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Medical
Terminology
REVIEWS
Mrs. Marr
Basic Structural Levels
Cells- simplest structural
level
cells have structural
differences that are
closely related to the
physiology of each cell
type
What is a groups of
similar cells joined
together to carry out
specific functions?
What is a groups of
similar cells joined
together to carry out
specific functions?
Tissues
Epithelial
Epithelial- outer
protective layer of
body, lines various
body cavities, ducts,
vessels, and, covers
the body surface.
Nervous
Nervous- transmits
messages throughout
the body
“ilio”- refers to hip
“costal” refers to ribs
“epi” on or above
“gastric” – refers to stomach
“hypo” beneath or under
“chondral”- refers to
cartilage
Superior (closer to the head)
Inferior (closer to the feet)
Medial (lying closer to the midline)
Lateral (lying further away from the
midline)
Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior
surface of the body
Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior
surface of the body
Proximal- closer to the origin of a
structure
Distal- further away from the origin of a
structure
Superficial - relating to, or located near the
surface
Deep - relating to, or located away from the
surface
Median- midline
Intermediate -between two other structures
External refers to a hollow structure -external
being outside
Internal refers to a hollow structure -internal
being inside
Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position)
Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in
position)
 Body Positions- The
standard reference
body position is called
the “anatomical”
position. The body is
erect with feet
together, limbs at the
side, palms facing
forward, thumbs
pointing away from
the body.
Postures and Direction of
Movement
Postures and Direction of
Movement
 Supine- body horizontal, face up
Postures and Direction of
Movement
Postures and Direction of
Movement
 Prone- body horizontal, face down
Postures and Direction of
Movement
Postures and Direction of
Movement
 Right Lateral
Recumbent
– The Right lateral
recumbent, or RLR,
means that the patient is
lying on their right side.
 Left Lateral
Recumbent
– The left lateral
recumbent, or LLR,
means that the patient is
lying on their left side.
Postures and Direction of
Movement
Postures and Direction of
Movement
 Fowler's Position
– A person in the Fowler's
position is sitting straight
up or leaning slightly
back. Their legs may
either be straight or bent.
 Trendelenberg
Position
– A person in the
Trendelenberg position is
lying supine with their
head slightly lower than
their feet.
Postures and Direction of
Movement
Postures and Direction of
Movement
 Abduction
– Abduction is
movement away
from the midline, or
to abduct.
 Adduction
– Adduction is
movement toward
the midline, or to
add.
Postures and Direction of
Movement
Postures and Direction of
Movement
 Flexion
– Flexion is to bend at
a joint, or to reduce
the angle.
 Extension
– Extension is to
straighten at a joint,
or to increase the
angle, for example,
from 90 degrees to
180 degrees.
Postures and Direction of
Movement
Postures and Direction of
Movement
 Supination
– Supination is to
rotate the forearm
so that the palm
faces forward.
 Pronation
– Pronation is to
rotate the forearm
so that the palm
faces backward.
What are anatomical
PLANES
PLANES
In anatomy, a body
plane is an imaginary
flat surface that is
used to define a
particular area of
anatomy. We usually
use the umbilicus as a
point of reference
What PLANE
separates
the body into
Anterior and
Posterior
parts
FRONTAL
(Coronal)
separates
the body
into Anterior
and
Posterior
parts
What PLANE
separates
the body into
Right and
Left parts
SAGITTAL(MEDIAN)
separates body into
Right and Left parts
Para-sagittal:
unequal left and
right sections
Mid-sagittal: Even
down the mid line
What PLANE
separates
the body into
Top and
Bottom parts
 HORIZONTAL
(transverse or
Cross-Section)
separates the
body into
Superior (top/
Upper)
 and Inferior
(Bottom/
Lower) parts
Regional Terms
Regional Terms-refer to
special areas of the body
Cervical- refer to the neck
Palmar- the anterior
surface of the hand; the
posterior surface of the
hand is the dorsal surface
Regional Terms
Thoracic- the portion of the
body between the neck
and the abdomen that is
commonly referred to as
the chest or thorax
Dorsum- the top of the foot
Plantar- the sole of the foot
Regional Terms
 Axilla (armpit)- the
depression on the inferior
surface of the attachment of
the upper limb and the body
trunk
 Arm- the portion of the
upper limb between the
shoulder and the elbow
 Forearm- the potion of the
upper limb between the
elbow and the wrist
Regional Terms
 Groin (inguinal region)- the
junction of the thigh with
the abdominal wall
 Thigh- the portion of the
lower limb between the hip
and knee
 Leg- the portion of the
lower limb between the
knee and ankle
Low Back
o Lumbar- the portion
of the back between
the thorax and the
pelvis
o Sacral- the lower
portion of the back,
just superior to the
buttocks
Terms of Movement
 Protraction moving forward along a
surface
 Retraction backward along a surface
Terms of Movement
 Elevation raising a structure
 Depression lowering a structure
Terms of Movement
Circumduction
Terms of Movement
 Circumduction-combined movements
of flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction
medial and lateral rotation
(circumscribe a cone)
Terms of Movement
Opposition
Terms of Movement
 Opposition- bringing tips of fingers
and thumb together as in picking
something up
Abdominopelvic
area is divided
into four
quadrants :




Right Upper
Right Lower
Left Upper
Left Lower
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The abdominal cavity can also be
divided into nine regions to make it
easier to identify organs
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Umbilical
Left lumbar
Right iliac (inguinal)
Hypogastric
Left iliac (inguinal)
What are Body
Cavities ?
What are Body
Cavities ?
Body cavities- lined
with membranes
and contains fluid
that surrounds
structures within
the cavities.
What Structures are
in the
Dorsal (posterior)
Body Cavity?
What Structures are
in the
Dorsal (posterior)
Body Cavity?
contains the cranial cavity (brain) and
spinal cavity (spinal cord)
What Structures are
in the
Ventral (anterior)
Body Cavity?
What Structures are
in the
Ventral (anterior)
Body Cavity?
thoracic cavity – consists of the
pericardial (heart) and pleural (left
& right lungs) cavities
What Structures are
in the
Abdominopelvic
Body Cavity?
What Structures are
in the Abdominopelvic
Body Cavity?
abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall
bladder, pancreas, small & large
intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true
pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal
reproductive organs).
Regions vs. Quadrants
Organs
Right Hypochondriac
Epigastic
Left Hypochondriac
Below, rib area- right (liver, gallbladder)
Above, stomach (stomach, pancreas, part of
duodenum)
Below, rib area- left (spleen)
Right lumbar
Front- Lower back area- right (ascending colon)
Umbilical
Belly button- middle (small intestine, transverse
colon)
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac (inguinal)
Hypogastric
Left Iliac (inguinal)
Lower back area-Left (descending Colon)
Hip- right (cecum)
Below, stomach (urinary bladder, rectum, initial
part of the sigmoid colon)
Hip- left (inferior part of descending colon)
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