calvin. About half the
nobility were Huguenots, a political threat to
the Crown.
• The ultra-Catholics opposed the Huguenots
and recruited large armies to fight them.
Section 1
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The French Wars of Religion (cont.)
• In 1589 a Huguenot political leader named
Henry of Navarre succeeded to the throne
as Henry IV, bringing the French Wars of
Religion to an end.
• Henry IV converted to Catholicism, but
issued the Edict of Nantes, recognizing
Catholicism as the state religion and giving
Huguenots religious and political rights.
France
Section 1
Crises in Europe
Population decline in Europe and the
hysteria of witchcraft trials contributed
to economic and social problems in
seventeenth-century Europe.
Section 2
Crises in Europe (cont.)
• During the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, Europe witnessed severe
economic and social problems.
• Economic problems were caused by the loss
of Jewish and Muslim artisans and
merchants, economic problems in Italy, and
currency policies in Spain.
• One major economic problem was inflation,
or rising prices.
Section 2
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Crises in Europe (cont.)
• Europe’s population growth during the
sixteenth century increased the demand for
food and land, while driving up prices.
• Europe’s population had leveled off by 1620.
War, famine, and plague led to declining
population numbers.
• Religious zeal and hunts for heretics were
extended to witchcraft.
Section 2
Crises in Europe (cont.)
• Fear of witchcraft led to the accusations and
trials of over 100,000 people, mostly single
or widowed women.
Section 2
The Thirty Years’ War
Started over religious conflicts, the
Thirty Years’ War was sustained by
political conflicts.
Section 2
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The Thirty Years’ War
(cont.)
• The Thirty Years’ War was fought primarily in
the Holy Roman Empire.
• It began between Catholics, led by the
Hapsburg dynasty, and Protestant forces in
Bohemia.
• All of the major powers in Europe (except
England) were involved in the war.
Europe After the Peace of Westphalia, 1648
Section 2
The Thirty Years’ War
(cont.)
• In 1648 the Peace of Westphalia ended the
war and divided the Holy Roman Empire into
independent states that could determine
their own religion and foreign policy.
• This brought an end to the Holy Roman
Empire as a political entity.
Section 2
Revolutions in England
Civil war raged over what roles the
king and Parliament should have in
governing England.
Section 2
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Revolutions in England (cont.)
• James I, the king of Scotland, came to
power with the death of Queen Elizabeth.
The Stuart line of rulers began in 1603.
• James I believed in the divine right of
kings. This contradicted the beliefs of most
Englishmen, who accepted that the king and
Parliament ruled England together.
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)
• When Charles I came to the throne, many
Puritans were upset that he attempted to
put more rituals into the Church of England.
This led thousands of Puritans to leave for
America.
• In 1642 England was faced with a civil war
between the king’s soldiers, known as
Cavaliers, and the Roundheads under
Oliver Cromwell.
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)
• Cromwell’s forces were victorious, and
Charles II was executed.
• In 1649 England was declared a
commonwealth.
• After Cromwell’s death in 1658, England
restored the Stuart line of rulers with
Charles II.
• Charles II ruled until his death in 1685, when
James II ascended the throne.
Section 2
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Revolutions in England (cont.)
• James II was a devout Catholic. Parliament
objected to his policies of appointing
Catholics because its members were afraid
a Catholic dynasty might be possible.
• In 1688 English nobles invited William and
Mary of Orange, who were Protestants, to
invade England.
• William and Mary were offered the throne
and accepted the English Bill of Rights.
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)
• Bill of Rights:
– Parliament could make laws and levy
taxes.
– Armies could not be raised without the
consent of Parliament.
– Citizens could keep arms and have a jury
trial.
Section 2
Revolutions in England (cont.)
• The Bill of Rights ensured that Parliament
would be part of the English government and
laid the foundation for a constitutional
monarchy.
• Parliament also enacted the Tolerance Act of
1689, which granted Puritans, but not
Catholics, the right of free public worship.
Section 2
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Section 2-End
France under Louis XIV
Louis XIV was an absolute monarch
whose rule was admired and imitated
throughout Europe.
Section 3
France under Louis XIV (cont.)
• Louis XIV is regarded as the best example
of absolutism in the seventeenth century.
• Louis XIV strengthened control of the
government and stabilized France politically,
economically, and socially.
• Prior to Louis XIV becoming king, Cardinals
Richelieu and Mazarin weakened Protestant
power and strengthened royal power.
Section 3
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France under Louis XIV (cont.)
• Louis ruled without the assistance of a royal
council, and had complete control of foreign
policy, the Church, and taxes.
• Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped to make
France more powerful economically by
improving trade, communications,
transportation, and by creating a merchant
marine.
Section 3
France under Louis XIV (cont.)
• To ensure that his Bourbon dynasty
dominated Europe, Louis developed a
standing army and waged four wars between
1667 and 1713.
• Louis left the legacy of an absolute ruler who
strengthened France.
• Louis’s political policies and lavish lifestyle
left France with great debts and surrounded
by enemies.
Section 3
Absolutism in Central and Eastern
Europe
Prussia and Austria emerged as great
European powers in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries.
Section 3
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Absolutism in Central and Eastern
Europe (cont.)
• Following the Thirty Years’ War, there were
more than three hundred independent
German states.
• Prussia and Austria rose to become
European powers.
• Frederick William the Great Elector laid
the foundation for Prussia by creating the
fourth-largest military force
in Europe.
Expansion of Prussia and Austria to 1720
Section 3
Absolutism in Central and Eastern
Europe (cont.)
• Frederick William centralized power by
setting up the General War Commissariat to
levy taxes for the army and govern the state.
• The new Austrian Empire was established by
the Hapsburg family, who had previously
provided emperors for the Holy Roman
Empire.
Section 3
Absolutism in Central and Eastern
Europe (cont.)
• The Hapsburgs created a new empire,
including present-day Austria, the Czech
Republic, and Hungary.
• The Austrian monarchy never became a
centralized, absolutist state, but remained a
collection of territories held together by the
Hapsburg emperor.
Section 3
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Peter The Great
Russia emerged as a great power
under Peter the Great.
Section 3
Peter The Great (cont.)
• In sixteenth-century Russia, Ivan IV became
the first ruler to take the title of czar.
• Ivan expanded Russian territory and crushed
the power of the boyars. He became known
as “Ivan the Terrible.”
• Following the end of Ivan’s dynasty in 1598,
the national assembly selected Michael
Romanov as the new czar in 1613.
Expansion of Russia, 1505–1725
Section 3
Peter The Great (cont.)
• In 1689 Peter the Great became czar. He
modernized the military and made Russia a
power in European affairs.
• Peter introduced Russians to the culture of
Western Europe, and built the new capital
city of St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea to
“open a window to the West.”
Section 3
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Art after the Renaissance
The artistic movements of Mannerism
and the baroque began in Italy and
reflected the spiritual perceptions of
the time.
Section 4
Art after the Renaissance
(cont.)
• Mannerism was an art form that emerged in
Italy before spreading throughout Europe.
• Mannerism broke away from the
Renaissance principles of balance, harmony,
and moderation and represented people as
elongated, to show suffering and heightened
emotion.
• The characteristics of Mannerism are
reflected in the work of El Greco, whose
figures are elongated and contorted.
Section 4
Art after the Renaissance
(cont.)
• A new movement known as baroque
replaced Mannerism. It was embraced by
Catholic architecture, especially in the
Hapsburg courts of Madrid, Prague,
Vienna, and Brussels.
• Baroque churches and palaces were
magnificent and reflected a search for power.
Section 4
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Art after the Renaissance
(cont.)
• The baroque artist Gian Lorenzo Bernini
captured these ideas with his work on Saint
Peter’s Basilica in Rome.
Section 4
Golden Age of Literature
Shakespeare and Lope de Vega were
prolific writers of dramas and
comedies that reflected the human
condition.
Section 4
Golden Age of Literature
(cont.)
• William Shakespeare was a famous
playwright and actor whose understanding of
human psychology enabled him to write
comedies and tragedies that are still studied
today.
• In Spain, Miguel de Cervantes wrote one of
the greatest literary works of all time, Don
Quixote.
Section 4
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Golden Age of Literature
(cont.)
• The story of Don Quixote elicits the idea that
hard work and visionary dreams are
requisite of the human condition.
• As in England, Spanish plays became very
popular, and touring companies of actors
brought current productions to all parts of the
empire.
• Lope de Vega is the most famous Spanish
playwright, writing nearly 1,500 plays that
are considered witty, charming, realistic, and
action-packed.
Section 4
Political Thought
Hobbes and Locke wrote very different
books about political thought in
response to the English revolutions.
Section 4
Political Thought (cont.)
• Seventeenth-century political thinkers
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke wrote
about political power and influenced future
philosophies of government.
• Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan to deal
with the problem of disorder.
• Hobbes asserted that people made a social
contract to form a state in exchange for
protection and peace. Absolute power was
needed to preserve order in society, and
rebellions must be suppressed.
Section 4
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Political Thought (cont.)
• John Locke believed that man in his natural
state enjoyed freedom and had certain
natural rights.
• In Locke’s Two Treatises of Government,
Locke argued against the absolute rule of
one person.
• He stated that the government and the
people have mutual obligations to protect
each other, and if the government usurps its
power, then man has the right to abolish the
government.
Section 4
Political Thought (cont.)
• Locke’s ideas were used by American and
French revolutionaries in the eighteenth
century, and his influence can be found in
the American Declaration of Independence
and the U.S. Constitution.
Section 4
Section 4-End
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RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS in Europe
• Religious conflicts
between Protestants
and Catholics
were widespread.
• French kings persecuted
Protestants.
• Philip II of Spain was a great supporter of militant
Catholicism.
• The Thirty Years’ War was triggered by religious and
political conflicts.
VS 1
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND
SOCIAL CRISES in Europe
• Civil war arose in England
from power struggles
between King Charles I
and Parliament.
• English Protestant forces
triumphed in the civil war
and tried and executed
King Charles I.
• Population growth, famine, and plague contributed to
social tensions throughout Europe.
• The conflicts in seventeenth-century Europe were
reflected in art, literature, and political works.
VS 2
ABSOLUTISM as a Response to
Crises
• Frederick William of Prussia
used the General War
Commissariat to maintain
his power.
• The Austrian monarchy tried
but failed to achieve a
centralized, absolutist state.
• The absolute rule of Louis XIV of France influenced
monarchs throughout Europe.
• Russia emerged as a great power under the absolute
rule of Peter the Great.
VS 3
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VS-End
Figure 1
Figure 2
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Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
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Figure 6
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CnETrans
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militant
combative
Vocab1
armada
a fleet of warships
Vocab2
conflict
opposition; a fight, battle, or war
Vocab3
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policy
an overall plan embracing the general
goals and acceptable procedures of a
governmental body
Vocab4
inflation
a rapid increase in prices
Vocab5
witchcraft
magic
Vocab6
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divine right of kings
the belief that kings receive their
power from God and are responsible
only to God
Vocab7
commonwealth
a republic
Vocab8
restoration
a bringing back to a former position or
condition
Vocab9
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convert
to change over from one belief to
another
Vocab10
absolutism
a political system in which a ruler
holds total power
Vocab11
boyar
a Russian noble
Vocab12
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czar
Russian for “caesar,” the title used by
Russian emperors
Vocab13
stability
the state of being stable; strong
enough to endure
Vocab14
authority
power; person in command
Vocab15
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Mannerism
an artistic movement that emerged in
Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it
marked the end of the Renaissance
by breaking down the principles of
balance, harmony, and moderation
Vocab16
natural rights
rights with which all humans are born,
including the rights to life, liberty, and
property
Vocab17
baroque
an artistic style of the seventeenth
century characterized by complex
forms, bold ornamentation, and
contrasting elements
Vocab18
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drama
a composition that tells a story usually
involving conflicts and emotions
through action and dialogue and
typically designed for the theater
Vocab19
creative
imaginative
Vocab20
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