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netw rks There’s More Online! GRAPHIC ORGANIZER Civil War Amendments CHART CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS enth Amendment (1795) Places limits on lawsuits against states fth Amendment (1804) Revises procedure for electing the president a teenth Amendment (1865) Abolishes slavery teenth Amendment (1868) Defines U.S. citizenship; guarantees all citizen enth Amendment (1870) Prohibits restrictions on the right to vote base eenth Amendment (1913) Gives Congress the power to levy an income t nteenth Amendment (1913) Enables voters to elect senators directly teenth Amendment (1917) Prohibits making, transporting, selling, impo teenth Amendment (1920) Gives women the right to vote ntieth Amendment (1933) Changes the dates of congressional and presi nty-first Amendment (1933) Repeals Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment nty-second Amendment (1951) Limits presidents to two terms in office nty-third Amendment (1961) Gives residents of the District of Columbia the nty-fourth Amendment (1964) Abolishes poll taxes nty-fifth Amendment (1967) Establishes procedures for succession to the p nty sixth Amendment (1971) Sets voting age at 18 years Constitutional Amendments GAME Lesson 3 Furthering Civil Liberties ESSENTIAL QUESTION How do societies balance individual and community rights? It Matters Because Voting is the way the people in a democracy make their wishes known. PHOTOS: (tl) North Wind Picture Archives—All rights reserved.; (tr) Paul Thompson/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images NGSSS covered in “Civil War Amendments” SS.7.C.3.6 Evaluate Constitutional rights and their impact on individuals and society. SS.7.C.3.7 Analyze the impact of the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th, and 26th amendments on participation of minority groups in the American political process. LA.7.1.6.1 The student will use new vocabulary that is introduced and taught directly. LA.7.1.6.2 The student will listen to, read, and discuss familiar and conceptually challenging text. LA.7.1.7.3 The student will determine the main idea or essential message in grade-level or higher texts through inferring, paraphrasing, summarizing, and identifying relevant details. Reading HELP DESK Taking Notes: Summarizing As you read, complete a diagram to summarize each of the Civil War amendments. SS.7.C.3.7 Civil War Amendments GUIDING QUESTION How were civil rights extended following the Civil War? The 10 amendments that make up the Bill of Rights are not the only changes that have been made to the Constitution. Seventeen other amendments have been added over the years. Three from the mid-1800s aimed mainly to give more rights to African Americans. Before 1865, many African Americans were enslaved. Enslaved people had almost no rights. Slavery divided the Northern states, which did not have it, and the Southern states, which did. It grew to be a serious national problem. Then, in 1860 and 1861, 11 Southern states tried to leave the Union and form a new country. From 1861 to 1865, the North and South fought a war—called the Civil War—over whether the states could do this. When it ended, the South had lost and slavery had been eliminated, or taken away. Three amendments were passed after the Civil War. All of them tried in some way to help African Americans. However, unfair treatment of this group did not end. States kept African Americans separated from whites. New laws denied them basic rights. Not until the 1900s were African Americans able to enjoy the rights guaranteed by the Civil War amendments. Civil War Amendments Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary • black codes • suffrage • poll tax eliminate to take away or to end Lesson 3 185 The Thirteenth Amendment The Thirteenth Amendment was the first of the Civil War amendments. Approved after the war in 1865, it outlawed slavery. In effect, it freed hundreds of thousands of enslaved African Americans. The Thirteenth Amendment also banned forced labor, which means forcing someone to work. The only legal forced labor was as a punishment for committing a crime. Because of this exception, prisoners can be made to work in prison workshops. This wording also makes it possible for judges to order some people who break the law to do community service. PHOTO: North Wind Picture Archives—All rights reserved. For years after the Civil War, Union soldiers protected the rights of African Americans in the South. When the troops left, new laws took away many of these rights. Above, an African American election official supervises the first black voters in Washington, D.C., in 1867. ▲ CRITICAL THINKING Determining Cause and Effect Why was the Fourteenth Amendment needed to make sure African Americans had full voting rights? SS.7.C.3.7 Florida CONNECTION Florida in the Civil War Florida was the third state that seceded from the Union to found the Confederacy. One of its major roles in the Civil War was supplying Confederate troops. In May 1865, the Union took control of Florida and freed its slaves. It rejoined the Union in July 1868. Reading HELP DESK The Fourteenth Amendment The Thirteenth Amendment ended slavery. However, it did not guarantee full rights for African Americans. Many Southern states soon passed laws known as black codes. These laws kept African Americans from holding certain jobs, gave them few property rights, and limited their rights in other ways. The Fourteenth Amendment was approved in 1868 to try to protect African Americans from these laws. First, it defined an American citizen as anyone “born or naturalized in the United States.” This definition included most African Americans. Second, the amendment said that every state must give all citizens “equal protection of the laws.” The purpose was to force states to end unfair laws that hurt African Americans. That goal was not achieved until the late 1900s. In those years, this clause was also used to help other unequally treated groups. Those groups included women and people with disabilities. Third, the amendment forbade state governments from unreasonable action or interference with U.S. citizens. Finally, the amendment said that states cannot take a person’s “life, liberty, or property” unless they follow due process. As you learned earlier, due process means fair procedures set by law. The “due process” clause proved very important. Over time, the courts have used the “due process” wording to redefine the reach of the Bill of Rights. When it was first approved, the Bill of Rights was thought to apply only to the federal government. That changed in 1925, when the Supreme Court decided the case Gitlow v. New York. The Court ruled that black codes laws from after the Civil War that kept African Americans from holding certain jobs, gave them few property rights, and limited their rights in other ways 186 The Bill of Rights suffrage the right to vote TitleAMENDMENTS CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS CONSTITUTIONAL Eleventh Amendment (1795) Places limits on lawsuits against states Twelfth Amendment (1804) Revises procedure for electing the president and vice president Thirteenth Amendment (1865) Abolishes slavery Fourteenth Amendment (1868) Defines U.S. citizenship; guarantees all citizens “equal protection of the laws” Fifteenth Amendment (1870) Prohibits restrictions on the right to vote based on race and color Sixteenth Amendment (1913) Gives Congress the power to levy an income tax Seventeenth Amendment (1913) Enables voters to elect senators directly Eighteenth Amendment (1917) Prohibits making, transporting, selling, importing, and exporting alcoholic beverages Nineteenth Amendment (1920) Gives women the right to vote Twentieth Amendment (1933) Changes the dates of congressional and presidential terms Twenty-first Amendment (1933) Repeals Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment) Twenty-second Amendment (1951) Limits presidents to two terms in office Twenty-third Amendment (1961) Gives residents of the District of Columbia the right to vote Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) Abolishes poll taxes Twenty-fifth Amendment (1967) Establishes procedures for succession to the presidency Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971) Sets voting age at 18 years Twenty-seventh Amendment (1992) Delays congressional pay raises until the term following their passage the due process clause protected free speech and a free press from state law. The Court said that the due process clause requires states to respect these First Amendment rights. Since the Gitlow case, the Supreme Court has used the Fourteenth Amendment to apply other rights in the Bill of Rights to the states. This legal interpretation means that citizens in every part of the country have the same basic rights. The Fifteenth Amendment The Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, was the last of the Civil War amendments. It says that no state may deny a person the right to vote because of race. The amendment was meant to guarantee suffrage—the right to vote—for African Americans. Still, many states found other ways to keep African Americans from voting. The Fifteenth Amendment was aimed only at African American men. The various states had the power to decide whether women could vote. Most did not give women that right for many decades. CHART SKILLS Since the addition of the Bill of Rights, only 17 more amendments have been added to the Constitution. 1 Identifying What amendments affected the office of the president? In what ways? 2 CRITICAL THINKING Speculating Why do you think women were given the right to vote before 18-year-olds? LA.7.1.7.3 PROGRESS CHECK Explaining What was the purpose of the Civil War amendments? Lesson 3 187 Electoral Process and Voting Rights GUIDING QUESTION In what ways have twentieth-century amendments affected voting rights and changed elections? During the 1900s, new amendments made important changes in voting and elections. Some made clear who had the right to vote in every state. Others changed the way elections were conducted, or carried out. Together, these new amendments put more power in the hands of the people. The Seventeenth Amendment ▲ CRITICAL THINKING Theorizing Why do you think a parade would help the cause of giving women voting rights? LA.7.1.7.3 NGSSS covered in “Electoral Process and Voting Rights” SS.7.C.3.7 Analyze the impact of the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th, and 26th amendments on participation of minority groups in the American political process. LA.7.1.6.1 The student will use new vocabulary that is introduced and taught directly. LA.7.1.7.1 The student will use background knowledge of subject and related content areas, prereading strategies, graphic representations, and knowledge of text structure to make and confirm complex predictions of content, purpose, and organization of a reading selection. Reading HELP DESK The Nineteenth Amendment The Constitution did not guarantee women the right to vote. However, it did not clearly deny the vote to them. Using the powers set aside for them under the Tenth Amendment, states could make their own laws on woman suffrage. As early as the 1840s, leaders Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony campaigned for woman suffrage. Many Americans did not think women should have the same rights as men, however. That began to change in the late 1800s. The territory of Wyoming gave women the vote in 1869. Several other territories and states also did so in the years that followed. In 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was approved. That finally protected the right of women to vote in all national and state elections. The Twenty-third Amendment Another group that was denied full voting rights was citizens living in our nation’s capital, Washington, D.C. For many years, they could not vote for president or vice president. “D.C.” stands for the District of Columbia, an area between Maryland and Reading Strategy: Making Connections LA.7.1.7.1 Academic Vocabulary As you read, think about historical events that happened before the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Why might the nation have been more ready to extend the right to vote to women after World War I? conduct to carry out 188 The Bill of Rights poll tax a sum of money required of voters before they are permitted to cast a ballot PHOTO: Paul Thompson /Topical Press Agency/Getty Images Members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association march in support of giving women the right to vote at the New York Suffrage Parade in 1913. Women worked to get the vote for about 80 years. Article I of the Constitution says that members of the House of Representatives shall be elected by the people. However, it calls for members of the Senate to be chosen by the state legislatures. The Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, changed that. It allowed voters to elect their senators directly. This change gave Americans a greater voice in their government. Virginia. Since the District is not a state, people there could not vote in national elections. The Twenty-third Amendment changed that situation in 1961. It said that people in the District may vote for president and vice president. It gave the District the same number of electoral votes as the smallest state. District residents still do not have a voting representative in Congress, however. The Twenty-fourth Amendment The Fifteenth Amendment gave African American men the right to vote. However, Southern states found ways to block African Americans from voting. Many Southern states required a poll tax. This was a fee people had to pay to vote. Because the fee had to be paid not only for the current year but for previous unpaid years as well, it was a great financial burden. Many African Americans could not afford to pay the tax. Therefore, they could not vote. Poor whites, too, could not afford the tax and could not vote. The Twenty-fourth Amendment, passed in 1964, made poll taxes illegal in national elections. Two years later, the Supreme Court banned poll taxes in state elections too. As a result, many African Americans were able to vote for the first time. The Twenty-sixth Amendment Throughout our nation’s history, many teens have bravely fought for our country. By law, however, they were not old enough to vote for the leaders who sent them into battle. Most states set the minimum age for voting at 21. That changed in 1971, at a time when many young Americans were fighting in the Vietnam War. The Twenty-sixth Amendment guaranteed the right to vote to citizens 18 years of age and older. As a result, you can register, or sign up, to vote once you turn 18. PROGRESS CHECK Analyzing How did eliminating the poll tax affect voting rights? LESSON 3 REVIEW Review Vocabulary 1. What were black codes? LA.7.1.6.1 2. What amendment extended suffrage to nearly half of all American citizens? Why did it affect so many? SS.7.C.3.7, LA.7.1.6.1 Answer the Guiding Questions 4. Identifying What election laws were affected by the Seventeenth, Nineteenth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fourth, and Twenty-sixth Amendments? SS.7.C.3.7 5. EXPOSITORY WRITING What led the Supreme Court to rule that the Bill of Rights applied to the states? LA.7.1.7.3 3. Explaining How did the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments extend African Americans’ rights? SS.7.C.3.7 Lesson 3 189