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By Rashdan Rashid How many times did the companions of Prophet Muhmmad (saw) make hijra? What is Ethiopia like today? What do you know about Ethiopia? Who among the companions were Ethiopians? When did the hijra occurred-Meccan or Medinan periods? What were the reasons for the hijra? Who were the companions involved? Significant incidents occurred while Muslims were in Ethiopia? Was the hijra important in the development of Islam? http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/1 342_islamic_middle_east/map/ In Sham (Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel), (almost) all the inhabitants were Christians. In Morocco, Egypt and other North African countries, majority of the population were Christians. King & Arab tribe of Ghassan were Chistians Heracules, the Roman emperor of Byzantine (Eastern Roman empire-Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem) Leader and people of Yemen were Christians Leader and people of Ethiopia were Christians What are 2 other names of Ethiopia? Habsyah and Abbysinia Orthodox Christianity-arrived in year 300 (4th Century) Originated from Coptic Christian in Alexandria, Egypt Conclusion: Arabia was surrounded by Christians (North, South and West) 3 verses in the Quran described the hijra to Ethiopia: Verse # 1: “And for those who emigrated for the cause of Allah, after suffering oppression, We will certainly give them goodly residence in this world, but indeed the reward of the hereafter will be greater, if they but knew “ (Quran 16: 41) According to Al-Qurtubee Verse # 2: “Say (O Muhammad): O my slaves who believe (in the oneness of Allah) be afraid of your Lord and keep your duty to Him. Good is the reward who do good in this world, and Allah’s earth is spacious! Only those who are patient shall receive their rewards in full, without reckoning “ (Quran 39:10) According to Ibnu Abbas Verse # 3: “O my slaves who believe! Certainly spacious is my earth. Therefore worship me alone” (Quran 29:56) According to Ibnu Katheer, the verse refer to Hijra to Ethiopia Were the hijra a significant part of the Muslims’ community development & preservation of Islam? How many times did the hijra to Ethiopia occur? 2 times year 615 AD & year 616 AD Muslims were tortured for believing in Tauheed Tortures increased after death of Khadijah & Abu Talib-Why? Prophet had no means to protect the early Muslims He suggested them to leave Makka and seek sanctuary in Ethiopia Ethiopia was ruled by a Christian king, just and a God-fearing man. What was the main reason for the hijra? To build a center for Islam away from Mecca? To spread Islam? To avoid Quraish persecution? To freely worship Allah? To avoid companions from being tempted to apostasize? Rationale: All the migrants were Quraish who had status & tribal protectionn & not the weak slaves The companions only came back after the Battle of Khandaq & conquest of Khaibar-Medinan peiod An Najashi was a just king Ethiopia was the land of prosperity-trading center & Quraish traded there Ethiopia was out of the influence & authority of the Quraish Prophet knew about Ethiopia and loved the country-through his nursemaid Ummu Aiman Christians are the closest to Islam Prophet’s words: "If you were to go to Abyssinia (it would be better for you), for the king (there) will not tolerate injustice and it is a friendly country, until such time as Allah shall relieve you from distress." 10 men and 4 women left Makkah in Rajab, 5th Year of Prophethood. They left secretly & Quraish chased them but they were already in sea. They left in stages-Uthman & Ruqayyah first followed by others. Male: Uthman bin Affan, Mus’ab bin Umir and Zubayr bin al-Awwam, a cousin of the Prophet & others. Female: Ruqayyah (Prophet’s daughter), Ummu Salamah & others Prophet appointed Uthman bin Mazoon as the leader of this group. Rationale: From upper class of Quraish Every one from different clan of Quraish The first migration took place in the 5th year of the Prophethood, year 615 AD. The king of Abyssinia (An Najashi) welcomed the Muslim refugees from Makka into his kingdom. Najashi gave them sanctuary, and they found peace and security, and they enjoyed freedom of worship. After few months in Ethiopia, Muslim refugees heard rumors that the Quraysh in Makka had accepted Islam. Due to the conversion of Hamzah & Omar Al Khattab. Quraish lessened their punishment. No reason for them to live in exile, and they were very homesick. They returned to Makkah. Quraysh had stepped up the persecution of the Muslims. They left Makkah once again in bigger numbers. Occurred in the sixth year of the Prophethood, year 616 AD. 83 men and 18 women, included both the old and the new migrants. There were also children. Migrants were Abdur Rahman ibn Auf and Abu Salama Makhzoomi. Prophet’s cousin, Jaafar ibn Abi Talib, the elder brother of Ali, as the leader of this group. The big migration and their reception in Abyssinia, alarmed the Quraysh of Makkah. Muslims in Abyssinia might grow in strength and find new allies. Some day, might return to Makkah to challenge Quraish. The story is from Ummu Salamah’s narration Quraish sent Amr bin Al-Aas and Abdullah Ibn Abu Rabeah. They had good plan-brought rich presents (fine leathers) for the king and his ministers. Amr claimed that Muslims were not genuine refugees avoiding persecution but were fugitives running from justice and law Amr requested An Najshi to extradite them to Makkah. The king, before giving any judgment summoned Jaafar ibn Abi Talib to answer the charges against the Muslims. "O king! We were ignorant people and we lived like wild animals. The strong among us lived by preying upon the weak. We obeyed no law and we acknowledged no authority save that of brute force. We worshipped idols made of stone or wood, and we knew nothing of the human dignity. Then God in His mercy sent to us His messenger who was himself one of us. We knew about his truthfulness and his integrity. His character was exemplary, and he was the most well-born of the Arabs. He forbade us to worship idols and he invited us to the worship of One God. …. He exhorted us to speak the truth, and to protect the weak, the poor, the humble, the widows and the orphans. He ordered us to show respect to women, and never to slander them. We obeyed him and followed his teachings. Most of the people in our country are still polytheists, and they resented our conversion to the new faith. They began to persecute us, and it was in order to escape from persecution by them that we sought and found sanctuary in your kingdom." When Jaafar concluded his speech, the king declared that he was convinced of his truth. The king confirmed that Muslims could live in his kingdom as long as they wished, without any fear. Amr B. Al Aas tried a second argument …..Why Christianity issue? Amr brought a new argument-Muslims view of Christianity. Next day, Amr requested the king to waive his protection of the Muslims He claimed Muslims rejected the divine nature of Jesus, and asserted that he was a mortal like other men. Jaafar said: "Our judgment of Jesus is what was revealed to our Prophet, that Jesus is the servant of God, and is His Prophet, His Spirit, and His Command given unto Mary, the innocent virgin." The king said to Jaafar: "Jesus is just what you have stated him to be, and is nothing more than that." An Najashi’s verdict? King said to Muslims: "Go to your homes and live in peace. I shall never give you up to your enemies." Why was he a very just king? What happened to him before becoming king? ……coming soon next lecture….. Why was Amr selected by the Quraish leadership to meet with An Najashi? …..Next lecture insya Allah…….. The Noble Life of the Prophet by Ali Muhammad As-Sallaabee (pg. 485-517) Commanders of the Muslim army (among the companions of the Prophet) by Mahmood Ahmad Ghadanfar (pg. 111-120) The History of Islam Vol. 1 by Akhbar Shah Najeebabadi (pg. 113-116) Jazakumullah khair for your attention