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Tools of Meteorology Barometer measures air pressure (mercury and aneroid) Tools of Meteorology Anemometer measures wind speeds ten meters above the ground. Tools of Meteorology Psychrometer measures humidity. Consists of 2 thermometers, one dry-bulb (to show air temp) and one wet bulb (has water-soaked wick wrapped around bulb) a fan blows air past the 2 thermometers or you can swing them in the air manually, 2 thermometer read different temps and the difference shows the amount of humidity. Tools of Meteorology Thermometer measures temperature. Scientist use Celsius scale (0ºC freezing pt of water, 100ºC is boiling for water) Tools of Meteorology Wind vane – is an instrument used to determine the direction of winds. Layers of the Atmosphere Thermosphere – above 90km , 4th layer, thin atmosphere, temps increase with altitude from -80ºC to above 1000ºC – Ionosphere is part of thermosphere (about 90-500km above Earth), where auroras take place. Mesosphere – 3rd layer, 50-90km above Earth’s surface, temps drop with increasing altitude from -20ºC to -90ºC. Stratosphere – 2nd layer, clear, dry layer, lower portion is cold about -60ºC to upper portion about-20ºC. Temperature increase caused by ozone (ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays from sun and then releases some of it energy in form of heat. Troposphere – lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere, temperatures decrease with altitude from 18ºC to -60ºC, contains most of water vapor in atmosphere so most of weather occurs here, plans fly here. Layers of the Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere Types of Clouds Stratus clouds – layered, low clouds, form in stable air so it spreads out horizontally Cumulus clouds – fluffy, grow upward, flat bases Cirrus clouds – feathery, high clouds, feathery ice clouds Alto – clouds between 2,000-7,000 meters Nimbus – dark rain clouds Types of Clouds Types of Clouds - Cirrus Types of Clouds - Cumulus Types of Clouds - Stratus Formation of a Cloud Coriolis Effect and the Currents Direction in which currents flow depends is influenced by the Coriolis Effect. Air currents in Northern Hemisphere turn clockwise (to the right) Air currents in the Southern Hemisphere turn counterclockwise (to the left) Global Winds Westerlies (where we live) Trade Winds Kinds of Fronts Cold Front – boundary between an advancing cold air mass and the warmer air mass it is displacing, moves quickly (about twice as fast as a warm front), precipitation associated with it usually ends shortly after the front passes Warm Front – when warm air displaces cold air, warm air rises above denser cold air mass, weather changes are less dramatic, but precipitation may last for a day or more. Occluded front – when a cold front catches up to a warm front, causes the warm caught between 2 colder air masses to rise, causes cloudiness and precipitation. Stationary front – when a front is not moving forward, if the front remains stationary for too long flooding can occur. Front Symbols Warm and Cold Fronts How to Read the Weather Symbols Global Climates