Download Investigating Circulation

Investigating
Circulation
Editors:
Brian A. Jerome Ph.D.
Stephanie Zak Jerome
Assistant Editors:
Louise Marrier
Lyndsey Canfield
Heidi Berry
BIOLOGY
Graphics:
Fred Thodal
Dean Ladago
Instructor’s
Manual
Reviewers:
Stephen Trombulak Ph.D.
Professor of Biology
Middlebury College
Andrew P. Zak, M.D.
Internal Medicine
Rutland, Vermont
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Investigating Circulation
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Investigating Circulation
Use of Materials . . .
Use and Copyright:
The purchase of this video program entitles the user the right to reproduce
or duplicate, in whole or in part, this instructor’s manual and the black line
master handouts for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video,
Investigating Circulation. The right is restricted only for use with this video
program. Any reproduction or duplication, in whole or in part, of this manual
and student masters for any purpose other than for use with this video program
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Copyright © 2010
ISBN 9781592344680
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Investigating Circulation
Table of Contents
A Message from our Company .............................
2
Viewing Clearances ..............................................
2
Use and Copyright ................................................
3
Student Learning Objectives ...............................
5
Assessment .........................................................
6
Introducing the Program ......................................
7
Program Viewing Suggestions .............................. 7
Video Script ........................................................... 8
Answer Key to Student Assessments ...................
13
Answer Key to Student Activities ..........................
14
Preliminary Assessment .......................................
15
Post Assessment ................................................
17
Video Review ........................................................
19
Investigating Circulation Vocabulary .....................
20
The Components of Blood ....................................
21
The Tireless Heart ................................................. 22
Circulation in Action................................................ 24
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Upon viewing the video and completing the enclosed activities, students will be able
to do the following:
Investigating Circulation
Student Learning Objectives
• Understand that transport is the process by which substances move into or out of cells, and
distributed within cells.
• Explain that the circulatory system links the cells of an organism to the outside environment.
• List the three main parts of the human circulatory system: blood, blood vessels, and the heart.
• Cite some of the important functions of blood including the role it plays in transporting nutrients,
fighting foreign invaders, forming clots, and acting as a regulator.
• Identify and describe some of the major components of blood including plasma, red blood cells,
white blood cells, and platelets. Also describe the function and role of these components in the
body.
• Compare and contrast the role of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Also describe the characteristics
of each of these different types of blood vessels.
• Identify the main structures of the heart when provided a diagram.
• Outline the flow of blood on a diagram of a heart.
• Explain the process of diastole and systole in the heart.
• Understand that pulse rate is the number of times the heart beats in one minute.
• Describe how a sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure, and explain how blood pressure
is numerically represented.
• Explain the medical condition called hypertension, also referred to as high blood pressure.
• Understand that hypertension is often caused by a disease called atherosclerosis. Also discuss
how atherosclerosis may lead to strokes and heart attacks.
• List some of the things people can do to help maintain a healthy circulatory system.
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Investigating Circulation
Assessment
Preliminary Assessment (p. 14-15):
The Preliminary Assessment is an assessment tool designed to gain an understanding of
students’ preexisting knowledge. It can also be used as a benchmark upon which to assess
student progress based on the objectives stated on the previous pages.
Post Assessment (p. 16-17):
The Post Assessment can be utilized as an assessment tool following student completion
of the program and student activities. The results of the Post Assessment can be compared
against the results of the Preliminary Assessment to assess student progress.
Video Review (p. 18):
The Video Review can be used as an assessment tool or as a student activity. There are
two sections. The first part contains questions displayed during the program. The second
part consists of a ten-question video assessment to be answered at the end of the video.
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Before showing the video program to students instruct them to find their pulse. Show them how
to locate their pulse on their wrist or in their neck. Have them count their pulse for 60 seconds
- you can be timekeeper. After taking their pulses have them write the number on a piece of
scrap paper. Tell them this is their pulse rate. Ask students what causes the pulse in the human
body. Are there other locations in the body where the pulse can be measured? Does pulse rate
change? What drives the pulse in the body? Discuss these questions as a class.
Investigating Circulation
Introducing the Program
Next, ask students if they have ever had a cut. Ask them what they think makes up blood. Write
the terms erythrocytes, leukocytes, plasma, and platelets on the board. Ask students if they can
define these terms. Explain that all these things make up blood. Tell them to pay close attention
to the video to learn about the various components of blood.
Before showing the program to students you also may want to discuss the means by which
blood is transported throughout the body in an extensive network of blood vessels. Write
the following terms on the board.: arteries, veins, and capillaries. Ask students if they can
differentiate between these different types of blood vessels. Tell them that the video will
describe the functions and characteristics of the various types of blood vessels.
Program Viewing Suggestions
The student master “Video Review” (p. 19) is provided for distribution to students. You may
choose to have your students complete this master while viewing the program or do so upon its
conclusion.
The program is approximately 20 minutes in length and includes a ten-question video
assessment. Answers are not provided to the Video Assessment in the video, but are included
in this manual on page 13. You may choose to grade student assessments as an assessment tool
or to review the answers in class.
The video is content-rich with numerous vocabulary words. For this reason you may want to
periodically stop the video to review and discuss new terminology and concepts.
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Investigating Circulation
Video Script: Investigating Circulation
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At some point in your life you’ve probably cut yourself.
So, you are well aware that the body contains blood.
And you know that when you exercise strenuously you feel your heart pumping blood.
What role does blood play in the body?
What is blood made of, and how is it transported?
How and why does the heart pump blood throughout the body?
During the next few minutes we are going to answer these questions, and others as we
investigate circulation in the human body.
Graphic Transition – What is the Circulatory System?
All living things, from plants...
...and single-celled organisms...
... to complex vertebrate animals must transport nutrients, gases, and waste products in and
out of their cells.
Transport is the process by which substances move into or out of cells, and are then
distributed within cells.
In relatively simple organisms, such as an amoeba, the cell is in close contact with the outside
environment.
But, in large, complex, vertebrate animals, such as these elk, a circulatory system is needed to
move materials to cells throughout the body.
The circulatory system links the cells of an organism to the outside environment. It consists
of many different tissues and organs.
One of the most important components of the circulatory system consists of a fluid, referred to as
blood, that has many functions.
You Observe! How would you describe these structures?
These small, tube-like structures are generally referred to as blood vessels, and they carry blood
throughout the body.
Blood is pumped through blood vessels by a very important structure called the heart.
Graphic Transition - Blood
One of the most remarkable substances in the human body is blood.
Blood is considered a complex tissue and is responsible for many important functions.
One of its most important functions is to transport materials to and from cells.
Oxygen, wastes, and nutrients are a few of the substances transported by the blood.
Another function of blood is that it helps protect the body by attacking harmful foreign
substances.
Blood also has the ability to form clots. That helps stop bleeding when the body is injured.
Graphic Transition – What is Blood?
As you know from getting cut, blood is a fluid.
Almost 55% of the total volume of blood is made up of a liquid called plasma.
Plasma consists mainly of water. A variety of other substances are dissolved in it including salts,
nutrients, proteins, glucose, oxygen, and wastes to name just a few.
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31. A closer inspection of blood reveals that it also includes many solids, principly solid
blood cells that float in plasma.
32. The two main types of blood cells include red blood cells and white blood cells.
33. We all know from cuts that blood is red.
34. The color of blood comes from the huge number of red blood cells. More specifically,
hemoglobin is a compound in red blood cells, that’s responsible for giving blood its red
color.
35. Your body has 25 to 30 trillion red blood cells!
36. And every second your body makes about 2 million new red blood cells.
37. Red blood cells, referred to as erythrocytes, are very important because they carry oxygen
from the lungs to other cells in the body.
38. They also carry carbon dioxide, a waste gas back to the lungs where it can be exhaled.
39. Red blood cells have two possible carbohydrates which coat their surface.
40. The letters A and B refer to these two different types of carbohydrates.
41. A person that has blood type A has the type of A carbohydrate in their blood cells.
42. And a person that has blood type B has the B type carbohydrate in their blood cells.
43. A person with type AB blood has both carbohydrates, and a person with type O blood has
neither of these carbohydrates.
44. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, help the human body fight diseases.
45. There are a number of different kinds of white blood cells with various functions.
46. White blood cells are much larger and less numerous than red blood cells. White blood
cells have the ability to move through blood vessels into body tissues to fight infections.
47. If you ever had an infected cut, a blister, or sore, it became swollen due in part to a high
concentration of white blood cells.
48. The third type of solids found in blood are platelets.
49. Platelets consist of cell fragments that play a key role in blood clotting.
50. Through a series of reactions, platelets help weave a net across a cut or an injury. Without
clotting you would bleed to death.
51. Graphic Transition – Blood Vessels
52. A vast network of pipes carries freshwater and wastewater throughout this building.
53. Your body also has a vast network of pipe-like structures called blood vessels that
transport blood.
54. The body has so many blood vessels that if stretched end to end they would go around the
world at least two and a half times!
55. There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries.
56. The size and structure of each type of blood vessel depends on its function.
57. Arteries are blood vessels with thick, elastic, muscular walls that carry oxygen-rich blood
from the heart to the body. You can remember the role of arteries by the simple phrase,
“arteries away” meaning they carry blood away from the heart.
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Investigating Circulation
Video Script: Investigating Circulation
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Investigating Circulation
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Video Script: Investigating Circulation
58. The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries in the body that carry oxygen-depleted blood away
from the heart. They carry blood to the lungs.
59. If you place your fingers on the underside of your wrist you can feel blood pulsing in an artery.
60. Veins, another type of blood vessel, return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart.
61. There is one exception however, the pulmonary vein returns oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to
the heart.
62. The walls of veins are thinner and only slightly elastic.
63. Blood in veins is under low pressure. To prevent blood from back-flowing, flap-like valves
allow blood to flow in only one direction – toward the heart.
64. Thin-walled blood vessels called capillaries are so small that blood cells flow through them in
single file.
65. Gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged through the thin walls of capillaries.
66. Capillaries form branches that connect to arteries and veins.
67. Graphic Transition – The Amazing Heart
68. You Predict! Where do you think blood pumped by the heart goes?
69. Blood pumped by the heart circulates throughout blood vessels in the body.
70. The heart is an amazing muscle, beating every second throughout your entire life!
71. In a single day your heart pumps as much as 40,000 liters of blood, enough to fill a train car.
72. Pretty amazing for an organ the size of your fist!
73. The heart has two sides separated by a thick wall of muscle called the septum.
74. There are a total of four chambers in the heart, two on each side.
75. The upper chambers are called atria, and the lower chambers are called ventricles.
76. The pumping action of the heart has two main periods: a period of relaxation called diastole, and
a period of contraction called systole.
77. In diastole, the period of relaxation, blood enters from the atria into the ventricles through valves
called A-V valves.
78. In the period of contraction, systole, the ventricles contract.
79. Oxygen-depleted blood flows out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
80. The pulmonary artery has two branches each of which goes to a lung.
81. Here blood picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.
82. From the left ventricle oxygen-rich blood enters the largest artery in the body – the aorta.
83. Arteries stemming off the aorta carry oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.
84. When the atria relax, blood from the lungs enters the left atrium, and blood from the rest of the
body enters the right atrium, starting the process all over again.
85. Graphic Transition – The Flow of Blood
86. Whenever you have a physical examination, a medical professional usually measures your pulse
rate.
87. A pulse rate is the number of times the heart beats in one minute. This instrument called a
sphygmomanometer is also used to measure something.
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88. You Decide! What does a sphygmomanometer measure?
89. A sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure and is usually taken in the upper arm.
90. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vessel, most
commonly an artery.
91. Blood pressure is usually expressed as two numbers.
92. The first number is the systolic pressure which is the blood pressure in arteries, as it is
pumped by the heart.
93. The second number, the diastolic pressure, is blood pressure in arteries, at rest.
94. The normal blood pressure in a resting adult is around 120 over 80.
95. Quite often blood pressure increases during exercise and times of stress.
96. Sometimes people suffer from a medical condition called hypertension, also referred to
as high blood pressure.
97. A common cause of high blood pressure is a disease called atherosclerosis.
98. Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by narrowing of the arteries. This is due to
an accumulation of fatty deposits called plaque on the inner walls of arteries.
99. Plaque not only impedes blood flow, contributing to high blood pressure, but it can also
promote clotting which can stop the flow of blood.
100. When coronary arteries, those that supply blood to the heart, become partially or
completely clogged with plaque, a heart attack may occur, damaging the heart muscle.
101. If a clot obstructs blood flow to the brain, a stroke occurs.
102. Both heart attacks and strokes can cause death or severe disability. For this reason
medical professionals are very concerned about monitoring safe blood pressure levels.
103. There are several things that all people should do, regardless of age to help maintain a
healthy circulatory system.
104. It is recommended that you exercise vigorously five to six times per week for at least 45
to 60 minutes.
105. It is also recommended people eat a well balanced diet low in salt and low in saturated
fats.
106. Saturated fats are found in foods made from animal products such as milk, cheese, and
red meats. These contain specific types of fats containing cholesterol which is known to
form plaque on the walls of arteries in some people.
107. Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and the use of non-prescribed drugs are also a
health risk.
108. Finally, it is recommended you have a regular physical examination by a medical
professional to monitor the various components of your circulatory system so you
can lead a long, healthy, and active life.
109. Graphic Transition – Video Review
110. During the past few minutes we have investigated the amazing circulatory system.
111. We began by discussing the important role that blood plays in transporting gases,
nutrients, chemical messages, and in fighting foreign substances.
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Investigating Circulation
Video Script: Investigating Circulation
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Investigating Circulation
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Video Script: Investigating Circulation
112. The basic components of blood were highlighted: plasma, red and white blood cells, and
platelets.
113. The vast network of blood vessels including arteries, veins, and capillaries was explored.
114. Next, we investigated the structures and characteristics of the body’s pump – the heart.
115. We then discussed how blood flows throughout the body, how blood pressure is measured, and
some of the factors that contribute to high blood pressure.
116. Some other circulatory system problems including stroke, and heart attacks were addressed.
117. We ended by discussing things you can do to promote health of the body’s circulatory system
so you can live an active, healthy life.
118. Graphic Transition – Video Assessment
Fill in the correct word to complete the sentence.
1. _______ is the process by which materials move in and out of cells.
2. The ______ system links cells to the outside environment.
3. About 55% of blood consists of a liquid called ______.
4. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying _____ to body cells.
5. _____ are cell fragments responsible for clotting.
6. ____ return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart.
7. The lower chambers of the heart are called ______.
8. ______ is the period of contraction in the heart.
9. ______ is a condition also referred to as high blood pressure.
10. If a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain a _____ may occur.
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Preliminary Assessment (p. 15-16)
1. c - transport
2. a - outside environment
3. d - oxygen
4. d - plasma
5. a - erythrocytes
6. c - leukocytes
7. d - clotting blood
8. a - vessels
9. c - ventricles
10. a - relaxed
11. b - lungs
12. c - one minute
13. a - blood pressure
14. d - atherosclerosis
15. d - saturated fats
16. The major components of blood include plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
17. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are responsible for
transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the
body.
18. Arteries have thick, elastic, muscular walls that carry
oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. The walls of
veins are thinner and are only slightly elastic. They carry
oxygen depleted blood back to the heart.
19. The right ventricle pumps oxygen-depleted blood to
the heart. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
throughout the body.
20. To help maintain a healthy circulatory system it is
recommended you exercise vigorously five to six times
per week for 45 to 60 minutes. It is also recommended
that you eat a low-salt, low-fat balanced diet. If you
smoke, quit. You should also have an annual physical
medical examination.
Video Review (p. 19)
1. These are small, tube-like structures referred to as
blood vessels. They carry blood throughout the body.
2. Blood pumped by the heart circulates throughout
blood vessels in the body.
3. A sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure and
is usually taken in the upper arm.
Video Assessment (p. 19)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
transport
circulatory
plasma
oxygen
platelets
veins
ventricles
systole
hypertension
stroke
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Post Assessment (p. 17-18)
1. c - ventricles
2. a - erythrocytes
3. c - one minute
4. c - transport
5. a - blood pressure
6. a - relaxed
7. d - plasma
8. d - saturated fats
9. a - outside environment
10. a - vessels
11. d - atherosclerosis
12. c - leukocytes
13. b - lungs
14. d - clotting blood
15. d - oxygen
16. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are responsible for
transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the
body.
17. To help maintain a healthy circulatory system it is
recommended you exercise vigorously five to six times per
week for 45 to 60 minutes. It is also recommended that
you eat a low-salt, low-fat balanced diet. If you smoke,
quit. You should also have an annual physical medical
examination.
18. The right ventricle pumps oxygen-depleted blood to
the heart. The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood
throughout the body.
19. Arteries have thick, elastic, muscular walls that carry
oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. The walls of
veins are thinner and are only slightly elastic. They carry
oxygen depleted blood back to the heart.
20. The major components of blood include plasma, red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Investigating Circulation
Answer Key to Student Assessments
Investigating Circulation
Vocabulary (p. 20)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
c - blood vessels
f - hemoglobin
i - veins
l - aorta
o - atherosclerosis
d - plasma
h - platelets
m - sphygmomanometer
b - circulatory system
j - atria
a - transport
k - systole
g - leukocytes
n - hypertension
e - erythrocytes
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Investigating Circulation
Answer Key to Student Activities
The Components of Blood (p. 21)
Circulation in Action (p. 24-25)
1. The water and sugar mixture represents
plasma. A great deal of blood plasma consists of
water. However, actual plasma contains many
other dissolved materials.
2. The red beans represented red blood cells.
3. Red blood cells perform the very important
task of transporting oxygen to cells in the body.
White blood cells fight foreign invaders.
4. The crushed beans represent platelets that
play a key role in blood clotting.
5. Blood vessels are hollow tubes that carry
blood throughout the body.
1. The pulse rate is the number of times the heart
beats in one minute.
2. A variety of factors effect pulse rate such as
activity level, psychological state, level of fitness,
and food consumed to mention just a few.
3. Pulse rate generally increased with increased
physical exertion
4. As physical activity increases the muscles and
cells in the body demand more oxygen. To meet this
oxygen demand, more oxygen-rich blood needs to
be delivered. The heart rate increases to meet this
demand.
5. As pulse rate increases during physical exercise,
the respiration rate also tends to increase. An
increased respiration rate provides more oxygen as
demanded by the body.
The Tireless Heart (p. 22-23)
1. aorta
2. pulmonary artery
3. pulmonary vein
4. left atrium
5. left ventricle
6. septum
7. inferior vena cava
8. right ventricle
9. right atrium
10. valve
11. superior vena
cava
1. The main purpose of the heart is to pump blood
throughout the body.
2. Pulse rate refers to the number of times the heart
beats in a period of time (usually one minute).
3. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the
wall of a blood vessel, most commonly an artery.
4. Pulmonary arteries pump oxygen-depleted blood
to the lungs. They are the only arteries that contain
blood low in oxygen.
5. The aorta contains oxygen-rich blood that is
distributed throughout the body.
6. The period of heart contraction when the ventricles
contract is called systole. Diastole is the period when
the heart relaxes.
7. Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against the
wall of a vessel, most commonly an artery. Blood
pressure is measured with an instrument called a
sphygmomanometer. It is expressed as two numbers,
the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure.
14
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Preliminary Assessment
Directions: Circle the best answer for each of the following:
Name:
1. The process by which substances move into or out of
cells is referred to as:
a. movement
b. inhalation
c. transport
d. digestion
9. The lower chambers in the heart responsible for
pumping blood throughout the body are called:
a. atria
b. capillaries
c. ventricles
d. auricles
2. The circulatory system links the cells of an organism
to the:
a. outside environment
b. inner world
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. nervous system
10. During the period of diastole, the heart is:
a. relaxed
b. contracting
c. beating
d. asleep
3. Some of the materials transported by blood include
nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, and:
a. helium
b. bone
c. muscle tissue
d. oxygen
4. Almost 55% of the total volume of blood consists of a
liquid called:
a. hemoglobin
b. connective tissue
c. distilled water
d. plasma
5. The type of blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen
and carbon dioxide are:
a. erythrocytes
b. platelets
c. leukocytes
d. white blood cells
6. If you have ever had an infection, these blood cells
helped fight harmful organisms:
a. erythrocytes
b. red blood cells
c. leukocytes
d. platelets
7. Platelets consist of cell fragments that play a key role in:
a. carrying oxygen
b. fighting infection
c. transporting waste gases
d. clotting blood
11. Oxygen-depleted blood flows out of the right ventricle
into the pulmonary artery which carries it to the:
a. brain
b. lungs
c. liver
d. lower body
12. The pulse rate is the number of times the heart beats in:
a. one second
b. ten seconds
c. one minute
d. one cycle
13. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure:
a. blood pressure
b. air pressure
c. oxygen content
d. blood strength
14. What condition is characterized by the narrowing of
the arteries?
a. anemia
b. cancer
c. leukemia
d. atherosclerosis
15. Foods high in what substance can contribute to the
accumulation of plaque on artery walls?
a. fibers
b. sugars
c. proteins
d. saturated fats
8. The body has a vast network of pipe-like structures that
carry blood and are generally referred to as:
a. vessels
b. nerves
c. fibers
d. strands
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Investigating Circulation
15
Preliminary Assessment
Name:
Directions: Answer the following using complete sentences:
16.
List the major components of blood.
17. Describe the main function of erythrocytes.
18. How are arteries and veins different from each other?
19. Where do the ventricles in the heart pump blood?
20. List a couple of things you can do to help maintain a healthy circulatory system.
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Investigating Circulation
16
Post Assessment
Directions: Circle the best answer for each of the following:
Name:
1. The lower chambers in the heart responsible for
pumping blood throughout the body are called:
a. atria
b. capillaries
c. ventricles
d. auricles
9. The circulatory system links the cells of an organism
to the:
a. outside environment
b. inner world
c. endoplasmic reticulum
d. nervous system
2. The type of blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen
and carbon dioxide are:
a. erythrocytes
b. platelets
c. leukocytes
d. white blood cells
10. The body has a vast network of pipe-like structures that
carry blood and are generally referred to as:
a. vessels
b. nerves
c. fibers
d. strands
3. The pulse rate is the number of times the heart beats in:
a. one second
b. ten seconds
c. one minute
d. one cycle
4. The process by which substances move into or out of
cells is referred to as:
a. movement
b. inhalation
c. transport
d. digestion
5. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure:
a. blood pressure
b. air pressure
c. oxygen content
d. blood strength
6. During the period of diastole, the heart is:
a. relaxed
b. contracting
c. beating
d. asleep
7. Almost 55% of the total volume of blood consists of a
liquid called:
a. hemoglobin
b. connective tissue
c. distilled water
d. plasma
8. Foods high in what substance can contribute to the
accumulation of plaque on artery walls?
a. fibers
b. sugars
c. proteins
d. saturated fats
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11. What condition is characterized by the narrowing of
the arteries?
a. anemia
b. cancer
c. leukemia
d. atherosclerosis
12. If you have ever had an infection, these blood cells
helped fight harmful organisms:
a. erythrocytes
b. red blood cells
c. leukocytes
d. platelets
13. Oxygen-depleted blood flows out of the right ventricle
into the pulmonary artery which carries it to the:
a. brain
b. lungs
c. liver
d. lower body
14. Platelets consist of cell fragments that play a key role in:
a. carrying oxygen
b. fighting infection
c. transporting waste gases
d. clotting blood
15. Some of the materials transported by blood include
nutrients, wastes, carbon dioxide, and:
a. helium
b. bone
c. muscle tissue
d. oxygen
Investigating Circulation
17
Post Assessment
Name:
Directions: Answer the following using complete sentences
16.
Describe the main function of erythrocytes.
17. List a couple of things you can do to help maintain a healthy circulatory system.
18. Where do the ventricles in the heart pump blood?
19. How are arteries and veins different from each other?
20. List the major components of blood.
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Investigating Circulation
18
Video Review
Name:
Directions: Answer these questions as you watch the video:
1 You Observe!
How would you describe these structures?
2 You Predict!
Where do you think blood pumped by the heart goes?
3. You Decide!
What does a sphygmomanometer measure?
Video Assessment
Directions: After you watch the video, fill in the blank to complete the sentence.
1. ____________________ is the process by which materials move in and out of cells.
2. The _____________________ system links cells to the outside environment.
3. About 55% of blood consists of a liquid called _______________.
4. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying _______________ to body cells.
5. ________________ are cell fragments responsible for clotting.
6. _______________ return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart.
7. The lower chambers of the heart are called ____________________.
8. _______________ is the period of contraction in the heart.
9. _____________________ is a condition also referred to as high blood pressure.
10. If a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain a _______________ may occur.
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Investigating Circulation
19
Investigating Circulation
Vocabulary
Name:
Directions: Unscramble the vocabulary words in the first column. Match the words to the definitions in the second
column.
____ 1) oobdl eessslv____________ _____________
a. The process by which substances move into or out of
cells, and are distributed within cells.
____ 2) mlieohbgno ______________________
b. Links the cells of an organism to the outside
environment; consists of many different tissues and
organs that move materials throughout the body.
____ 3) envsi____________________
____ 4) toaar_______________
____ 5) ecoaortlsersish ________________________
c. Tubes that carry blood throughout the body.
d. Liquid part of blood that consists of water, dissolved
salts, nutrients, proteins, glucose, oxygen, wastes, and
other materials.
e. Red blood cells.
____ 6) mpslaa_______________________
f. A compound in red blood cells responsible for giving
blood its red color.
____ 7) epetalslt________________________
g. White blood cells that help the body fight foreign
invaders.
____ 8) ymmrgnemehtooaps
__________________________________
h. Structures in the blood that consist of cell fragments
and play a key role in blood clotting.
____ 9) ycriortcaul mseyts___________________
___________________
i. Thinner-walled vessels that carry oxygen-depleted
blood toward the heart.
j. Upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.
____ 10) aairt ______________________
k. The period during which the heart is contracting.
____ 11) stapontrr _________________________
l. The largest artery in the body; transports oxygen-rich
blood from the heart to the body.
____12) ytlsose__________________
m. An instrument used to measure pressure on the
blood in an artery.
____ 13) kteyuselco ____________________
n. A condition commonly referred to as high blood
pressure.
____ 14) hnyopiesrnte ______________________
o. A condition characterized by the narrowing of the
arteries often caused by an accumulation of fatty
deposits on the inner walls of arteries.
____ 15) retyroytchse _________________________
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Investigating Circulation
20
The Components
of Blood
Name:
Background:
One of the most remarkable substances in the body
is blood. It serves many very important functions.
Over half of the volume of blood consists of a
liquid called plasma. Plasma consists mainly of
water as well as many other disolved substances.
A closer inspection of blood reveals that it also
includes many solids, principally solid blood cells
that float in plasma. The two main types of blood
cells include red blood cells and white blood cells.
We all know from cuts that blood is red. The color
of blood comes from the huge number of red blood
cells. More specifically, hemoglobin is a compound
in red blood cells, that’s responsible for giving blood
its red color. Your body has 25 to 30 trillion red
blood cells! And every second your body makes
about two million new red blood cells. Red blood
cells, referred to as erythrocytes, are very important
because they carry oxygen from the lungs to other
cells in the body. They also carry carbon dioxide, a
waste gas, back to the lungs where it can be exhaled.
Red blood cells have two possible carbohydrates
which coat their surface. The letters A and B refer to
these two different types of carbohydrates. A person
that has blood type A has the type A carbohydrate in
their blood cells. And a person that has blood type
B has the B type carbohydrate in their blood cells. A
person with type AB blood has both carbohydrates,
and a person with type O blood has neither of these
carbohydrates.
Leukocytes, or white blood cells, help the human
body fight diseases. There are a number of different
kinds of white blood cells with various functions.
White blood cells are much larger and less
numerous than red blood cells. White blood cells
have the ability to move through blood vessels into
body tissues to fight infections. If you ever had an
infected cut, a blister, or sore, it became swollen due
in part to a high concentration of white blood cells.
The third type of solids found in blood are platelets
which primarily consist of cell fragments. Through
a series of reactions, platelets help weave a net
across a cut or an injury. Without clotting you
would bleed to death.
Materials: beaker, water, red beans, lima beans, broken or crushed bean bits, sugar
Directions:
1. Read the background above.
2. If you have ever had vegetable soup, you know there are many different things in it. The liquid part, often
referred to as broth is thin and watery. There are also different kinds of solids such as carrots, peas, and other
vegetables. Your blood is similar to vegetable soup in that it too contains many different components. List
the major components found in blood.
3. Obtain a beaker and fill it half full with water. Add a little sugar and stir it.
4. Count out 40 or 50 red beans. Pour them into the container. Stir the mixture.
5. Next, add one lima bean.
6. Add a few pienches of crushed beans.
7. Stir the mixture and answer the questions below.
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
In your mixture, what symbolizes plasma? How is it similar and different from real plasma?
In the mixture you created, what represents red blood cells?
What is the role of red and white blood cells in the body?
What do the crushed beans represent?
Describe the structures that carry blood throughout the body.
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Investigating Circulation
21
The Tireless Heart
Name:
Background:
In a single day your heart pumps as much as
40,000 liters of blood, enough to fill a train car.
Pretty amazing for an organ the size of your fist!
The heart has two sides separated by a thick wall
of muscle called the septum. There are a total
of four chambers in the heart, two on each side.
The upper chambers are called atria, and the
lower chambers are called ventricles.
The pumping action of the heart has two main
periods: a period of relaxation called diastole,
and a period of contraction called systole. In
diastole, the period of relaxation, blood enters
from the atria into the ventricles through valves
called A-V valves. In the period of contraction,
systole, the ventricles contract. Oxygendepleted blood flows out of the right ventricle
into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary
artery has two branches each of which goes to a
lung. Here blood picks up oxygen and gives off
carbon dioxide. From the left ventricle oxygenrich blood enters the largest artery in the body
- the aorta. Arteries stemming off the aorta
carry oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.
When the atria relax, blood from the lungs enters
the left atrium, and blood from the rest of the
body enters the right atrium, starting the process
all over again.
Whenever you have a physical examination, a
medical professional usually measures your pulse
rate. A pulse rate is the number of times the
heart beats in one minute. An instrument called
a sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood
pressure and is usually taken in the upper arm.
Blood pressure is the pressure of blood against
the wall of a blood vessel, most commonly an
artery. Blood pressure is usually expressed as
two numbers. The first number is the systolic
pressure which is the blood pressure in arteries,
as it is pumped by the heart. The second number,
the diastolic pressure, is blood pressure in
arteries, at rest.
Directions:
1. Label the structures on the heart diagram on the following page.
2. Use arrows to symbolize the flow of blood in and out of the various heart structures.
3. Answer the questions on the following page.
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Investigating Circulation
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The Tireless Heart
Name:
1.
2.
3.
11.
4.
10.
9.
5.
8.
6.
7.
Questions:
1. What is the main purpose of the heart?
2. What is a pulse rate?
3. What is blood pressure?
4. Describe the oxygen level of blood in pulmonary arteries.
5. Describe the oxygen level of blood in the aorta.
6. What is the difference between systole and diastole?
7. What is blood pressure? How is it measured and how is it numerically represented?
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Investigating Circulation
23
Circulation in Action
Name:
Background:
Your heart is an extremely important organ. It has contracted millions of times since you were born. In fact,
it is beating at this very moment while you are reading these words. What is the primary job of the heart?
The main job of the heart is to pump blood throughout the body. The heart is an amazing, tireless muscle. In
fact, if you were to measure the amount of blood the heart pumps in a day, the blood could fill an entire train
car!
Even though the heart is always at work, the amount of work it carries out varies. One simple way to measure
the activity of the heart is to measure your pulse rate. The pulse rate is the number of times the heart beats per
minute. Your pulse rate changes many times throughout the course of the day. Many factors influence pulse
rate including level of activity, psychological state, foods, and level of fitness. Resting, sitting up, lying down,
and exercising also have different effects on the pulse rate. In this activity you will explore how your pulse
rate changes with different activities.
Materials: Data Chart, stopwatch or a watch that records seconds
Directions:
1. In this activity you will work with a partner. Before starting the activity you
need to practice taking your partner’s pulse, and vice versa. Have your partner
place their arm flat on a table with their palm facing up. Gently place your middle
and pointer fingers on the inside top of your partner’s wrist. The adjacent drawing
provides an idea of the general position of your fingers. Position your fingers until
you can feel a pulse.
2. Obtain a stopwatch or a watch that records seconds.
3. The person getting their pulse taken will use the stopwatch or watch to keep track of the elapsed time. On
the command of the timekeeper begin counting the number of pulses. Stop recording at 60 seconds.
4. Record the pulse rate in the Data Chart in the blank box next to “Sitting”.
5. Next, have your partner record your pulse while you are sitting and act as the timekeeper. Record your own
pulse rate.
6. Now you will record the pulse rate of your partner while he/she is standing. Make sure your partner stands
for one minute before you begin to measure their pulse rate.
7. Take their pulse rate for 60 seconds and record the measurement in the Data Table in the box next to
“Standing”. Then have your partner record your pulse rate after completing the same process.
8. Next, have your partner walk in place for one minute while they lift their feet high off the ground. Record
their pulse rate for 60 seconds. Record your data. Switch places and have your partner measure your pulse
rate while you walk in place for one minute.
9. Carry out the same process, but walk in place for 2 minutes before recording the pulse rate.
10. You will now increase your degree of physical exertion by running in place for one minute. Record your
pulse rates.
11. Increase your length of physical activity by running in place for 2 minutes. Record the pulse rate. Take a
rest!
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Investigating Circulation
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Circulation in Action
Name:
Data Table
Sitting
Partner #1 Pulse (60 seconds)
Partner #2 Pulse (60 seconds)
Standing
Walking one minute
Walking two minutes
Running one minute
Running two minutes
Questions:
1. What is pulse rate?
2. What factors may influence pulse rate?
3. Generally speaking, describe how pulse rate was affected by an increase in physical activity.
4. Why does pulse rate increase with physical activity?
5. What did you notice about your respiration rate as your pulse rate increased? Explain why this
occurred.
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Investigating Circulation
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